Studies on structural manifestations of ER-stress, apoptosis and necrosis in endothelial cells of nephron hemocapillaries in experimental burn disease in rats (caused by burn injury of the skin with an area of 21-23% of the body surface) have shown indisputable protector and therapeutic advantages of intravenous colloidal hyperosmolar solutions infusion over the isotonic solution infusion, which was 0.9% NaCl solution. The most vulnerable organelle in endothelial cells of nephron hemocapillaries in experimental burn disease and in detoxification therapy performed is a granular endoplasmic reticulum, therefore an important evidence of the used detoxification solutions efficacy is the nature of the ER-stress course. Under the conditions of intravenous colloidal hyperosmolar solutions infusion (lactoprotein with sorbitol and HAES-LX-5%), normalization of ER stress is observed, accompanied by apoptotic changes of endothelial cells, but it is not accompanied by necrosis of endothelial cells. The consequence of the endothelial cells necrosis in the kidney hemocapillaries is the formation of paravasal hemorrhages and lympho-leukocyte infiltrates, which is evidence of impaired filtration and reabsorption functions of the kidneys, as well as of the inflammatory process progress in the kidneys.

This work is devoted to the morphometric assesment of structural changes in the duodenal wall of rats with skin burn injury under conditions of experimental diabetes mellitus. The control group included 21 intact animals without any signs of somatic pathology, experimental group I consisted of 21 rats with experimental skin burn injury, experimental group II consisted of 21 rats without skin burns but with experimentally simulated diabetes mellitus, and experimental group III consisted of 21 rats with both skin burn injury and experimentally simulated diabetes mellitus. The following morphometric parameters have been studied: mucosal thickness, villi height and thickness, crypt depth and width, thickness of lamina muscularis of mucosa, submucosa thickness, muscular layer thickness, serosa thickness, height of the epitheliocytes in the middle part of the villi, mitotic index of columnar epitheliocytes. The obtained data confirm the progredient course of changes characteristic of diabetic enteropathy, which gradually worsen after 7, 14 and 21 days of the experiment.

The pathogenesis of burn immune dysfunction and burn enteropathy needs further clarification given that the cellular lesions of lymphoid tissue associated with mucous membranes are the least studied. The purpose of the study was to establish reactive and destructive changes in Peyer’s patches of rats after burn injury of the skin with the use of intravenous infusion of isotonic sodium chloride solution and combined colloid-hyperosmolar solutions. White male rats weighing 160-200 g at 6 months of age were divided into 4 groups (18 animals in each group): I, II, III – rats with burn skin injury (grade II-III burn with an area of 23% of body surface area and the development of moderate-severity shock state) which was administered a separate intravenous infusion once a day for the first 7 days of the experiment with isotonic sodium chloride, lactoprotein with sorbitol and HAES-LX-5%, in each case at a dose of 10 ml/kg; IV – intact animals. The material was collected from rats under deep thiopental intraperitoneal anesthesia after 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after burn injury. Biopsies from Peyer’s patches for histological and electron microscopic examination were processed using conventional methods. Investigation of histological preparations stained with hematoxylin-eosin was performed on an Olympus BX51 microscope. Ultrathin sections were contrasted on copper support meshes with uranyl acetate and lead citrate according to Reynolds and studied using a PEM-125K electron microscope. Electron and light microscopy data indicate that intravenous infusion of colloidal-hyperosmolar solutions (lactoprotein with sorbitol and HAES-LX-5%) promotes suppression of inflammatory response, inhibits necrosis, and optimizes lymphoid apoptosis at Peyer’s patches of rats with experimental burn disease caused by burn injury to the skin of 21-23% of the body surface. Apoptotic lymphocytes and their apoptotic bodies are effectively phagocytosed by macrophages and are digestible in heterophagolysosomes. The apoptotic altered dendritic cells in Peyer’s patches are characterized by osmiophilic cytoplasm and a nucleus with high electron density amorphous nucleoplasm. In the cytoplasm are located mitochondria with enlightened matrix and destroyed cristae, irregularly expanded tubules of variable configuration of a granular endoplasmic reticulum with electronically transparent content and numerous derivatives of their vacuole transformation, which are sharply darkened. The fusion of vacuoles leads to the formation of large electron-luminous cavities filled with various residues of compacted degraded cellular structures. Vacualization promotes site segmentation of condensed cytoplasm of apoptotic dendritic cells and formation of apoptotic blebs, which are subject to entrapment and subsequent sequential degradation with the participation of neighboring macrophages. The structural changes of the organelles of the protein-synthesizing apparatus found in Peyer’s plaque cells in rats with experimental burn disease can be regarded as a manifestation caused by functional overload of the granular endoplasmic reticulum (ER-stress). The consequence of optimal development of ER-stress and subsequent unfolded protein response is the apoptotic degradation of the corresponding cell, the course of which is modified by the use of colloid-hyperosmolar solutions.

Damage to the endocrine glands is one of the key pathogenetic factors in skin burns, but intracellular mechanisms of the effect of burn disease and its therapy on these organs continue to be poorly understood. The article presents the results of the study of DNA content in adenohypophysis, adrenal and thymus cells of rats by flowing DNA-cytometry against the background of thermal skin burn and correction of it with solutions of 0.9% NaCl or Lactoproteinum with sorbitol. The study was performed 1, 3, 7, 14, 21 and 30 days after the thermal burn of 2-3 degrees of 21-23% of the body surface and its correction. The statistical processing of the obtained results was carried out in the license package "STATISTICA 6.1" using nonparametric estimation methods. Against the backdrop of applying 0.9% NaCl solution in adenohypophysis cells, occurs a significant decrease in the parameters of the synthetic S-phase (the percentage ratio of the DNA synthesis phase to all cells of the cell cycle) already from 1 day of the experiment, which were restored to the control level only 21 days after the skin burn. The index of the interval SUB-GOG1 (DNA fragmentation index) against the background of applying 0.9% NaCl solution increased significantly from 3 days, and the decrease in the indicator in adenohypophysis cells was observed from the 14th day of the study. In adrenal cells, a significant increase in the S-phase index was observed with a 0.9% NaCl solution correction followed by a decrease from the 3 days of the experiment, and the SUB-GOG1 interval also increased from 1 day, followed by a decrease in this index. Against the background of correction with 0.9% NaCl solution, a significant decrease in the S-phase index of thymus cells was observed 1 day after the skin burn, and on the 3 day there was an increase in this index with its normalization after 14 days from the beginning of the experiment. The parameters of the SUB-GOGl interval of thymus cells were elevated from 1 day, but after 7 days did not differ from those of the control group. With the use of a solution of Lactoproteinum with sorbitol, the amplitude of the S-phase and the SUB-GOG1 interval of adenohypophysis, adrenal and thymus cells decreased, indicating a cytoprotective effect of this drug. It was concluded that correcting by the 0.9% NaCl solution not sufficiently compensated the DNA damage of the endocrine glands after thermal skin burn, and the use of Lactoproteinum with sorbitol significantly improves the studied DNA content in these organs.

In analyzing the data of cell cycle and DNA fragmentation of the cells of the mucous membranes of the small intestine of rats in the late stages after the thermal burn of skin 2-3 degrees, in the area of 21-23% of the body surface, on the background of the previous use of infusion solutions, it was found that "lactoprotein with sorbitol" or HAES-LX-5% have a positive effect on cell cycle performance: after 14 days, the S-phase data and the index of proliferation were increased compared with those in the burn group + 0.9% NaCl solution in the same period; after 21 days, the S-phase data and the index of proliferation of these two groups were significantly higher than those in the burns + 0.9% NaCl solution, and at the same time, the values of the SUB-G0G1 interval in both groups were lower than those in the group where was used 0,9% NaCl solution on the background of burn. After 30 days in the burn + HAES-LX-5% group, all cell cycle indices have no significant or trend-specific differences compared to those in the non-burning group, and with "lactoprotein with sorbitol", the G0G1 and the proliferation phases have been significantly lower than indicators in a group without skin burns.

In the experiment, during 7 days, changes in cell cycle and DNA fragmentation of spleen cells in rats after burn injuries were studied in the background of the introduction of 0.9% NaCl solution. After skin burn in the background of the introduction of 0.9% NaCl solution, after 1 day, greater values of the interval SUB-G0G1 and the G0G1 phase and, at the same time, lower values of the phases S, G2+M and the index of proliferation were determined, indicating the pathological induction of apoptosis and violations of the synthetic processes of splenocytes. After 3 days after burning the skin, large average values of the G0G1, proliferation and proliferation indexes were determined and, at the same time, the highest possible apoptosis rate compared to similar animal numbers in the 1 day after burn, which could be considered as the activation of mechanisms for compensating for pathological effects thermal damage at the given time. 7 days after skin burn, the average values of the G0G1 and the proliferation index are close to the similar figures for a group of animals without burn injuries of the skin, with the introduction of 0.9% NaCl solution, while the values of the S-phase (at almost 2.5 times) and the SUB-G0G1 interval (2.7 times), indicating insufficient compensation for the proliferative activity of the spleen cells against the background of increased apoptosis

In 82 practically healthy urban youths and 86 girls of the Podillia region of Ukraine, when distributed into different craniotypes, reliable regression models of computational-tomographic dimensions of thalamus were constructed depending on anthropometric and somatotypological parameters with a determination coefficient greater than 0.6. In mesocephalic boys, of 4 possible models, 3 were constructed with a determination coefficient from 0.731 to 0.938; and in brachycephals boys only 1 model (the determination coefficient is 0.620). In girls-dolichocephals and brachycephals all 4 models have been constructed (accordingly, the determination coefficient is from 0.750 to 0.926 and from 0.760 to 0.925); and in mesocephalic girls only 2 models (the determination coefficient is 0.640 and 0.690). The built models most often included: in mesocephalic boys – the circumferential dimensions of the body and the thickness of skin and fat folds (by 25.0%); in dolichocephals girls – body diameters (26.9%) and evenly cephalometric indices, total, longitudinal, circumferential sizes of the body and width of distal epiphyses of long limb bones (by 11.5%); in mesocephalic girls, the thickness of skin and fat folds (30.8%) and the width of distal epiphyses of long limb bones (23.1%); in girls brachycephals – the circumferential dimensions of the body (30.8%), body diameters (26.9%), and the thickness of skin and fat folds (19.2%).

У 82 практично здорових міських юнаків та 86 дівчат Подільського регіону України при розподілі на різні краніотипи побудовані достовірні регресійні моделі комп’ютерно-томографічних розмірів таламуса в залежності від антропометричних та соматотипологічних показників з коефіцієнтом детермінації (R2) більшим 0,6. В юнаків-мезоцефалів із 4 можливих моделей побудовано 3 із R2 від 0,731 до 0,938; а в юнаків-брахіцефалів - лише 1 модель (R2=0,620). У дівчат-доліхоцефалів та брахіцефалів побудовані усі 4 моделі (відповідно R2 дорівнює від 0,750 до 0,926 та від 0,760 до 0,925); а у дівчат-мезоцефалів лише 2 моделі (R2 дорівнює 0,640 і 0,690). До побудованих моделей найчастіше входять: в юнаків-мезоцефалів - обхватні розміри тіла і товщина шкірно-жирових складок (по 25,0 %); у дівчат-доліхоцефалів - діаметри тіла (26,9 %) і рівномірно кефалометричні показники, тотальні, поздовжні, обхватні розміри тіла і ширина дистальних епіфізів довгих трубчастих кісток кінцівок (по 11,5 %); у дівчат-мезоцефалів - товщина шкірно-жирових складок (30,8 %) та ширина дистальних епіфізів довгих трубчастих кісток кінцівок (23,1 %); у дівчат-брахіцефалів - обхватні розміри тіла (30,8 %), діаметри тіла (26,9 %), а також товщина шкірно-жирових складок (19,2 %).

The results of the experimental study of the DNA content by the method of duct DNA cytometry in adenohypophysis, thymus and adrenal glands cells on the background of thermal burn of the skin and correction of the HAES-LX-5% infusion solution in comparison with a similar burn on the background of application of 0.9% solution are given in the article. NaCl. The use of the HAES-LX-5% drug causes a positive polyfactorial effect on the DNA content in adenohypophysis, thymus and adrenal cells. Its effect has specific manifestations in each of the cell groups and provides a balance recovery between the processes of DNA synthesis and apoptosis. So the use of this infusion solution softens the negative impact of the adverse effects of skin burn in adenohypophysis cells, mainly affecting synthetic processes, which is especially manifested in the delay in the development of burn disease. In adrenal cells, the HAES-LX-5% solution more definitely reduces the symptoms of apoptosis from day 7 of the experiment, rather than affecting synthetic processes. The effect of this solution on the content of thymus DNA cells consists in the reducing the parameters of the interval SUB-G0G1 practically in all terms of the experimental study with simultaneous insignificant increase of synthetic processes.

The article presents data in relation to structural changes in adenohypophysis, cortex of adrenal gland and thymus during experimental burn disease in rat under the condition of its treatment by the intravenosis infusion of colloid-hyperosmolar solutions. Key words: burn disease, adenohypophysis, cortex of adrenal gland, thymus, microscopy

The article presents data in relation to the structural changes in the endothelium of hemocapillares in adenohypophysis, thymus, adrenal gland, ren and aggregate lymphoid nodules of ileum during experimental burn disease in rats and its treatment by the combined hyperosmolar solutions. Hyperosmolar solutions administered intravenously protects the damage of vessel wall.

Summary. In the article presents the results of study the cell death and of the kinetics of cell cycle indicators thymus cells of rats during burn disease after thermal bum injury of the skin on the background of treatment with 0,9% solution of NaCl, drugs lactoprotein with sorbitol or HAES-LX 5%. Burn injuryof the skin on the background of treatment with 0,9% solution of NaCl leads to disruption of the cell cycle of the thymus cells is most higle expressed at 1 and 3 day observation. The use lactoprotein with sorbitol or HAES-LX- 5% can significantly improve the performance of the cell cede of the thymus cell and reduce the negative impact of burn injury: lactoprotein with sorbitol affects on DNA synthesis (s-phase), and the drug HAES-LX-5% affects on apoptosis that manifests a decrease in DNA fragmentation (SUB-G0G1).

The article presents data concerning structural changes of the intercellular substance in the adenohypophysis, thymus, adrenal glands, kidneys and aggregate lymphoid nodules of the ileum during experimental burn disease in rats and its treatment by means of combined hyperosmolar solutions. Hyperosmolar solutions administered intravenously were found to protect the vascular wall, and Lactoprotein-S in this situation causes membranoplastic transformation of the intercellular substance in the viscera.