Abstract Background GAox is a key enzyme involved in GA biosynthesis pathway and plays an important role in regulating various processes in plant life cycle. However, it has not been systematic, studies have been conducted in potato, which is the world's fourth largest food crop. Methods In this work, we systematically identified GAox gene family (StGAox) in potato by analyzing the potato genome sequence using a set of bioinformatics approaches, and analyze their physical, chemical properties, distribution on chromosomes, gene structure, conserved motifs, gene duplication events and expression patterns were analyzed. Results The results showed that a total of 33 GAox proteins were identified and unevenly distributed on 10 chromosomes. Based on their protein structure and phylogenetic characteristics, these 33 StGAoxes were divided into 5 distinct subclasses. Collinearity analysis revealed that there were 5 pairs of duplicated genes in the StGAox gene family, and all of which evolved under purifying selection. Analysis of RNA-seq data of double haploid (DM) potatoes under different tissues, abiotic stresses and hormone treatments showed that PG0002068, PG0024249 and PG0027963 were higher expressed in leaves, PG009427, PG0026762, PG0009021 and PG0021095 were higher expressed in tubers, PG2003479, PG0024249, PG0005698, and PG0009021were higher expressed in shoots than those of other tissues. In addition, the expression of PG0002068, PG2003479, PG0032156, PG0024249, and PG0021292 were up-regulated under mannitol and drought stress. Conclusions Comparative genome-wide analysis of StGAox genes and their expression analyses revealed that members of this family may be involved in tissue-specific developmental and abiotic stress responses. Graphical Abstract

Background Plant U-box (PUB) E3 ubiquitin ligases have vital effects on various biological processes. Therefore, a comprehensive and systematic identification of the members of the U-box gene family in potato will help to understand the evolution and function of U-box E3 ubiquitin ligases in plants. Results This work identified altogether 74 PUBs in the potato (StPUBs) and examined their gene structures, chromosomal distributions, and conserved motifs. There were seventy-four StPUB genes on ten chromosomes with diverse densities. As revealed by phylogenetic analysis on PUBs within potato, Arabidopsis , tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), cabbage ( Brassica oleracea ), rice ( Oryza sativa ), and corn ( Zea mays ), were clustered into eight subclasses (C1-C8). According to synteny analysis, there were 40 orthologous StPUB genes to Arabidopsis , 58 to tomato, 28 to cabbage, 7 to rice, and 8 to corn. In addition, RNA-seq data downloaded from PGSC were utilized to reveal StPUBs ’ abiotic stress responses and tissue-specific expression in the doubled-monoploid potato (DM). Inaddition, we performed RNA-seq on the ‘Atlantic’ (drought-sensitive cultivar, DS) and the ‘Qingshu NO.9’ (drought-tolerant cultivar, DT) in early flowering, full-blooming, along with flower-falling stages to detect genes that might be involved in response to drought stress. Finally, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was carried out to analyze three candidate genes for their expression levels within 100 mM NaCl- and 10% PEG 6000 (w/v)-treated potato plantlets for a 24-h period. Furthermore, we analyzed the drought tolerance of StPUB25 transgenic plants and found that overexpression of StPUB25 significantly increased peroxidase (POD) activity, reduced ROS (reactive oxygen species) and MDA (malondialdehyde) accumulation compared with wild-type (WT) plants, and enhancing drought tolerance of the transgenic plants. Conclusion In this study, three candidate genes related to drought tolerance in potato were excavated, and the function of StPUB25 under drought stress was verified. These results should provide valuable information to understand the potato StPUB gene family and investigate the molecular mechanisms of StPUBs regulating potato drought tolerance.

Sustainable agricultural development is challenged by the growing population and increasing instances of drought. Over multiple years, the continuous planting of potatoes can lead to a decrease in both potato yield and soil quality. Crop rotation proves to be a viable solution for enhancing soil productivity, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. A 5-year field experiment was conducted in northwestern China's semi-arid region to evaluate the impact of different potato rotation treatments (1-year rotation with maize, 3-year rotation with maize, oil flax and broad bean; 2-year continuous potato planting rotated with maize and 5-year continuous potato planting) and mulching techniques (unmulched and plastic film) on potato yield and soil fertility. The results showed that crop rotation (1-year and 3-year) improved plant height, dry matter accumulation, soil quality, and reduced water footprint. Under plastic film mulching mode, 1-year rotation resulted in an increase in number of potatoes per plant by 38.24%, economic benefits by 9.70%, water use efficiency by 41.86 and soil fertility in comparison to the 5-year continuous planting, the tuber yield significantly increased by 78.86%, and the green/grey/total water footprint reduced by 28.8%-46.4%. We recommend the 1-year rotational cropping system using plastic film mulch as an effective technique for addressing the challenges of continuous potato cultivation in arid and semi-arid regions.

Not least because it is adaptable to a variety of geographies and climates, potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) is grown across much of the world. Pigmented potato tubers have been found to contain large quantities of flavonoids, which have various functional roles and act as antioxidants in the human diet. However, the effect of altitude on the biosynthesis and accumulation of flavonoids in potato tubers is poorly characterized. Here we carried out an integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic study in order to evaluate how cultivation at low (800 m), moderate (1800 m), and high (3600 m) altitude affects flavonoid biosynthesis in pigmented potato tubers. Both red and purple potato tubers grown at a high altitude contained the highest flavonoid content, and the most highly pigmented flesh, followed by those grown at a low altitude. Co-expression network analysis revealed three modules containing genes which were positively correlated with altitude-responsive flavonoid accumulation. The anthocyanin repressors StMYBATV and StMYB3 exhibited a significant positive relationship with altituderesponsive flavonoid accumulation. The repressive function of StMYB3 was further verified in tobacco flowers and potato tubers. The results presented here add to the growing body of knowledge regarding the response of flavonoid biosynthesis to environmental conditions, and should aid in efforts to develop novel varieties of pigmented potatoes for use across different geographies.

Abstract Background: Plant U-box (PUB) E3 ubiquitin ligases have vital effects on various biological processes, however, their functions within potato (Solanum tuberosum) remain unclear. Results: This work identified altogether 74 PUBs in potato (StPUBs) and examined their gene structures, chromosomal distributions as well as conserved motifs. There were seventy-four StPUB genes on 10 chromosomes with diverse densities. As revealed by phylogenetic analysis on PUBs within potato, Arabidopsis, together with tomato (Solanum lycopersicum), they were clustered into eight subclasses (C1- C8). Additionally, according to synteny analysis, there were 40 orthologous StPUB genes to Arabidopsis whereas 58 to tomato. In addition, RNA-seq data downloaded from PGSC were utilized to reveal StPUBs’ abiotic stress responses and tissue-specific expression in the doubled-monoploid potato (DM). Furthermore, we performed RNA-seq on the ‘Atlantic’ (A, drought-sensitive cultivar) and the ‘Qingshu NO.9’ (Q, drought-tolerant cultivar) in early flowering, full-blooming, along with flower-falling stages to detect genes that might be involved in response to drought stress. Finally, quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) was carried out for analyzing three candidate genes for their expression levels within 100 mM NaCl- and 10% PEG 6000 (w/v)-treated potato plantlets for a 24-h period. Conclusion: In this study, three candidate genes related to drought stress tolerance in potato were excavated and these results should provide the valuable information for abiotic stress resistance research of StPUB gene family in potato.

[目的]为探明有机肥部分替代化肥对马铃薯生长的影响.[方法]设置7个处理:不施肥(CK)、100％常规施肥(T1)、80％常规施肥(T2)、80％常规施肥+固体有机肥+有机液体肥(T3)、80％常规施肥+固体有机肥+微肥(T4)、80％常规施肥+固体有机肥+微肥+有机液体肥(T5)和80％常规施肥+固体有机肥(T6),分析不同处理对马铃薯生理特性、产量、干物质和品质的影响.[结果]有机肥部分替代化肥促进了植株地上部生长,T5处理的分枝数和块茎数较T1提高26.38％和108％.产量以T5最高,为47729.7 kg/hm2.成熟期,T5块茎干物质质量最高.叶片超氧化物歧化酶、过氧化物酶和过氧化氢酶活性T5处理较T1提高11.04％、31.63％和95.72％.T5处理块茎可溶性蛋白含量、还原糖、淀粉和VC含量均高于其他处理,对马铃薯品质影响较明显.[结论]施用80％常规施肥+固体有机肥+微肥+有机液体肥为当地马铃薯推荐施肥方法.

Potatoes consist of flavonoids that provide health benefits for human consumers. To learn more about how potato tuber flavonoid accumulation and flesh pigmentation are controlled, we analyzed the transcriptomic and metabolomic profile of potato tubers from three colored potato clones at three developmental phases using an integrated approach. From the 72 flavonoids identified in pigmented flesh, differential abundance was noted for anthocyanins, flavonols, and flavones. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis further allowed modules and candidate genes that positively or negatively regulate flavonoid biosynthesis to be identified. Furthermore, an R2R3-MYB repressor StMYB3 and an R3-MYB repressor StMYBATV involved in the modulation of anthocyanin biosynthesis during tuber development were identified. Both StMYB3 and StMYBATV could interact with the cofactor StbHLH1 and repress anthocyanin biosynthesis. Our results indicate a feedback regulatory mechanism of a coordinated MYB activator-repressor network on fine-tuning of potato tuber pigmentation during tuber development.

[目的]探究苜蓿土壤浸提液对连作马铃薯生理性状及块茎产量的影响,为马铃薯连作障碍的缓解和块茎产量提高提供理论依据.[方法]以青薯9号马铃薯为试验材料,以马铃薯5年连作田土壤为盆栽用土,将0,20,40,60,80和100 g清水苜蓿3年连作田0～20 cm根区土壤与1 L蒸馏水混合振荡提取土壤浸提液浇灌盆栽马铃薯,研究不同质量浓度苜蓿土壤浸提液对连作马铃薯植株生长、全株干物质量、根系形态、酶活性和渗透调节物质含量及产量的影响.[结果]在淀粉积累期,60 g/L处理马铃薯的株高、茎粗和全株干物质量分别较CK提高14.0％,33.3％和32.3％;总根长、根表面积、根体积、根直径、根尖数和根系活力较CK均显著增加;叶片SOD活性显著增强,而MDA和Pro含量显著降低.苜蓿土壤浸提液处理均能提高马铃薯产量,其中以T3处理增产幅度最大,增产率达39.4％.相关性分析表明,马铃薯单株产量与全株干物质量呈极显著正相关.[结论]苜蓿土壤浸提液可以有效改善连作马铃薯的生长状况,并能提高马铃薯产量,以60 g/L苜蓿土壤浸提液效果较好.

Catharanthus roseus receptor-like kinase1-like kinases (CrRLK1Ls), a class of plant-specific protein receptor kinases, play an important role in maintaining cell wall integrity, cell-to-cell communications, and biotic and abiotic stress response. In this study, StCrRLK1Ls family members were identified, and their physical and chemical characteristics, chromosome location, evolutionary characteristics, subcellular location, and the expression patterns were comprehensively analyzed. The results showed that 17 StCrRLK1Ls members were detected, with amino acid size (753-997 aa), molecular weight (83.34-108.69 kD), and isoelectric point (5.30-7.56). Among them, StCrRLK1Ls were mainly predicted on plasma membrane. Evolutionary analysis indicated that CrRLK1Ls from potato, rice, apple, Arabidopsis, and tomato could be divided into seven subgroups, and StCrRLK1Ls were distributed in subgroups III, IV, V, VI, and VII. Moreover, StCrRLK1Ls were distributed on eight chromosomes, and there are three tandem repeat gene clusters, including six members. In addition, there were many cis-elements in the promoter region of StCrRLK1Ls, which mainly responded to hormones, defense, and stress signals. After the inoculation with Phytophthora infestans (Pi), a large number of StCrRLK1Ls were differentially expressed in Atlantic and Longshu 7, and the relative expression levels of StCrRLK1L8 and StCrRLK1L10 were obviously up-regulated during Pi infection. The relative expression levels of StCrRLK1L11 were 9.74 times compared with the control at eight days Atlantic inoculated Pi. We speculated that they could be used as the candidate genes for disease resistance and further functional analysis, which might play an important role in response to pathogenic fungi of potato.

B-box(BBX)基因家族是一类锌指蛋白转录因子,在植物生长发育过程中起重要作用.本研究鉴定了30个马铃薯BBXs家族成员,对其理化性质、染色体定位、基因结构、蛋白保守结构域、基因重复事件、表达模式和蛋白互作网络进行了分析.结果表明,30个StBBX基因家族成员不均匀的分布在11条染色体上.通过对其基因结构和系统发育特征的分析,将30个StBBXs分为5个亚类.共线性分析表明,马铃薯StBBXs与拟南芥AtBBXs间存在15对直系同源基因.利用PGSC数据库下载的RNA-seq数据,分析了BBX基因家族在双单倍体(DM)马铃薯不同组织部位、非生物胁迫和外源激素处理下的表达.此外,本研究对3种不同颜色块茎的马铃薯品种的薯皮和薯肉进行了RNA-seq,研究了StBBXs在不同颜色的薯皮和薯肉中的表达模式,分析了它们与花色素苷合成关键基因表达之间的相关性.利用String数据库构建了在彩色块茎中差异表达的StBBXs基因的蛋白互作网络.这些结果为进一步了解StBBX基因家族以及进一步分析StBBX基因在马铃薯非生物胁迫耐受和花青素生物合成中的功能提供了理论依据.

In order to identify the single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) of StDRO1 gene associated with potato root traits, StDRO1 gene coding region of the 110 tetraploid potato genotypes was cloned and sequenced. The association analysis between the StDRO1 SNPs and the major root traits of potato such as surface area, volume, and average diameter were carried out. The results showed that a SNP (G64C) was detected in the second exon of the StDRO1, 10 SNPs (G152A, A214G, A297G, C314T, A337T, T353C, T560A, C577A, C620A, and C625A) were identified in the third exon, and a SNP (T793A) was detected in the fourth exon. The association analysis indicated that in the total root volume, G152A locus of StDRO1 gene showed that GA genotype was superior to GG genotype (P < 0.05). In the average root diameter, C314 locus showed that CC genotype were superior to CT genotype (P < 0.05). In the root surface area, fresh weight, and dry weight, A337T locus showed that AT genotype were better than AA genotype (P < 0.05), while the locus in the average root diameter showed that AT genotype was significantly lower than AA genotype (P < 0.05). The root surface area, root volume, and fresh weight were showed as TC genotype > TT genotype (P < 0.05) in T353C site; the root volume was showed as CA genotype > CC genotype (P < 0.05) in C620A site; the root surface area, root volume, and fresh weight were showed as AT genotype > TT genotype (P < 0.05) in T793A site. In summary, the above six SNPs of StDRO1 genes had a significant impact on potato root traits, and the A337T, T353C, and T793A sites were particularly important. These results provide a basic theoretical reference for subsequent potato root architecture research and genetic improvement, but whether it could be used as a genetic marker for potato root traits need to be further verified by expanding the population sample.

为探明不同类型铁肥对马铃薯生理特性、产量及品质的影响,本研究以马铃薯品种大西洋为试验材料,设6个处理:对照(等量清水)、T1(36 mg/L硫酸铁)、T2(20 mg/L硫酸亚铁)、T3(15 mg/L柠檬酸+36 mg/L硫酸铁)、T4(15 mg/L柠檬酸+20 mg/L硫酸亚铁)和T5(6 mg/L螯合铁).在块茎成熟期,与CK相比,T5处理马铃薯株高、茎粗增幅最大.在马铃薯块茎膨大期,T5处理叶片超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、过氧化物酶(POD)、过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性较对照(CK)分别增加42.06％、49.66％和40.41％,丙二醛(MDA)、脯氨酸(Pro)含量与CK相比分别降低了16.55％、40.64％.T5处理块茎产量最高,为62537.22 kg/hm2,与CK相比增加34.68％,T3处理的块茎产量次之.此外,T5处理马铃薯块茎的各项品质指标均优于其他处理,淀粉、还原糖、维生素C(Vc)、蛋白质含量分别较CK增加39.35％、21.34％、24.91％、30.72％.相关分析结果表明,马铃薯产量与株高、茎粗、SOD活性、POD活性、CAT活性、小薯质量、中薯质量、中薯个数、大薯质量、大薯个数、淀粉含量、还原糖含量、VC含量、蛋白质含量均呈正相关.T5处理和T3处理可促进马铃薯生长,增加抗氧化酶活性,提高产量,改善块茎品质.综合考虑,螯合铁肥效最佳,柠檬酸配施硫酸铁效果次之,本研究结果可为改善马铃薯施肥制度提供理论依据.

Potato (Solanum tuberosum L) is the third important crop for providing calories to a large human population, and is considered sensitive to moderately sensitive to drought stress conditions. The development of drought-tolerant, elite varieties of potato is a challenging task, which can be achieved through molecular breeding. Recently, the DEEPER ROOTING 1 (DRO1) gene has been identified in rice, which influences plant root system and regulates grain yield under drought stress conditions. The potato StDRO1 protein is mainly localized in the plasma membrane of tobacco leaf cells, and overexpression analysis of StDRO1 in Arabidopsis resulted in an increased lateral root number, but decreased lateral root angle, lateral branch angle, and silique angle. Additionally, the drought treatment analysis indicated that StDRO1 regulated drought tolerance and rescued the defective root architecture and drought-tolerant phenotypes of Atdro1, an Arabidopsis AtDRO1 null mutant. Furthermore, StDRO1 expression was significantly higher in the drought-tolerant potato cultivar "Unica" compared to the drought-sensitive cultivar "Atlantic." The transcriptional response of StDRO1 under drought stress occurred significantly earlier in Unica than in Atlantic. Collectively, the outcome of the present investigation elucidated the role of DRO1 function in the alternation of root architecture, which potentially acts as a key gene in the development of a drought stress-tolerant cultivar. Furthermore, these findings will provide the theoretical basis for molecular breeding of drought-tolerant potato cultivars for the farming community.

[目的]以马铃薯品种青薯9号组培苗为材料,分析不同浓度钾素对其生长及生理生化特性的影响,以确定其生长发育的最适施钾量,为马铃薯优质、高效生产提供理论依据.[方法]将青薯9号组培苗在MS培养基中培养25 d后,对部分组培苗进行不同浓度的硫酸钾处理(10、20、40、80、100 mmol/L),并以MS培养基上生长的组培苗为对照,研究外源钾素对马铃薯组培苗生长相关指标、抗氧化酶活性、丙二醛和叶绿素含量、渗透调节物质和电导率以及植株钾含量的影响.[结果]适宜浓度钾素处理利于马铃薯组培苗的生长,浓度过高则抑制其生长,以40 mmol/L钾素浓度处理最佳;与对照相比,40 mmol/L钾素处理下马铃薯植株株高增长了119.88％,新叶数和根数分别增加了52.72％和33.33％,地上部与地下部鲜质量分别增加了49.45％和37.57％,植株生长健壮;同时,马铃薯组培苗叶绿素含量比对照增加了63.82％;SOD、CAT、POD 3种抗氧化酶活性均达到最高,比对照分别增加了15.3％、70.87％和14.99％;叶片相对电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量最低,分别比对照降低了13.6％、26.63％和58.32％.40 mmol/L钾素处理下,植株钾素含量最高,比对照增加了291.49％.[结论]马铃薯品种青薯9号的最适钾素浓度为40 mmol/L,此条件下,植株中3种抗氧化酶活性和钾含量最高,而叶片相对电导率、丙二醛和脯氨酸含量最低,生长状况最优.

When plants are subjected to water stress, they will make a rapid response to drought stress through DNA methylation. In order to study how DNA methylation affects the transcriptional expression of genes under drought stress in potato, comparative transcriptomic analysis was carried out on two potato varieties with different drought resistances, which were planted under mannitol simulated drought and 5-azadC treatments. The differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by Fold-change > 2 and corrected P < 0.01. Then DEGs were subjected to GO enrichment analysis. The results showed that these DEGs were enriched in the oxidative stress and carbohydrate metabolism, suggesting these GO term-related genes were also regulated by DNA demethylation, responded to drought stress in different drought-tolerant potatoes. The common 1345 DEGs both responding to drought stress and DNA demethylation were functionally enriched by KEGG pathway. The results showed that plant MAPK signal pathway, plant hormone signal transduction pathway, plant glutathione metabolism pathway, glycolysis and glutathione metabolism pathway and inositol phosphate metabolism pathway were related to plant drought resistance. It was suggested that the sensitivity of these pathway-related genes responding to drought stress were regulated by DNA methylation in Atlantic and Qingshu 9. The cis-acting elements and methylated CpG islands were analyzed in the 1500 bp promoter region of DEGs. The results showed that the methylation level of ABRE and CAAT-box acting elements in the promoter region of GST gene involved in plant glutathione metabolism were reduced through DNA demethylation under drought stress. Then the expression was activated in response to drought stress. Therefore, DEGs under drought and DNA demethylation treatments could be analyzed using comparative transcriptomic, and then the genes related to DNA methylation involved in regulating drought stress response in potato could be found. These results provide a new idea for further studying the epigenetic mechanism of drought stress response in potato.

[目的]以"海斯薯"为试验材料,通过田间试验,研究不同外源钙肥对马铃薯产量和块茎贮藏期间品质的影响.[方法]在苗期马铃薯以滴灌方式增施硝酸钙(A)和有机钙(B),施用量分别为400 g/hm2(A1、B1),1200 g/hm2(A2、B2),2000 g/hm2(A3、B3),2800 g/hm2(A4、B4),以不施钙为对照(CK).[结果]与对照相比,硝酸钙和有机钙的A3、B3处理分别增产52.28％和79.54％,单株结薯数和单株薯重分别提高16.20％、61.39％和53.06％、79.59％.两种钙肥均提高了大薯率和商品薯率.施用有机钙的B2、B3处理,贮藏期马铃薯块茎还原糖含量显著低于对照.贮藏45 d,硝酸钙的A2,A3处理和有机钙的B2,B3处理,块茎粗蛋白含量分别较对照增加了11.30％、21.47％和37.85％、35.03％.贮藏90 d,不同钙肥处理,块茎粗蛋白含量都高于对照;硝酸钙和有机钙A3,B3处理,块茎干物质含量较对照增加了5.50％和15.76％;硝酸钙的A2,A3处理和有机钙的B2,B3处理,块茎硬度分别高于对照22.04％、11.14％和2.63％、20.94％.贮藏135 d,不同钙肥处理,块茎粗蛋白含量都高于对照;施用硝酸钙的A3处理和有机钙的B3处理,块茎淀粉含量分别较对照增加了24.50％和30.66％;有机钙的B3处理,块茎硬度最高,较对照增加了1.27％.[结论]两种钙肥均促进了产量的增加,改善了块茎的贮藏品质,以有机钙用量为1200～ 2000 g/hm2处理,更利于提高产量和块茎贮藏品质.

Nuclear factor Y (NF-Y) is a ubiquitous transcription factor in eukaryotes, which is composed of three subunits (NF-YA, NF-YB, and NF-YC). NF-Y has been identified as a key regulator of multiple pathways in plants. Although the NF-Y gene family has been identified in many plants, it has not been reported in potato ( Solanum tuberosum ). In the present study, a total of 41 NF-Y proteins in potato (StNF-Ys) were identified, including 10 StNF-YA, 22 StNF-YB, and nine StNF-YC subunits, and their distribution on chromosomes, gene structure, and conserved motif was analyzed. A synteny analysis indicated that 14 and 38 pairs of StNF-Y genes were orthologous to Arabidopsis and tomato ( Solanum lycopersicum ), respectively, and these gene pairs evolved under strong purifying selection. In addition, we analyzed the expression profiles of NF-Y genes in different tissues of double haploid (DM) potato, as well as under abiotic stresses and hormone treatments by RNA-seq downloaded from the Potato Genome Sequencing Consortium (PGSC) database. Furthermore, we performed RNA-seq on white, red, and purple tuber skin and flesh of three potato cultivars at the tuber maturation stage to identify genes that might be involved in anthocyanin biosynthesis. These results provide valuable information for improved understanding of StNF-Y gene family and further functional analysis of StNF-Y genes in fruit development, abiotic stress tolerance, and anthocyanin biosynthesis in potato.

To obtain a potential biocontrol agent for potato scab, 75 endophytic bacteria were isolated from the healthy potato tubers and strain 3-5 was selected as an optimal antagonistic bacterium against Streptomyces griseoplanus (Streptacidiphilus griseoplanus) causing potato scab. Strain 3-5 was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens based on its morphological characteristics, 16S rDNA and gyrB gene sequence analysis. B. amyloliquefaciens 3-5 has biological functions of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) production and nitrogen fixation. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detection revealed that B. amyloliquefaciens 3-5 had 6 diverse antibacterial substance synthesis genes, named bacD, bacAB, ituD, ituC, sfP and albF, which resulted in the production of bacilysin, iturin, surfactin and subtilosin. Field efficacy evaluation revealed that B. amyloliquefaciens 3-5 (solid fermentation) was successful in controlling potato scab with a 38.90 +/- 3.2140% efficiency which is higher than other chemical bactericides except zhongshengmycin.oligosaccharins and kasugamycin.zhongshengmycin. The endophytic bacterium B. amyloliquefaciens 3-5 could be used as a biocontrol agent against potato scab due its control efficacy and environmental safety.

Antibiotic and herbicide resistance genes are the most common marker genes for plant transformation to improve crop yield and food quality. However, there is public concern about the use of resistance marker genes in food crops due to the risk of potential gene flow from transgenic plants to compatible weedy relatives, leading to the possible development of “superweeds” and antibiotic resistance. Several selectable marker genes such as aph, nptII, aaC3, aadA, pat, bar, epsp and gat , which have been synthesized to generate transgenic plants by genetic transformation, have shown some limitations. These marker genes, which confer antibiotic or herbicide resistance and are introduced into crops along with economically valuable genes, have three main problems: selective agents have negative effects on plant cell proliferation and differentiation, uncertainty about the environmental effects of many selectable marker genes, and difficulty in performing recurrent transformations with the same selectable marker to pyramid desired genes. Recently, a simple, novel, and affordable method was presented for plant cells to convert non-metabolizable phosphite (Phi) to an important phosphate (Pi) for developing cells by gene expression encoding a phosphite oxidoreductase (PTXD) enzyme. The ptxD gene, in combination with a selection medium containing Phi as the sole phosphorus (P) source, can serve as an effective and efficient system for selecting transformed cells. The selection system adds nutrients to transgenic plants without potential risks to the environment. The ptxD /Phi system has been shown to be a promising transgenic selection system with several advantages in cost and safety compared to other antibiotic-based selection systems. In this review, we have summarized the development of selection markers for genetic transformation and the potential use of the ptxD /Phi scheme as an alternative selection marker system to minimize the future use of antibiotic and herbicide marker genes.

研究利用最新报道(2020年)的杂合二倍体马铃薯'RH89-039-16'基因组信息鉴定出23个马铃薯StSnRK2家族成员,分别被命名为StSnRK2.1～StSnRK2.23.通过生物信息学方法,分析了其基因结构、保守基序、理化性质、共线性关系,研究了其与水稻、玉米和拟南芥的SnRK2的系统进化关系,并利用转录组测序技术探究了家族成员在不同逆境胁迫下的基因表达规律.结果表明,马铃薯StSnRK2家族成员不均匀地分布在12条染色体上,家族成员蛋白长度为298～491 aa,分子量为32.6～55.4 kD,等电点4.51～9.47.系统进化树分析发现该基因家族可分为3个亚族,分别含有13、8和2个StSnRK2基因,在这些成员中共找到10个保守基序,其中保守基序1～9均包含于3个亚组中,而保守基序10则特异性分布于亚组Ⅰ.23个StSnRK2成员的表达模式表明,有15个基因在ABA胁迫24 h时表达量发生显著上调,证明这部分基因对马铃薯响应ABA胁迫具有重要的作用.这些结果为阐明StSnRK2基因家族的进化关系和进一步研究StSnRK2基因的功能特性提供了有价值的信息.