Az immuntolerancia a szervezet immunrendszerének egyik legösszetettebb és legfinomabban hangolt szabályozó hálózata. A centrális és perifériás mechanizmusok együttese biztosítja, hogy az immunrendszer felismerje, de ne támadja meg a saját struktúrákat. A szabályozó T-sejtek (Treg) a CD4+T-sejtek gátló hatású alcsoportját alkotják, amelyek fenntartják az immunhomeosztázist és fékezik a gyulladást. A Tregsejtek, melyek felfedezéséért 2025-ben orvosi-élettani Nobel-díjat osztottak, ma már nemcsak az autoimmunitás, hanem a transzplantáció, az onkológia és az allergológia szempontjából is kulcsfontosságúak. Az immunológiai tolerancia jövőbeni kutatása az MI-alapú predikciók (például Tregsejt-viselkedési mintázatok elemzése) és a precíziós immunterápia irányába mutat, ahol a szabályozás egyensúlyát személyre szabottan lehet majd módosítani.

A modern vakcinák kifejlesztése a 20. század egyik legnagyobb orvosi vívmánya. A fertőző betegségek elleni védekezés hatékonyságát, az életminőség javítását és a járványok visszaszorítását elsősorban az aktív immunizálás tette lehetővé. Különösen kiemelkedő az új generációs, mRNS-alapú vakcinák szerepe, amelyek nemcsak gyorsabb fejlesztést tesznek lehetővé, hanem precízebben, célzottan serkentik az immunrendszert, minimalizálva a mellékhatásokat és maximalizálva a védelmet.

Az interszex emberek olyan biológiai nemi jegyekkel születnek (ide tartoznak az elsődleges és másodlagos nemi szervek, kromoszómák, mirigyek, hormonok változatai), amelyek nem illenek bele a férfi és női testekről, élettani és magatartási mintázatokról alkotott többségi és tipikus bináris el képzelésekbe. Az interszex egy gyűjtő fogalom, amely az emberi test, fiziológia és viselkedés nemtipikus, nemiséggel kapcsolatos változatának leírására szolgál. A közlemény a nemiséget, annak testi és magatartásbeli jellegeit meghatározó, összetett biológiai rendszerek változatainak genetikai hátterével foglalkozik.

A mesterséges intelligencia a klinikai genetika kulcseszközévé vált: támogatja a diagnosztikát, a terápiás döntéseket és az adatkezelést, ugyanakkor etikai kérdéseket is felvet.

Background:Although it is widely recognized that more attention needs to be paid to children's fluid intake, there is little information on how to improve it. Peer education has been suggested as an effective approach to changing health behaviors among school children. As a new approach, our study piloted a peer education program to improve children's fluid intake in primary schools. Methods:University students were prepared for their role as peer educators in an elective university course, including the concept of peer education and different pedagogical methods. The peer educators evaluated the training process by completing a questionnaire. The intervention took place during a School Health Day led by the peer educators. An anonymous survey with a questionnaire on knowledge of fluid intake was administered two weeks before, at the end of, and 15 weeks after the intervention. Changes in hydration knowledge were tested using repeated measures ANOVA. Results:The pilot program showed increased knowledge about fluid consumption (p < 0.001) in lower and upper primary school children (N = 326) at the end of the School Health Day compared to pre-intervention measures. A positive change was observed after 15 weeks only in upper primary students. Feedback from peer educators was useful for fine-tuning the program. Conclusions:This innovative program induced positive changes in knowledge about fluid intake in primary school children. The persistence of the changes differed between lower and upper primary school children. Based on the results, the intervention should be replicated to adapt the program to the needs of lower primary school children. Because the training of peer educators and the peer education program appeared to be successful, this program is worthy of international replication. This approach may also be suggested for other behavior change issues.

Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane-enclosed subcellular structures released by all cell types. EVs have important roles in both cellular homeostasis and intercellular communication. Recent progress in the field revealed substantial heterogeneity of EVs even within the size-based EV categories. Here we addressed the question whether the exportin-1 (XPO1)-mediated nuclear export of RNAs contributed to the EV heterogeneity. Size-based populations were separated from the conditioned media of three cell lines (U937, THP-1 and 5/4E8) in steady-state condition. The effects of activation and leptomycin B treatment (to inhibit the XPO1-mediated nuclear export of RNAs) were also tested in the case of the two monocytic cell lines. Agilent Pico and Small chips were used to characterize RNAs, fragment analysis was performed, and EV-associated miRNAs were tested by Taqman assays. As expected, we found the highest small RNA/total RNA ratio and the lowest rRNA/total RNA proportion in small EVs (~ 50–150 nm). Profiles of the small RNAs within different size-based EV categories significantly differed based on the activation status of the EV releasing cells. Leptomycin B had a differential inhibition on the tested small RNAs in EVs, even within the same EV size category. A similar heterogeneity of the EV miRNA content was observed upon cellular activation and nuclear export inhibition. Here we complement the already existing knowledge on EV heterogeneity by providing evidence that the RNA cargo varies depending on the EV size-based category, the releasing cell type, the functional status of the releasing cells and the exportin-1-mediated nuclear export of RNAs.

Supplementary Figure Legend 2 from Histamine Suppresses Fibulin-5 and Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Receptor Expression in Melanoma

Supplementary Figure Legend 3 from Histamine Suppresses Fibulin-5 and Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Receptor Expression in Melanoma

Supplementary Table from Histamine Suppresses Fibulin-5 and Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Receptor Expression in Melanoma

Supplementary Figure 1 from Histamine Suppresses Fibulin-5 and Insulin-like Growth Factor-II Receptor Expression in Melanoma

•A pedagogical-educational method could increase children’s helpful attitude to BLS.•It is essential to measure the effectiveness of BLS programmes in a reliable way.•The questionnaire can be a reliable and valid tool to measure the effectiveness.

Background With the increase of cyberbullying, several intervention programmes have been created that aim at reducing cyber-victimisation and perpetration. Objective Our study presents the effects of the STAnD anti-cyberbullying programme with peer-education both on the short and the long run among lower and upper primary school students, with a focus on the participants' cyberbullying roles. Method The sample comprised of 536 students who participated in the intervention programme, involving 36% lower and 64% upper primary school students. Participants were measured by a self-reported questionnaire before and right after the programme, then six months later. Results The main effect of the STAnD programme was a positive change in the participants' willingness to engage in help-seeking and their active-defending reaction, although this effect decreased after six months. The changes were larger among lower primary school students compared to upper primary school participants. Conclusion Our results imply that long-lasting and intensive health promotion programmes are necessary to reach a long-term intervention effect. Anti-cyberbullying programmes should take into consideration participants' involvement and roles in cyberbullying. As our study was a non-randomised uncontrolled study design, thus interpretation of the effectiveness of the programme is limited.

Since February 2020, the SARS-CoV-2-virus, a recently appearing member of the coronavirus family has evoked a serious global epidemic. The pandemic, with its huge virulence unexperienced before present two or three generations, evoked already the fourth wave of the epidemic, aggravated with the post-COVID syndrome and high mortality. This all caused the health drama of the whole of mankind and an even unpredictable social challenge. Unfortunately, there is no indication that the serial appearance of virus variants would be weakened in terms of their clinical impact. To date, as of November 2021 nearly 250 million cases and more than to 5 million fatalities have been confirmed based on internationally updated Internet Web sites (URL1, URL2). There are almost 940 000 infected and over 31 800 deaths in Hungary (URL3). This article briefly describes the molecular features of the virus, characteristic immune responses in COVID-19, the mutations of the spike protein, and the adaptation advantages of the current variants. The report attempts to uncover the recent availability and major developmental strategies of vaccines fighting against COVID-19.

The article attempts to review the principal epidemiological data of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) based on the rapidly changing and expanding international and domestic literature. The review covers the so-called "long COVID-19" as well as the latest pharmacological and immunotherapeutic developments. The manuscript deals with the future of innovative vaccinology, the so-called 'pan-vaccines' developed through artificial intelligences and nanotechnology. Orv Hetil. 2022; 163(24): 935-942.

The article attempts to review the principal epidemiological data of the coronavirus pandemic (COVID-19) based on the rapidly changing and expanding international and domestic literature. The review covers the so-called ,,long COVID-19" as well as the latest pharmacological and immunotherapeutic developments. The manuscript deals with the future of innovative vaccinology, the so-called 'pan-vaccines' developed through artificial intelligences and nano technology.

A magyar lakosság mind jobb védettségének elérése és az oltási program iránti közbizalom erősítése érdekében a jelenlegi, nem transzparens módon létrejött, tudományos alátámasztás nélküli, több ponton aggályos eljárásrendet véleményünk szerint célszerű fejleszteni és pontosítani. Ehhez egy részletes szakmai véleményt készítettünk, melyben tisztázzuk a harmadik oltás orvosi indokait, kiemeljük a veszélyeztetett csoportokat, ismertetjük a harmadik oltás beadására vonatkozó immunológiai és – egyelőre kevés – empirikus adatot, valamint áttekintjük a nemzetközi gyakorlatot és prioritásokat.