As a non-pathogenic oomycete, Pythium oligandrum possesses unique advantages, particularly in the context of being a biological control agent. With the increasing awareness of consumer consciousness, people are paying more attention to the use of environmentally friendly strategies in plant disease prevention and control. Pythium oligandrum is a type of biocontrol oomycete that can be developed as a biological control agent, and it does not have adverse effects on humans in the prevention and control of plant diseases. Consequently, there is increasing scientific interest in the beneficial plant-microbe interactions mediated by P. oligandrum. Currently, the main points of focus regarding the beneficial role of P. oligandrum in plant interactions are as follows: (i) P. oligandrum can activate plant defense responses and cause plants to produce resistance, thus protecting them from disease attacks; (ii) it is a strong mycoparasite that can coil around various oomycetes and fungi, directly killing pathogenic microorganisms; (iii) in addition, it can also promote plant growth. In this paper, we will discuss the aforementioned three main features in detail.

Potato production is severely threatened by the oomycete Phytophthora infestans, the fungus Alternaria solani, and the bacterium Ralstonia solanacearum; however, strategies capable of simultaneously managing these three pathogen classes remain relatively scarce. In this study, we designed a series of signal peptide (SP)-fused recombinant constructs containing four functional modules with distinct antimicrobial and immune-inducing properties: GAFP1-2×FYVE, an oomycete-inhibiting antimicrobial protein; BbAFP1-ErBD, a fungal-suppressive protein fragment; the pathogen-associated molecular pattern (PAMP) csp22 derived from R. solanacearum, which elicits effective anti-bacterial immunity; and the microbe-associated molecular pattern (MAMP) PpEli2 identified from Pythium periplocum, which triggers broad-spectrum plant defense responses. Through systematic evaluation of six module order rearrangements, we identified SP-cBG as the optimal multi-domain combination. Further optimization via the introduction of a rigid alpha-helical linker (HL4) yielded SP-cBG-HL4, which tended to show superior resistance against all three pathogens, as reflected in smaller lesion diameters and decreased bacterial titers. qRT-PCR analyses revealed that SP-cBG-HL4 significantly upregulated PTI (CYP71D20, PTI5), SA (PR1, PR2), and JA/ET (PR3, PR4) defense marker genes. Collectively, these findings show that modular domain assembly combined with linker-mediated modular combinatorial optimization represents a powerful engineering strategy for achieving broad-spectrum disease resistance, offering a promising approach to simultaneously control oomycete, fungal, and bacterial pathogens of plants.

Enzymatic browning is a major issue in potato processing, causing a decline in both nutritional value and quality. Although there are numerous studies on the mechanism of enzymatic browning of potato tubers, few relevant reports are available on the changes at the transcriptome level during enzymatic browning as well as on the differences in the browning process of potato tubers with differing degrees of enzymatic browning potential. To gain insights into the molecular mechanism of enzymatic browning after cutting, this study presents the transcriptional characterization of temporal molecular events during enzymatic browning of browning-resistant (BR) and browning-susceptible (BS) potato tubers. RNA-sequencing (RNA-seq) analysis detected 19,377 and 13,741 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in BR and BS tubers, respectively, with similar function enrichment observed using Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) enrichment analyses. Up-regulated DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways related to phenol and lipid biosynthesis, while the down-regulated DEGs were significantly enriched in the pathways related to programmed cell death. Significant redox-related pathways occurred earlier in BS tubers compared to the BR tubers. Further analysis revealed that the BS tubers had a stronger phenolic synthesis ability compared to the BR tubers. However, the BR tubers showed a stronger free radical scavenging ability compared to the BS tubers. The results of our study provide insights into the temporal molecular events that occur during the enzymatic browning of potato tubers after cutting and the potential molecular mechanisms for different degrees of enzymatic browning.

Purple acid phosphatases (PAPs) are multifunctional proteins implicated in various aspects of plant biology, including flowering, seed development, senescence, carbon metabolism, and the response to biotic and abiotic stresses. Although PAPs have been reported in potatoes, the gene features and expression under phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria and freezing stresses remain unclear. In the present study, we identified 29 StPAPs with molecular weights ranging from 27.96 to 85.40 kDa, which were classified into three distinct groups based on a phylogenetic analysis. Integrating gene chromosomal localization, gene duplication events, intergenic collinearity, and gene selection pressure analysis, we found that the expansion of the potato PAP gene family was primarily driven by genome-wide duplication events, with the majority of the PAP genes undergoing purifying selection. Promoter cis-acting element analysis and RNA-Seq data revealed that a total of 89 cis-acting elements were associated with plant hormones, and the seven StPAP genes for low phosphorous response were associated with responses to abscisic acid, gibberellin, and abiotic stresses. Tissue expression pattern analyses indicated that the expression of StPAP genes were regulated in response to varying phosphorus levels. A co-expression network analysis identified eight StPAP genes involved in symbiosis with phosphorus-solubilizing bacteria, and seven StPAP genes exhibited significantly higher expression in response to freezing stress and abiotic stresses (drought, heat, darkness, and N/K/Ca/Fe/Mg/Zn deficiencies). In conclusion, the StPAP may synergistically modulate phytohormone levels in response to stress by regulating plant phosphorus homeostasis; StPAP12 and abscisic acid are key phosphorus-regulated genes and phytohormones in response to freezing stress. This study represents the first report to demonstrating the responsiveness of StPAPs to phytohormones, revealing a potential new function for these genes in plant stress responses and nutrient management. These findings provide novel insights into the multifaceted roles of PAPs in plant adaptation and stress tolerance.

Interplanting crops is the best method to grow crops synergistically for better utilization of land and agro-resources. Grape (Vitis vinifera) and potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) have highly efficient agricultural planting systems in China, however, how soil physicochemical properties and soil microbial communities and metabolites affect the output of grape-potato interplanting remained unknown. In this study, we employed three planting patterns (CK: grape monocropping; YY: grape interplanted with potato (variety ‘Favorita’); LS: grape interplanted with potato (variety ‘Longshu7’)) at two experimental sites i.e., the Huizhou (2022) site and the Qingyuan site (2023). The grape variety for all planting patterns was ‘Sunshine Rose’. Soil samples (top 0-20 cm) at both sites were collected to observe the diversity of bacterial communities and soil metabolites. Our findings revealed that, compared with monocropping, the interplanted systems resulted in higher concentrations of total nitrogen, available phosphorus, and available potassium and enhanced the activities of acid phosphatase, urease, and protease. The potato root exudates also altered the relative abundance of Bacillus, Kaistobacter, and Streptomyces in the rhizosphere. Among the soil metabolites, lipids and organic acids showed the most significant changes. Notably, 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid is the key differentially abundant metabolite involved in the regulation of linoleic acid metabolism pathways. The association analyses of the metabolome, microbiome, and soil physicochemical properties revealed that the interactions of microbes and metabolites resulted in differences in the soil nutrient content, whereas the interactions of 13-L-hydroperoxylinoleic acid and Firmicutes improved the soil nutrient levels and bacterial composition in the interplanting systems. In summary, our findings demonstrated that intercropping grapes with potato ‘Favorita’ was better with respect to improving soil nutrients, soil enzyme activity, the diversity of soil bacteria, and soil metabolites without causing adverse impacts on grape yield. Overall, this study explained the physiological mechanisms by which soil microorganisms and metabolites promote potato growth in grape interplanting and provided new perspectives for the utilization of soil resources in vineyards.

Individual carotenoids provide significant health benefits to humans, and potatoes are recognized as some of the most stable crops, distinguished by their substantial carotenoid content. To elucidate the accumulation patterns of individual carotenoids in potatoes, we quantified the carotenoid content in yellow- and white-fleshed genotypes across five developmental stages using LC-MS/MS. A total of 22 carotenoids were identified in yellow potatoes, whereas 18 were detected in white potatoes. The yellow-fleshed genotype was characterized by high levels of individual carotenoids and xanthophyll esters, with violaxanthin as the dominant component. The white-fleshed genotype exhibited low concentrations of individual carotenoids and xanthophyll esters, with lutein as the predominant compound. Notably, lutein, violaxanthin, zeaxanthin, antheraxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin myristate, and lutein myristate were consistently detected during the developmental period in both genotypes. Violaxanthin myristate was identified as the dominant xanthophyll ester in both genotypes, showing an increasing trend throughout the tuber development stages. In contrast, xanthophyll esters maintained stable low levels in white-fleshed potatoes while exhibiting increasing types and contents in yellow-fleshed potatoes as the tubers continued to grow. Additionally, violaxanthin exhibited a significant correlation with b*, H°, and C*, suggesting that it may play an important role in forming yellow flesh.

冬种马铃薯是广东省特色典型的效益农业,但由于缺乏种薯本地繁种体系,限制了马铃薯产业的发展壮大.为探索广东省马铃薯原种繁育采用的原原种最适规格,以不同单薯重的'陇薯7号'和'粤引85-38'原原种为材料,以原种为对照,进行小区试验.结果表明,2个品种原原种生育期至少较原种长9 d,随着原原种单薯重的增加,2个品种出苗率呈现升高的趋势,株高、主茎粗也呈现增加的趋势,晚疫病、早疫病、病毒病等病害的发病率均为0,在T5规格(重量为20～25 g)下2个品种产量最高,其次为T4(重量为15～20 g)和T3(重量为10～15 g),但与对照T6(马铃薯原种切块,重量25～30 g)在产量上均无显著差异('粤引85-38'T5除外).第2年,将2个品种原原种繁育的种薯分别混合播种,以甘肃省种薯基地调运原种为对照,结果发现混合的'陇薯7号'产量较甘肃省种薯基地调运原种增产2.51％,混合'粤引85-38'产量较甘肃省种薯基地调运原种增产0.87％,且田间病毒病和晚疫病发生率在2批种薯间无差异.综合考虑生产投入成本、贮运等因素,提出T3(重量为10～15 g)为繁种的理想重量.研究为广东省低纬度种薯本地化繁育体系建设提供理论依据和技术支撑.

为提高广东省冬种马铃薯化肥施用效率,以马铃薯费乌瑞它为材料,设置不施肥(CK)、一次性基施化肥100％用量(TCF100)、一次性基施化肥80％用量(TCF80)、水肥一体化滴灌施化肥100％用量(WCF100)、水肥一体化滴灌施化肥80％用量(WCF80)和水肥一体化滴灌施化肥60％用量(WCF60)共6个施肥处理,研究不同处理下马铃薯的产量、农艺性状、匍匐茎特性、植株氮含量和氮肥偏生产力.结果 表明,化肥减量20％对马铃薯产量无显著影响.在水肥一体化滴灌施肥方式下,WCF80处理的株高和匍匐茎数较WCF100分别显著增加15.32％和33.3％;氮肥偏生产力(PFPT、PFPC、 PFPTN、PFPCN)分别显著增加13.93、21.54、44.75、64.63 kg·kg-1.等量养分下,WCF80处理的产量较TCF80处理显著增加11267.38 kg·hm-2,且马铃薯的株高、分枝数、生物量、块茎干物质积累、氮肥偏生产力和土壤pH均显著增加.化肥减施后更符合马铃薯的需肥规律,减肥20％的TCF80和WCF80处理块茎中氮含量分别比TCF100和WCF100处理减少了19.87％和10.20％,而马铃薯地上部氮含量分别显著增加39.55％和46.15％,化肥减施后地上部氮含量的增加有利于氮素循环利用和下茬作物的氮肥减施,为广东省合理使用化肥和发展绿色农业提供参考依据.

为明确锌对马铃薯叶片光合特性及超微结构的影响,以马铃薯品种'粤引85-38'为试验材料,在出苗后第40天,叶面喷施5个不同浓度 ZnSO4.7H2O溶液[0(T0)、3.5 mmol/L(T1)、7.0 mmol/L(T2)、14.0 mmol/L(T3)和28.0mmol/L(T4)].结果显示,与缺锌处理T0相比较,较低浓度T1和T2处理显著提高了马铃薯叶片的SPAD值和净光合速率(Pn),显著增加了地上部鲜重、地上部干重、薯块鲜重及叶片和薯块锌含量;但当处理浓度达到T4时,马铃薯叶片SPAD值和Pn显著降低,各指标分别与T0处理差异不显著,而最大荧光产量Fm,PS Ⅱ最大光合量子产量Fv/Fm,非光化学淬灭系数qP和化学淬灭系数NPQ则显著低于T0处理,但叶片和薯块锌含量则显著升高.进一步对叶片显微和超微结构研究显示,T2处理下马铃薯叶片栅栏组织和海绵组织排列整齐,叶绿体形态结构完好,而T0和T4处理降低了叶片表皮厚度,增加了细胞间隙.T0处理下淀粉粒增多,叶绿体膨胀短缩,基粒片层模糊不清;T4处理下细胞凹陷,叶绿体形状改变.以上结果表明,在本研究中,T1～T2处理为较为适宜马铃薯生长的锌浓度.本研究从生理上揭示了锌缺失和过量对马铃薯光合作用和生长发育的影响,为马铃薯田间叶面喷施锌肥提供一定的理论参考.

[目的]收集国内外马铃薯品种(系)资源,研究马铃薯种质群体结构和遗传多样性,开发SNP分子标记,为马铃薯品种鉴定、分子标记辅助选择育种奠定基础.[方法]提取马铃薯嫩芽基因组DNA,利用限制性内切酶MseI和SacI进行双酶切建库,质量检测合格后用Illumina HiSeq平台进行双末端测序,用BWA软件将测序数据与马铃薯参考基因组进行比对,采用GATK软件进行SNP和InDel变异位点检测,利用ANNOVAR软件进行变异注释,并基于上述变异信息对群体结构进行Structure分析、主成分分析(PCA)和遗传多样性分析.[结果]通过简化基因组测序共获得7.50×108条测序reads和2.04×1011个碱基,共检测到39038个变异位点,其中SNP位点36267个,InDel位点2771个;基于上述变异位点的Structure和PCA分析均将研究群体划分为两个亚群,群体系统发生分析表明,G2亚群中的个体聚类在一起,亲缘关系较近,但与其他个体相比G2亚群中的分枝距离中心较远,积累了更多的变异量;群体的平均多态性信息含量PIC=0.3107,期望杂合度He=0.3932,观测杂合度Ho=0.1852,群体自交系数Fis=0.553,表明马铃薯品种(系)间遗传多样性较低;开发了覆盖马铃薯12条染色体且包含120个SNP标记的SNP-Panel,并选取其中的60个标记在46个样品中进行了验证.[结论]研究结果为马铃薯遗传多样性研究、分子标记辅助选择育种、分子身份证开发、遗传图谱构建奠定了一定基础.

马铃薯是全球最大的非谷类粮食作物,在全球经济和粮食安全中发挥重要作用.块茎是马铃薯的经济器官和繁殖器官,存储了大量淀粉,其发育过程受糖信号调控.糖信号调控马铃薯块茎形态建成及库源关系.本文概述了植物糖信号途径,糖信号调控马铃薯块茎形态建成、淀粉积累及其与光周期、植物激素等信号途径的关系等方面的研究进展,并在此基础上提出了糖信号调控马铃薯块茎发育的模式,旨在为进一步阐明糖信号调控马铃薯块茎发育的机制提供借鉴.

通过问卷调查形式对广东省冬种马铃薯主要种植区的病虫草害发生情况及农药使用状况进行了调查分析.结果显示,广东省冬种马铃薯施药方式落后,种植期间发生的地下虫害有蛴螬、地老虎,地上虫害为蚜虫、马铃薯块茎蛾、二十八星瓢虫,病害为黑胫病、早疫病、晚疫病、黑痣病、青枯病和疮痂病等.防治过程中普遍使用的农药有32种,按照农药用途分类,68.75%为杀菌剂,其中防治晚疫病的杀菌剂占13类杀菌剂有效成分总数的68.57%.根据推荐用量标准,防治蚜虫、黑胫病、早疫病和晚疫病均存在过量使用农药的现象,全省平均农药使用次数为10次,个别农户使用次数高达22次,超过当季建议用药次数的农药有10种.广东省冬种马铃薯存在农药使用过量问题,建议农户结合预警监测和农药减量防治策略,科学提高防效,合理使用农药,切勿盲目增施农药.

[目的]筛选适宜广东地区种植的红皮马铃薯品种(系),丰富广东省马铃薯品种类型.[方法]以费乌瑞它为对照种,对引进的红皮马铃薯品种(系)进行比较试验,并对各品种(系)的物候期、农艺性状、经济性状和产量进行调查.[结果]参试品种在广州地区均能成熟,其中青薯9号、华薯1号、S14-1743、S14-1747较对照种费乌瑞它增产幅度较大,以青薯9号产量最高,为37500.0 kg/hm2,较对照种增产37.0％;其次是华薯1号,产量为35912.7 kg/hm2,较对照种增产31.2％;S14-1743居第3位,产量为34722.2 kg/hm2,较对照种增产26.8％;S14-1747居第4位,产量为33333.3 kg/hm2,较对照种增产21.7％.上述4个品种的田间病害发病率较低、生长势强、芽眼浅或中等、商品薯率高.[结论]青薯9号、华薯1号、S14-1743、S14-1747这4个品种(系)均表现出高产、抗病性好,建议进行多点品种比较试验,以确定其地域适应性.

马铃薯富含淀粉、蛋白质和维生素等,是我国第四大粮食作物,对于保障国家粮食安全、改善国人膳食营养和促进区域经济发展发挥重要作用.我国马铃薯种植区域主要分为北方一季作区、西南一二季混作区、中原二季作区和南方冬作区,几乎所有生产区域种植都面临低温胁迫的影响,导致减产甚至绝收.低温胁迫分为冷害胁迫和冻害胁迫,冷害胁迫影响马铃薯的光合作用、根的活性和块茎形成;冻害胁迫导致马铃薯叶茎萎蔫甚至死亡,主茎分枝丛生,长势不齐,易感病菌,严重影响产量.目前关于马铃薯抗寒的研究主要集中在抗寒性评价体系的建立、资源抗寒性评价、抗寒基因的初步挖掘以及抗寒栽培技术等方面,在马铃薯抗寒机制的解析和育种等方面研究进展较为缓慢.从马铃薯抗寒种质资源、生理机制、分子机制以及栽培技术等方面对马铃薯的抗寒性研究进行综述,以期为马铃薯抗寒新品种的选育和产业的高质量发展提供理论依据.

为缩短“薯-稻-稻”三熟制作物早稻的生育期,促进“薯-稻-稻”茬口顺畅衔接,提高整体经济效益,本研究以不同经济作物替代早稻,分别在2016年惠东县和2017年白云区试点进行田间试验,共设置5个处理:休耕T0(空白对照,不种任何作物)、常规处理TCK(早稻)、T1(黄瓜)、T2(豆角)、T3(甜玉米),探究不同春播经济作物生育期、产量、种植效益和肥料效率及土壤酶活的差异.结果 表明,种植黄瓜、豆角和甜玉米替代早稻均可明显增加经济效益和缩短生育期.其中,T3效果最优,与TCK相比,单位面积种植效益增加了1.32～3.72元·m-2,生育期缩短了37～43 d,收获指数提高了18.6％～20.1％;同时,增加了土壤有效磷和速效钾含量,增强了土壤脲酶、磷酸酶和过氧化氢酶的活性.综上,甜玉米等经济作物代替早稻形成的“经济作物-中晚稻-冬种马铃薯”三熟轮作模式可以使作物茬口衔接更加顺畅,提升三季作物的整体经济效益,对农民增收具有积极作用.本研究为优化广东乃至华南“薯-稻-稻”三熟区的种植模式提供了理论基础和实践依据.

植物花色苷是一种广泛存在且可赋予植物组织和器官五彩缤纷色彩的植物色素,具有多种生物活性,在食品、医疗及保健品行业拥有广阔的应用前景.文章结合国内外研究情况综述了花色苷的稳定性、提取分离方法、生物活性及遗传等方面的最新研究成果,指出当前针对植物花色苷的研究主要集中在探索影响植物花色苷稳定性的因素及优化提取工艺等方面,而针对植物花色苷发挥生物活性的机理和产品开发的研究相对不足,以选育富含花色苷的植物新品种为目的的分子标记开发和分子标记辅助育种研究非常有限.提出今后需进一步提升植物花色苷的分离纯化技术,并借助现代生物技术探索植物花色苷发挥生理活性的机制;同时,应加强花色苷植物种质资源的收集、鉴定和遗传多样性分析,构建群体开发植物花色苷合成相关的分子标记,指导富含花色苷的植物新品种选育工作.

为了解广东省近年来马铃薯肥料使用现状及在施用过程中存在的问题,对粤东、粤西、粤北和珠三角4个马铃薯种植区160户马铃薯种植户的种植情况进行了调查、分析和评价.结果表明,广东省冬种马铃薯大多数品种为费乌瑞它系列,播种时间集中在10月底至11月初,施肥方式为一次性基施复合肥和鸡粪有机肥,并覆盖地膜.大部分马铃薯产量范围为33.5～45.0 t/hm2,其中珠三角区域和惠东县的平均产量分别高达到40.40 t/hm2和42.39 t/hm2.全省化肥投入量为2289 kg/hm2,其养分氮(N)、磷(P2O5)、钾(K2O)投入量分别为360 kg/hm2、288 kg/hm2、430 kg/hm2,N:P2O5:K2O为1:0.8:1.19,与马铃薯配方施肥比[1:0.53:(1.46～1.95)]不符;有机肥平均投入量为8615 kg/hm2.综上所述,广东省马铃薯施肥方法不科学,化肥用量大,尤其是氮肥和磷肥投入过多,建议按照马铃薯需肥规律施肥,减少化肥投入,适当增补钾肥,增加有机肥,推广水肥一体化技术,提高马铃薯产量和种植效益,最终达到节本增效和农田可持续利用.

Research advance of population structure of potato late blight pathogen (Phytophthora infestans de Bary) in China were reviewed,including mating type and its distribution,composition of physiological race and its variation tendency,the resistance of potato late blight pathogen to metalaxyl. In addition,the application and progress of molecular markers,such as mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA),restriction fragment length polymorphisms (RFLP),simple sequence repeats (SSR) of potato late blight pathogen,were discussed. The purpose of this review is to provide the reference for the further research on the potato late blight pathogen in China.

Potato tubers exhibiting symptoms of soft rot were observed in a field in Baiyun District, Guangzhou, Guangdong Province, China, in March 2016. Bacteria were isolated from the diseased potato tubers. Using morphological and molecular (16S rDNA and gyrB) characterization and pathogenicity tests, a representative isolate of the bacterium was identified as Bacillus amyloliquefaciens. Inoculating the isolate onto healthy potato tubers led to soft rot with the same symptoms as displayed in the field, which confirmed Bacillus amyloliquefaciens as the causal agent. Further testing of the bacterial isolate on other hosts showed that it could also cause soft rot on tomato, onion and pepper. To our knowledge, this is the first report of soft rot of potato tubers caused by Bacillus amyloliquefaciens in the field.