Dry ethanolic and aqueous extracts from fruiting bodies and cultivated mycelium of basidiomycetes were obtained and investigated for chemical composition. In vitro extracts are active against influenza virus A, herpes simplex virus type 2, vaccinia virus and mouse poxvirus. The in vivo antiviral activity of Fomes fomentarius mycelium extract against influenza virus subtype H3N2 was studied.

This is a study on antiviral activity of various extracts from the plant Monarda fistulosa L. cultivated in the forest-steppe zone of Western Siberia during the vegetation period. The activity of aqueous and aqueous-ethanolic extracts of M. fistulosa during the whole vegetation period and two polyphenolic fractions from this plant at the flowering stage was investigated against human influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and avian influenza virus A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 (H5N1). The anti-influenza activity was compared among the extracts and the polyphenolic fractions from M. fistulosa at the flowering stage. It was shown that antiviral activity against each subtype of the influenza A virus differed throughout the entire vegetation period, depending on the developmental stage of M. fistulosa and the type of extraction. Influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) infectivity was most strongly inhibited by aqueous-ethanolic extracts from M. fistulosa raw material collected at the growth stage and by the aqueous extract from the fruiting initiation stage. Inhibition of the infectivity of influenza virus A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 (H5N1) was achieved by one or another M. fistulosa extract almost throughout the whole vegetation period. It is found that Polyphenolic Fractions 1 and 2 are more active against influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2), but aqueous and aqueous-ethanolic extracts are more active against influenza virus A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 (H5N1). On the condition of further in-depth studies, our experimental data suggest that M. fistulosa plant components can be recommended as medicinal (antiviral) substances against influenza viruses A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) and A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 (H5N1).

The toxicity and antiviral activity of extracts obtained by the methods of aqueous and ethanol extraction of bioactive substances from Cetraria islandica lichen as a raw material were studied. Aqueous and ethanol extracts of lichen were characterized by low toxicity with respect to the passaged MDCK cell culture and exhibited antiviral activity. The ethanol extract showed more potent in vitro antiviral activity against human A/H3N2 and avian A/H5N1 influenza viruses: in a concentration of 50 μg/ml, it suppressed replication of these viruses by 3.5 and 4 log10, respectively, while the aqueous extract inhibited replication of viruses by 2 and 6 log10, respectively, when taken in a concentration of 500 μg/ml that was 10-fold higher than the concentration of the ethanol extract.

Antiviral activity of extracts from 14 plant species of 12 genera of 9 botanical families in the transplanted culture of MDCK cells against influenza virus A/Aichi/2/68 (H3N2) (human) and A/chicken/Kurgan/05/2005 (H5N1) (birds) was investigated. Phytochemical characterisation of vegetal raw materials of these species for the content of certain groups of polyphenolic and terpenoid compounds was carried out. The effect of plant extracts on the influenza virus of each subtype was assessed relying on the value of the neutralization index. It was found that aqueous and ethanol extracts of the studied plant species exhibit different extents of activity against each of the influenza virus subtypes: from minimum to almost 100 % of virus-inhibiting values. Complete (100 %) inhibition, selectively for each of the two influenza virus subtypes, was found in the extracts of 6 plant species: three Persicaria species (P. scabra, P. lapathifolia, P. hydropi per), Comarum salesovianum (leaves and flowers), Dasiphora fruticosa and Hedysarum alpinum. They can be considered promising for further studies of antiviral activity against the human and bird influenza virus. A phytochemical assessment of the plant raw materials of the studied species showed that maximum amounts of flavonols (6.42 %), catechins (1.76 %), tannins (28.46 %) and carotenoids (70.4 %) were found in the raw materials of different plant species, extracts of which showed selective influenza activity of varying extent. Promising species can be recommended for more in-depth study, as basic, in order to develop phytopreparations of anti-influenza action against RNA-genomic viruses - human and bird influenza virus. At the same time, it is necessary to take into account the taxonomic position of the species, the type of extraction, as well as the part or organ of the plant taken for study.

В чистую культуру из плодовых тел выделены три штамма гриба Daedaleopsis tricolor. Получены водные и этанольные экстракты из плодового тела и культивированного мицелия гриба Daedaleopsis tricolor. Экстракты охарактеризованы по основным группам биологически активных веществ: полисахариды, белки, тритерпены, каротиноиды, фенольные соединения, флавоноиды. Отмечено, что выход экстрактивных веществ из мицелия в 3–5 раз выше, чем из плодового тела, при этом содержание некоторых групп БАВ в экстрактах из плодовых тел гриба, в 2–4 раза выше, чем в экстрактах из мицелия. Проведено сравнение экстрактов, полученных из плодовых тел и культивируемого мицелия по биохимическому составу и биологической активности. Установлено, что экстракты гриба Daedaleopsis tricolor обладают антиоксидантной и противоопухолевой активностью, при этом экстракты из культивируемого мицелия показывают в большинстве случаев более высокую биологическую активность.

In order to study the biochemical composition and antiviral activity were prepared and characterized extracts of more than 20 higher fungi, which grow in the Novosibirsk region (South of Western Siberia). It was revealed the presence proteins, polysaccharides, carotenoids, triterpenes and flavonoids (in a few samples) in the aqueous and ethanol extracts of higher fungi. It was found that the polysaccharides content in aqueous extracts ranges from 8,5 mg/g for Flammulina velutipes to 373 mg/g for Trichaptum biforme and in ethanol extracts from 37,9 mg/g for Fomitopsis pinicola to 451,3 mg/g for Daedaleopsis tricolor. Total protein content is from 3.0 mg/g in aqueous extract of Amanita muscaria to 44.1 mg/g in ethanol extract of Lycoperdon pyriforme. Aqueous extracts of Coprinus comatus and Trametes trogii and ethanol extracts of Lycoperdon pyriforme, Phallus impudicus, Steccherinum ochraceum and Bjerkandera adusta showed antiviral activity against orthopoxviruses (vaccinia and mousepox viruses) and herpes simplex virus type 2. Quantification of groups of biologically active substances (BAS) in the extracts has prognostic value in the evaluation of their biological effects, including anti-viral activity. Evaluation of quantitative content of biologically active substances (BAS) in extracts has the prognostic importance in the analysis of their biological activities, including antiviral activity, and plays an important role in establishing integrated antivirals against DNA-containing viruses.

The article is devoted to the development of technology for production of dry extract from the mushroom Fomes fomentarius for use it to create effective drugs for the prevention and treatment of viral infections. The various methods of biologically active substances extraction from the mushroom FOMES FOMENTARIUS (percolation, maceration and fractional maceration) using various concentrations ethyl alcohol of have been described. The optimal values of technological parameters of the process of obtaining a dry extract from the mushroom Fomes fomentarius has been determined. The maximum content of extractives (5,6 ± 0,7) % found in the extracts, which were obtained using an alcohol solution with a concentration of 70%. (optimum temperature of the extraction process 55-60 ° C, particles of mushroom ranging in size from 50 to 500 microns). The qualitative and quantitative analysis of biologically active substances contained in the dry extract has been performed, the presence of various biologically active substances such as proteins and polysaccharides, triterpene saponins, coumarins and phenolic compounds has been established. The leading group of biologically active compounds for further standardization of the extract has been revealed. It has been showed, that the protein content in the dried extract of the fruiting body of mushroom Fomes fomentarius ranged from 7.0 to 8.4% and polysaccharides from 53.2 to 68.2%.