细胞生物学作为生物学专业的核心课程,在生命科学知识体系的建构中具有重要作用.本课程组基于细胞生物学课程特点,构建了基于SPOC平台的混合式教学模式,开展了线上线下混合式教学的改革.文章从细胞生物学混合式教学模式的构建,实施和评价等方面对混合式智慧教学模式进行初步的探究.

细胞生物学是现代生命科学的前沿与枢纽学科,对其它生命科学分支学科的学习及研究极其重要.该论文以智慧教学环境为框架,以学生为中心,挖掘课程的思政元素并将其有机融入课堂,对智慧教学工具在课程中的应用以及课程思政元素的融合进行探索.以求进一步提高细胞生物学的本科教学质量,达到满意的教学效果,以期实现知识传授和价值引领的人才培养目标.

创新型国家发展对当前大学生的创新能力培养提出明确要求,应着重培养大学生的创新素质和创新能力.本研究采用问卷调查的方法,对河南省1 809名在校医学生进行调查,了解当前医学大学生的创新认知度现状,并对创新意识与创新能力的影响因素进行分析,就如何提高医学生创新意识与创新能力提出对策与建议,以提升医学生对未来社会及国家发展需求的适应能力.

以蛹虫草为材料,研究了不同浓度乙烯利和乙烯受体抑制剂1-甲基环丙烯(1-methylcyclopropene,1-MCP)对蛹虫草子实体后期成熟产生虫草素的影响.根据不同处理方法将栽培蛹虫草分为乙烯组,1-MCP组和对照组.通过实时定量PCR(real-time quantitative PCR,qRT-PCR)测定各组蛹虫草子实体中腺苷酸琥珀酸合成酶(Adss)、腺苷酸琥珀酸裂解酶(Adsl)、腺苷酸激酶(AK)、嘌呤核苷磷酸化酶(PNP)等虫草素合成基因的表达量;高效液相色谱法测量子实体中虫草素含量.结果表明,当乙烯利质量浓度为100 mg/L可以显著提高PNP、Adss、AK、Adsl基因的表达量,乙烯组虫草素的质量浓度为(25.37±0.22)μg/mL而对照组为(10.04±0.17)μg/mL;1.0 mg/L的1-MCP则对子实体的虫草素含量以及PNP、Adss、AK、Adsl基因表达有明显的抑制作用,1-MCP组虫草素的质量浓度为(0.52±0.12)μg/mL.由此可知,添加一定浓度的外源乙烯能够促进虫草素代谢相关基因表达量上调,后期成熟子实体中虫草素的含量也显著提高.而乙烯受体抑制剂可以显著降低子实体中虫草素合成相关基因的表达量及其含量.

探明b型流感嗜血杆菌荚膜多糖发酵的最适培养基及接种量,为降低其疫苗荚膜多糖制备成本提供理论依据,设计6种培养基进行摇瓶培养,检测发酵上清液中的茵体量,筛选最适培养基,并在此基础上优化接种浓度及氯化血红素、辅酶Ⅰ添加量进行发酵罐培养,测定荚膜多糖含量,评估培养效果.结果表明:接种后OD600值为0.1的接种量较为适宜b型流感嗜血杆菌生长;3号改良培养基(选择性大豆蛋胨、酵母浸粉、酸水解酪蛋白、K2 HPO4、氯化钠、葡萄糖、氯化血红素、辅酶Ⅰ分别为1％、1％、0.50％、0.25％、0.50％、0.70％、25 mg/L和20 mg/L)对b型流感嗜血杆菌液体进行发酵罐发酵可获得大量菌体且稳定,荚膜多糖含量为(105.6±13.2)mg/L.

恶性肿瘤是威胁人类健康的一类疾病。由于肿瘤相关基因表达的差异和多态性，使患者对各种药物存在明显的差异。个体化治疗是基于分子诊断学、基因组学等学科上的治疗方法，针对不同肿瘤基因靶点选择靶向治疗药物，利于患者得到显著疗效。本文对多发恶性肿瘤的个体化治疗进行综述。

瘦素为一类脂肪所分泌的激素蛋白，在机体内广泛存在，其在维持机体能量平衡以及肥胖症防治等过程中均有重要价值。本文主要从瘦素及其受体的基因结构，瘦素参与体脂及能量代谢调控途径等方面对瘦素进行阐述。

在对中国福建省栽培的绣球菌进行种类鉴定的基础上,采用国际通用的酶法测定绣球菌子实体β-葡聚糖含量,研究了干燥方式对其含量的影响,并与一些常见食药用真菌的β-葡聚糖含量进行比较.结果显示该栽培绣球菌为广叶绣球菌Sparassis latifolia,子实体柄部和瓣片部分的β-葡聚糖含量均超过了40％,柄部的含量显著高于瓣片部分,冻干或烘干对其含量没有显著影响.广叶绣球菌β-葡聚糖含量极显著高于猴头、香菇、蛹虫草和草原黄蘑菇.

Cordyceps militaris , the type species of genus Cordyceps , is one of the most popular mushrooms and a nutraceutical in eastern Asia. It is considered a model organism for the study of Cordyceps species because it can complete its life cycle when cultured in vitro . In the present study, the occurrence and sequence variation of SSU rDNA group I introns, Cmi.S943 and Cmi.S1199, among different isolates of C. militaris were analyzed. Based on the secondary structure predictions, the Cmi.S943 intron has been placed in subgroup IC1, and the Cmi.S1199 intron has been placed in subgroup IE. No significant similarity between Cmi.S943 and Cmi.S1199 suggested different origins. Three genotypes, based on the frequency and distribution of introns, were described to discriminate the 57 surveyed C. militaris strains. It was found that the genotype was related to the stroma characteristics. The stromata of all of the genotype II strains, which possessed only Cmi.S943, could produce perithecium. In contrast, the stromata of all genotype III strains, which had both Cmi.S943 and Cmi.S1199, could not produce perithecium. Cmi.S1199 showed the lowest level of intra-specific variation among the tested strains. Group I introns can be lost during strain cross-mating. Therefore, we presumed that during cross-mating and recombination, intron loss could be driven by positive Darwinian selection due to the energetic cost of transcribing long introns.

Cordyceps militaris is considered a model organism for the study of Cordyceps species, which are highly prized in traditional Chinese medicine. Gene expression analysis has become more popular and important in studies of this fungus. Reference gene validation under different experimental conditions is crucial for RT-qPCR analysis. In this study, eight candidate reference genes, actin, cox5, gpd, rpb1, tef1, try, tub, and ubi, were selected and their expression stability was evaluated in C. militaris samples using four algorithms, genorm, normfinder, bestkeeper, and the comparative ∆Ct method. Three sets of samples, five different developmental stages cultured in wheat medium and pupae, and all the samples pool were included. The results showed that rpb1 was the best reference gene during all developmental stages examined, while the most common reference genes, actin and tub, were not suitable internal controls. Cox5 also performed poorly and was less stable in our analysis. The ranks of ubi and gpd were inconsistent in different sample sets by different methods. Our results provide guidelines for reference gene selection at different developmental stages and also represent a foundation for more accurate and widespread use of RT-qPCR in C. militaris gene expression analysis.

Cordyceps militaris is one of the most popular mushrooms and nutraceuticals in Eastern Asia. This study assayed and compared the antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic properties of the methanol extracts from fruiting bodies and fermented mycelia of C. militaris, as well as the contents of total phenol, flavonoids, and cordycepin. The results showed that the extracts from fruiting bodies possessed broad antimicrobial activities against all microorganisms tested (both bacteria and fungi), whereas that from the fermented mycelia showed selective activity. The antioxidant potential of two extracts is significant in the four tested systems in vitro, including total antioxidant capacity, scavenging abilities on 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH·) radicals, reducing power, and chelating ability on ferrous ions. The fruiting bodies had stronger DPPH· radical scavenging activity, whereas the fermented mycelia had stronger total antioxidant capacity, chelating ability, and reducing power, which suggested that they had their own role and worked in different ways. Both extracts present strong activities against tumor cell line A549. The results obtained indicated that extracts from C. militaris might be valuable antimicrobial, antioxidant, and cytotoxic natural sources and seemed to be applicable in health and medicine as well as in the food industry.

光作为一种重要的环境因子,可影响真菌的生长发育、生理周期、形态变化及次级代谢产物的产生,对于蛹虫草而言,光照还是其子实体生长发育的必要条件.选择2株不同来源的蛹虫草菌株,研究了自然光照和蓝光光照条件下,其子实体生长、抗氧化酶活性和主要活性成分的变化.结果表明蓝光光照对于蛹虫草子实体产量没有明显的促进和抑制作用.自然光照条件下成熟子实体的超氧化物歧化酶(superoxide dismutase,SOD)活性显著高于蓝光光照,过氧化氢酶(catalase,CAT)活性没有明显差别,而过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活性则表现出菌株差异.子实体主要活性成分方面,腺苷、甘露醇含量不受蓝光影响,类胡萝卜素在蓝光光照条件下含量极显著高于自然光光照,蓝光对子实体、虫草素、粗多糖含量的影响则存在菌株差异.研究为蛹虫草子实体的栽培条件优化,提高蛹虫草子实体质量提供依据.

Natural carotenoids have attracted great attention for their important beneficial effects on human health and food coloring function. Cordyceps militaris, a well-known edible and medicinal fungus, is a potential source of natural carotenoids. The present study aimed to optimize the process parameters for carotenoid extraction from this mushroom. The effects of different methods of breaking the fungal cell wall and organic solvents were studied by the one-factor-at-a-time method. Subsequently, the process parameters including the duration of the extraction time, the number of extractions, and the solvent to solid ratio were optimized by using the Box-Behnken design. The optimal extraction conditions included using an acid-heating method to break the cell wall and later extracting three times, each for a 1 h duration, with a 4:1 mixture of acetone: petroleum ether and a solvent: solid ratio of 24:1. The carotenoid content varied from 2122.50 to 3847.50 µg/g dry weights in different commercially obtained fruit bodies of C. militaris. The results demonstrated that the C. militaris contained more carotenoid content in its fruit bodies than other known mushrooms. Stability monitoring by HPLC demonstrated that the carotenoids could be stored at 4°C for 40 d. It is suggested that the carotenoid content should be considered as the quality standard of commercial products of this valued mushroom. These findings will facilitate the exploration of carotenoids from C. militaris.

Geranylgeranyl diphosphate synthase (GGPPS) is a key enzyme in the carotenoid biosynthetic pathway, catalyzing the synthesis of its C20 precursor. In the present study, three types of ggpps genes were cloned and analyzed from the Caterpillar Medicinal Fungus Cordyceps militaris, a valued carotenoid-producing species. The sequences were named as ggpps727, ggpps191, and ggpps595. The open reading frame codes for predicted polypeptides of 464, 550, and 431 aa. Three predicted GGPPSs had a high similarity to that from Beauveria bassiana ARSEF 2860 with identity of 73%, 71%, and 56%, respectively. Homology comparison of the deduced peptide sequences of the various GGPPSs revealed highly conserved domains. Both GGPPS727 and GGPPS191 from C. militaris contained all five domains highly conserved among prenyltransferases as well as two aspartate-rich DDXX(XX)D motifs in domains II and V, which have been proven essential for prenyltransferase activity. By constructing the phylogenetic tree of fungal GGPPSs, it was found that fungi-derived GGPPSs could be divided into three clusters, suggesting there were three types of GGPPSs in fungi. Each type may be responsible for a different metabolism. Three types of GGPPSs from C. militaris belonged to the different clusters separately. Expression analysis of three ggpps genes during the fruit body cultivation of C. militaris by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) suggested the ggpps 191 gene may be involved in the synthesis of carotenoids and ggpps 727 may be responsible for primary metabolism. This is the first report of the GGPPS from C. militaris, a valued edible and medicinal fungus.

Effects of two different drying methods, freeze-drying and hot air-drying, on the content of bioactive compound of Cordyceps militaris fruiting bodies were studied using four different strains(strain 30, 40, 156 and 159). It was indicated that the polysaccharide contents(30: 2.83%, 40: 5.76%, 156: 4.63%, 159: 2.98%) of freeze-dried C. militaris fruiting bodies were significantly higher than those(30: 1.52%, 40: 4.80%, 156: 2.85%, 159: 1.90%) of hot air-dried fruiting bodies. Hot-air drying resulted in significant decrease in the content of carotenoids except for the fruiting bodies of the albino strain. The contents of carotenoids from three normal strains were 5013.75μg·g-1(strain 30), 2478.75μg·g-1(strain 40) and 3809.25μg·g-1(strain 156) by freeze-drying method and through hot air-drying method were 3847.50μg·g-1(strain 30), 2122.50μg·g-1(strain 40), 3098.25μg·g-1and(strain 156). There was no significant difference on the content of adenosine and mannitol in the fruiting bodies with two drying methods. The influences of two drying methods on the cordycepin content and the superoxide dismutase(SOD) activity were different among the four strains.