Materials produced through equal channel angular extrusion (ECAE) may offer enhanced mechanical properties over classic thermomechanical processing like extrusion or rolling. Conventional techniques such as electron backscatter diffraction (EBSD) may be insufficient to properly characterize the microstructure of these materials. Darkfield (DF) transmission electron microscopy (TEM), on the other hand, may lead to erroneous conclusions with respect to grain size. In this work, zirconium was submitted to ECAE deformation through four passes in the Bc route at 350 °C. The microstructure was evaluated through FEG-SEM/EBSD (field emission gun–scanning electron microscopy), DF TEM, and ACOM/TEM (automated crystal orientation mapping in TEM). EBSD revealed that the microstructure was heterogeneous with a few large grains surrounded by a fine submicrometric structure, which was only partially resolved through this technique. The fine structure was, however, described through ACOM/TEM. DF TEM was revealed to be somewhat unreliable when the same region was evaluated through ACOM/TEM. Therefore, a combination of techniques seems to be required for proper characterization.

Water quality is one of the topics of greatest concern worldwide, as it is a fundamental resource for life, whose constant monitoring is necessary. The objective of this work was to carry out seasonal monitoring of water quality in the Urutu-MS stream, occupied by more than 50% of eucalyptus silviculture forests. Water samples were collected from five points seasonally between autumn 2019 and summer 2020. Twenty-three parameters included such as temperature, pH, Dissolved oxygen, Conductivity, Alkalinity, Organic matter, Chloride, Sulfate, Total iron, Color, Turbidity, Total dissolved solids, Total suspended solids, Chemical Oxygen Demand, Total phosphorus, Hardness, Aluminum, Manganese, Magnesium, Sodium, Calcium, Copper and Dissolved Iron. The results showed that there is a difference in water quality between the seasons due to the different concentrations of physicochemical parameters. Spring was in class II, while the others were in class I, showing the influence of the onset of rain after the dry winter. Interactions between parameters followed conventional associations such as Alkalinity and Conductivity, SDT and Conductivity, Color and Turbidity, SST and Turbidity, Conductivity and Calcium, Conductivity and Magnesium. Alkalinity and TDS being the main parameters influenced by seasonality. Keywords: Paraná Watershed, Land use and Land Cover, Cerrado, Silviculture, Seasonality.

This research aimed to evaluate the environmental fragility and its impact on the quality of surface water in the Saladeiro Stream Watershed, Bonito/MS. To achieve this, we utilized a variety of data sources, including geological and soil information obtained from secondary data, all verified through fieldwork. Precipitation data were gathered using a thematic alongside information from the National Water Agency; relief assessment was conducted using data associated with a digital elevation model; and land use and land cover analyses were performed through digital processing and classification of satellite images. In addition to these procedures, an in situ analysis of surface waters was conducted to assess physical and chemical parameters. The results indicated that environmental fragility is high in areas with soy cultivation and exposed soil, which are situated over the rocks and soils prone to erosive processes. Furthermore, potential contaminants were identified, leading to alterations in water quality, particularly at several points designated for solid waste dumping. These findings facilitated the formulation of proposals for improved land use planning and the enhancement of surface water quality

Essa pesquisa procurou avaliar a fragilidade ambiental e as interferências na qualidade das águas superficiais da Bacia Hidrográfica do Córrego Saladeiro, Bonito/MS. Para tanto, utilizaram-se informações: das rochas e solos por meio de dados secundários, todas conferidas por trabalhos de campo; precipitação, através de referência na temática e de dados da Agência Nacional das Águas; relevo, utilizando dados vinculados ao modelo digital de elevação; e uso e cobertura das terras, por meio do processamento digital e classificação de imagens de satélite. Juntamente a esses procedimentos, foi realizada uma análise in loco das águas superficiais para averiguação dos parâmetros físicos e químicos. Os resultados possibilitaram afirmar que a fragilidade é alta em locais com lavouras de soja e solo exposto, sobrepostos em rochas e solos com instabilidades aos processos erosivos. Simultaneamente, foram encontrados potenciais contaminadores que alteraram a qualidade das águas, com vários pontos de despejo de resíduos sólidos. Fatos que permitiram formar propostas para o ordenamento do uso das terras e a melhoria da qualidade das águas superficiais.

Generally, the fretting fatigue problem is treated with constant amplitude loading. However, this condition is not the reality for industrial applications. The objective of this work is to propose a numerical methodology for the life assessment of components subjected to fretting fatigue under variable amplitude loading and to study the effects of these loads. For this, experimental tests were carried out by applying H-L (High-Low) and L-H (Low-High) loading blocks to the tangential load, that is, the contact normal load and the amplitude of the bulk fatigue load were kept constant while the tangential load has its alternating amplitude. The numerical methodology proposed for fretting fatigue life assessment includes the wear effect and crack propagation. The multiaxial fatigue parameter SWT, the theory of critical distance TCD, and Miners' linear rule were used to compute the damage in the crack nucleation phase. The node-displacement algorithm based on Archard's law was applied to account wear. In the crack propagation phase, the CDM (critical direction method) was used to estimate the crack initiation angle considering the worn contact surface, and then the crack is modeled and propagated. The still limited range of experimental data done in this work for fretting fatigue under varying loading blocks seems to indicate that the loading sequence has an effect on the accumulated fatigue damage, mainly to the H-L loading sequences. Based on this observation, a new non-linear damage model was proposed. Using this new damage model, the life estimation results were within a scatter band of 1.2.

Plagiarism allegations are not rare in the history of science, and credit for prior work was and continues to be a source of disputes, involving notions of priority of discovery and of plagiarism. However, consensus over what constitutes plagiarism among scientists from different fields cannot be taken for granted. We conducted a national survey exploring perceptions of plagiarism among PhD holders registered in the database of the Brazilian National Council for Scientific and Technological Development. This survey was sent to 143,405 PhD holders across the fields, in the sciences, engineering, humanities, and arts, with a response rate of about 20%. The results suggest that core principles about plagiarism are shared among this multidisciplinary community, corroborating Robert K. Merton's observations that concerns over plagiarism and priority disputes are not field specific. This study offers insight into the way plagiarism is perceived in this community and sheds light on the problem for international collaborative research networks. The data focus on a particular research system in Latin America, but, given the cultural similarities that bind most Latin American nations, these results may be relevant to other PhD populations in the region and should provide an opportunity for comparison with studies from other emerging, non-Anglophone regions.

Em decorrência dos recentes efeitos das anomalias de chuvas no Brasil, ampliaram-se os olhares da comunidade científica sobre suas intensidades, frequências e duração. O presente trabalho tem como objetivo analisar as anomalias de chuvas no município sul-mato-grossense de Três Lagoas, utlilizando-se do índice de anomalia de chuvas -IAC, desenvolvido por Rooy (1965) no período 1983 a 2017, totalizando 420 meses. O município tem sua economia vinculada à agroindústria de celulose e à pecuária extensiva de corte, ambas com grande dependência de água. Verificou-se a predominância de meses secos, que ocorreram em 67,6% dos meses, sobretudo com IAC de seca suave, em 33,6% dos meses. Contudo, foram registrados 14 meses extremamente úmidos e apenas 3 extremamente secos. O mês mais seco foi agosto; e dezembro, o mais úmido. Abril foi o mês com meses extremamente úmidos, com 3 meses e os extremamente secos ocorreram em julho, agosto e setembro. O ano extremamente úmido foi 1997; o seco foi 1991. As concentrações de chuva acima das normais no verão e na primavera proporcionaram o predomínio, no município, de IACs anuais úmidos. Concluiu-se que a seca se concentra no período de abril a agosto e as chuvas ocorrem sobretudo no verão, o que favorece o planejamento de medidas preventivas, tanto na área urbana, quanto na rural, a fim de se evitarem incêndios florestais e urbanos, redução da produção de carne e de derivados do leite, enchentes, dificuldades de acessibilidade e perdas de solo em seu território. Palavras-chave: Índice de anomalia de chuvas, Intensidade, Duração, Frequência. Rain Anomaly in the City of Três Lagoas/MS, in the period from 1983 to 2017 ABSTRACTAs a result of the recent effects of rain anomalies in Brazil, the scientific community's views on its intensities, frequencies and duration have expanded. The present work aims to analyze the anomalies of rains and analyzes them in the municipality of Três Lagoas in the south of Mato Grosso, using the rain anomaly index -IAC, developed by Rooy (1965), from 1983 to 2017, totaling 420 months. The municipality's economy is linked to the cellulose agroindustry and extensive beef cattle farming, both with great dependence on water. There was a predominance of dry months, which occurred in 67.6% of the months, especially with mild dry drought, in 33.6% of the months. However, 14 extremely wet months and only 3 extremely dry months were recorded. The driest month was August; and December, the most humid. April was the month with extremely humid months, with 3 months and the extremely dry ones occurred in July, August and September. The extremely humid year was 1997; the dry season was 1991. Rain concentrations above normal in summer and spring provided the predominance, in the municipality, of annual wet IACs. Concluding that, that the drought occurs concentrated in the period of April to August and the rains mainly occur in the summer and that preventive measures must be planned, both in the urban and rural areas, to avoid forest and urban fires, reduction of the meat production and of dairy products, floods, difficulties in accessibility and soil losses, in its teritiary.Key words: Index of rainfall anomaly, Intensity, Duration, Frequency.

Freshwater is a limited asset, so the land use type and the pollution degree of water bodies may compromise the properties and quantity of water resources and thus influence the limitations on its uses, as well as the population`s quality of life. Currently, it is noted that water properties are deteriorating depending on the type of use, cover and management of the land expressing its landscape. Given this fact, the present article aims at evaluating the implications of landscape transformations in water quality in the Corrego da Onca river basin in Tres Lagoas, Mato Grosso do Sul. The methodology used correlates landscape with physical and chemical quality of its surface water. For this survey, seven strategic points were sampled and performed field measurement of the parameters: air and water temperatures, Dissolved Oxygen (DO), Electrical Conductivity (EC), Turbidity, Redox Potential or Oxide Reduction Potential (ORP) and the Total Dissolved Solids - TDS by means of a Horiba U50 multiparameter analyzer. The results pointed out that once the drainage of Corrego da Onca has passed through the three urban lagoons in the city of Tres Lagoas, it begins to receive greater contribution from clandestine connections of domestic sewage in stormwater networks, emissions which promote the reduction of its framework in water use indication classes of the National Environment Council - CONAMA, 357/2005 resolution falling from Class I to Class II. Furthermore, the downstream creek of the sewage treatment plant (ETE) close to BR 262, was totally dry.

This work presents methodologies for fretting fatigue life assessment that include the wear effect and crack propagation. The multiaxial fatigue parameter SWT and the theory of critical distance TCD were used to compute the damage, the node-displacement algorithm was applied to account wear, and the XFEM method to modeling the crack. Available fretting fatigue experiments conducted on a cylinder-on-flat contact configuration made of Al 2024-T351 alloy were used to evaluate the methodology. To apply the approach in the medium-cycle fatigue regime, the critical distance is assumed to depend on the fatigue life. All fatigue life estimates using TCD as a function of life were within factor-of-two boundaries.

The main objective of this research is to analyse the unique aspects of a karstic system. The River Formoso watershed presents an unbalanced social-nature relationship because of the use of its drainage and its scenic beauty is threatened because of increased turbidity and other signs of pollution. This work analyses and classifies the surface waters in the area according to the Brazilian Environmental Council recommendations (physicochemical parameters and flow velocity were analysed from 36 collection points). The results indicate that waters arriving in this karstic system show chemical concentrations of calcium, magnesium, and carbonate, which account for high conductivity, alkalinity, and low turbidity. However, there is evidence of contamination from monocultures, cattle farms, and urban areas). The results of this research can be useful in three main ways: understanding aspects that influence the water quality of a karst area; understanding the environmental impacts related to the anthropic use of water in the study area; and assisting in the territorial planning strategies of this area - which features important environmental, touristic, economic, and social values for the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil.

This paper investigates two different methods to predict crack initiation direction in fretting problems subjected to partial slip conditions. One of them is based on the Critical Direction Method (CDM) combined with the Smith Watson and Topper (SWT) fatigue damage parameter. The other consists in simulating early crack propagation using a Linear Elastic Fracture Mechanics (LEFM) approach associated with the SWT parameter. In addition, this paper also investigates the influence of considering wear in the crack initiation direction estimates. For validation of the methods, experimental data from fretting tests conducted on an AA7050- T7451 alloy were used. Results have shown that the CDM-based model provides very accurate estimates, whereas the LEFM-based approach failed to properly reproduce experimental observations. Besides, it was also verified that the inclusion of wear has little effect on the estimates despite the method considered.

Analizar las particularidades que rodean un sistema kárstico es el objetivo principal de este estudio. La cuenca del río Formoso presenta desequilibrios en la relación sociedad-naturaleza, que se materializan en el uso de los cursos hídricos, cuya belleza escénica de sus aguas viene presentando un aumento de su turbidez e indicios de contaminación. Por esta razón este trabajo se propone analizar y clasificar las aguas superficiales según la resolución del Consejo Nacional del Medio Ambiente, un instrumento de la legislación ambiental brasileña. Se analizaron los parámetros físico-químicos y la velocidad del flujo en treinta y seis puntos de colecta. Los resultados demuestran que las aguas insertas en este karst presentan concentraciones químicas de calcio, magnesio y carbonato, que condicionan en ellas particularidades especiales como son: alta conductividad, alcalinidad y baja turbidez. En contrapartida, hay puntos donde se registra contaminación por monocultivos, pastos y zonas urbanas. Se considera que el estudio y sus resultados contribuirán en tres sentidos: en la comprensión de las particularidades que rigen el agua que atraviesa el karst; en los impactos del uso antrópico sobre los recursos hídricos; y en la planificación territorial en un karst que tiene importantes valores ambientales, turísticos, económicos y sociales para el estado de Mato Grosso do Sul, Brasil.

Background: The estimated number of people living with anxiety disorders worldwide is around 264 million and is estimated to have worsened with the recent pandemic of COVID-19. Acupuncture has shown to have excellent therapeutic effects in reducing anxiety. Design: Double-blinded randomized controlled clinical trial with 56 participants (21-82 years) with anxiety diagnosed by 3 different anxiety scales (BAI, GAD-7 and OASIS). A 30-min acupuncture session was applied once a week for 10 weeks. Aims: Evaluate the effectiveness of acupuncture and electroacupuncture in the treatment of anxiety to verify if: (1) People with high anxiety report reduced scores after 5 and 10 sessions; (2) Salivary cortisol levels accompanied the reduced scores; (3) Electroacupuncture treatment is more effective than acupuncture; (4) the treatments is independent of anxiolytic medication. Methods: Volunteers were randomized into 3 groups (control, acupuncture, and electroacupuncture). The results were analyzed by anxiety scales and salivary cortisol tests. Results: The findings show an improvement in anxiety, assessed by BAI, GAD-7 and OASIS, after the 5th session of acupuncture (p < 0.05) and electroacupuncture (p < 0.05) and the 10th session for both techniques (p < 0.001). The salivary cortisol values measured in the morning followed this pattern (p < 0.05), although the reduction of the night cortisol values was not statistically significant. Electroacupuncture and acupuncture show similar efficacy. The positive effect after the treatments is independent of anxiolytic medication (p < 0.001). Conclusion: Acupuncture and electroacupuncture are effective in treating anxiety on their own or as adjuncts to pharmacological therapy.

Os parques urbanos são um importante elemento na composição da paisagem das cidades, com funções ecológicas, estéticas e sociais. Porém, esses ambientes estão sujeitos à pressão antrópica, ameaçando sua estabilidade. Por esses motivos, objetivou-se analisar o uso e cobertura da terra e o Índice de Vegetação por Diferença Normalizada (NDVI) em dois parques estaduais (Prosa e Matas do Segredo) localizados na área urbana de Campo Grande, Mato Grosso do Sul. Foram utilizadas imagens Landsat TM 5 e OLI 8, e Sentinel 2a MSI, nos anos de 1985, 2000, 2014 e 2020, avaliadas utilizando procedimentos das geotecnologias. Os resultados obtidos indicam que os parques apresentam problemas relacionados à falta de efetivação dos planos de manejo, com áreas antropizadas existindo dentro dos limites das UCs. Além disso, as zonas de amortecimento que deveriam mitigar os impactos antrópicos que os parques sofrem são agentes de pressão, pois não possuem adequado manejo, com retirada contínua da cobertura vegetal nativa para usos diversos, também retratando problemas ligados aos planos de manejo. Por outro lado, o NDVI indicou resiliência do ambiente, apontando ganhos de qualidade na estrutura vegetal, que se tornou mais complexa. Os resultados obtidos indicam que, apesar dos problemas, os parques apresentam boa qualidade vegetacional e o cumprimento de uma de suas funções: a conservação dos recursos naturais, além de propiciar melhores condições ambientais às comunidades de seu entorno e à cidade.

Abstract Background MultiLayer Bandages (MLB) assume a prominent role in the physical treatment of lymphedema, being an integral part of decongestant lymphatic therapy. This, according to the International Society of Lymphology, consists of a reduction phase and a maintenance phase and includes procedures such as: hygiene care, manual lymphatic drainage, multi-layered bandages, exercise, and elastic compression [1]. Although MLBs are widely used in the treatment of lymphedema, and the physical principles underlying their therapeutic efficacy are well known [2], the mechanism of action regarding the thermal effect has not been clearly defined. When applied, they cause an rise in skin temperature [3], and during exercise this temperature further increases due to the intensification in metabolic activity and heat production [4,5], but there is no actual data regarding the temperature values and its variation (3). The aim of this study was to evaluate the cutaneous temperature of the upper limb when submitted to the application of MLB during physical exercise of moderate intensity [4], and clarify if the temperature is an obstacle to its use, when compared to the upper limb skin reference value. Methods A quasi-experimental study was designed with a sample of 30 individuals (without known pathology). All participants signed an informed consent and the study followed all the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. The individuals were submitted to the application of a temperature-bioPLUX research sensor in the external region of both forearms. The experimental group (EG) was considered to be the dominant upper limb submitted to MLB application and the control group the contralateral upper limb. The temperature was recorded in 4 evaluation moments: at rest, before and after MLB application, during exercise on an elliptical trainer (until the individual reached 69% of the Maximum Heart Rate) and after cessation of exercise (when the rest Heart Rate was reached). Descriptive statistics were used to characterise the sample, using inferential statistics to analyse the research questions. The results were considered significant at the significance level of 5% and the statistical program SPSS v23.0 was used. Results At the first evaluation moment of at rest and without band, no statistically significant differences between the groups were detected. The experimental group had 32.8 ± 0.85˚C and the control group 32.7 ± 0.81˚C (p = .088). With MLB application at rest (second evaluation moment) and during exercise (third evaluation moment), there was a statistically significant difference between the groups (p < .001). At the last evaluation moment (post-exercise) the temperature of the experimental group continued to increase to 35.0 ± 0.67˚C, whereas the control group decreased to 32.8 ± 0.90˚C, and a statistically significant difference was observed (p < .001). Despite the increase observed in the EG, the value did not exceed the skin reference value of the upper limb [4,6]. Discussion and Conclusions The results obtained allow us to conclude that with the application of MLB the skin temperature raises, which agrees with the results of Belgrado [3], who states that the increase in the skin temperature under MLB occurs minutes after its application. With exercise, it is observed that the skin temperature continues to rise justified by the intensification in metabolic activity, being necessary to activate the hypothalamic thermoregulation system [7]. When physical exercise ceases, the cutaneous temperature of the upper limb with MLB continues to rise due to the inability to release heat. Lim [6] and Campbel [8] state that if heat dissipation is not carried out effectively, heat builds up and increases body temperature. Despite this increase in temperature, the maximum values collected during the study did not exceed the skin reference temperature of the upper limb for individuals without pathology (35.5˚C) defined in the literature [6,9]. Therefore, the temperature was not considered as an obstacle in the use of MLB for the population in study.

Esta pesquisa ambiciona compreender a evolução do uso e cobertura das terras ao longo dos anos de 1984 e 2017, os atuais problemas ambientais e seus impactos na qualidade das águas superficiais da bacia hidrográfica do córrego Bonito, localizada no município sul-mato-grossense de Bonito, Brasil. Para tanto, buscou-se, por meio do processamento digital de imagens de satélite, classificar os usos das terras e, por intermédio de saídas de campo, identificar os problemas ambientais que possam interferir nas águas. As águas superficiais, por sua vez, foram enquadradas nas resoluções do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente, que atua sobre o território brasileiro. Os resultados mostraram um aumento das monoculturas e pastagens, e consequente retirada das vegetações florestais, tanto que muitos destes usos antrópicos já adentram as margens de mananciais, impactando na qualidade de suas águas superficiais, sobretudo alterando a condutividade elétrica e os sólidos totais dissolvidos na água. Levando em conta que essa bacia se localiza em um município mundialmente reconhecido por suas águas translúcidas e um sistema cárstico que resulta em uma exuberante paisagem, a realidade mostrou uma bacia profundamente impactada pelas áreas urbanizadas e com diversos problemas ambientais. A preocupação é latente por seus mananciais serem afluentes do principal manancial de Bonito, o rio Formoso, conhecido por seus atrativos turísticos relacionados com as águas superficiais e que exibe contato primário com a população.

This research aims to understand the evolution of land use and land cover over the years 1984 and 2017, the current environmental problems and their impacts on the quality of surface water in the hydrographic basin of the Bonito stream, located in the municipality of Bonito, Brazil. To this end, we sought, through the digital processing of satellite images, to classify the land uses and, using field trips, to identify the environmental problems that might interfere with the waters. The water surface, in turn, was framed in the resolutions of the National Council on the Environment, which acts over the Brazilian territory. The results showed an increase in monocultures and pastures, and the consequent removal of forest vegetation, so much so that many of these anthropic uses already penetrate the banks of springs, impacting the quality of their surface waters, especially by altering the electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids in the water. Taking into account that this basin is located in a municipality known worldwide for its translucent waters and a karstic system that results in an exuberant landscape, the reality showed a basin deeply impacted by urbanized areas and with several environmental problems. The concern is latent because its springs are tributaries of the main source of Bonito, the Formoso river, known for its tourist attractions related to surface waters and that exhibits primary contact with the population.

No intuito de avaliar as implicações do uso e cobertura da terra, na qualidade das águas superficiais das três lagoas no município de Três Lagoas – MS, utilizou-se das geotecnologias para mapear o uso e cobertura da terra da bacia, correlacionado com a qualidade físico química de suas águas. Para a mensuração da qualidade das águas superficiais, utilizou-se do medidor multiparâmetro Horiba. Para o enquadramento das classes de qualidade das águas, empregou-se a Resolução 357 de 2005 do Conselho Nacional do Meio Ambiente – CONAMA adaptada por Pinto et al. (2009). Os resultados apontaram que a terceira lagoa apresenta mais riscos de degradação, por estar inserida numa área completamente antropizada. Porém, a primeira e segunda lagoas também sofrem com a poluição e assoreamento ocasionados por ações humanas.

This research aims to understand the evolution of land use and land cover over the years 1984 and 2017, the current environmental problems and their impacts on the quality of surface water in the hydrographic basin of the Bonito stream, located in the municipality of Bonito, Brazil. To this end, we sought, through the digital processing of satellite images, to classify the land uses and, using field trips, to identify the environmental problems that might interfere with the waters. The water surface, in turn, was framed in the resolutions of the National Council on the Environment, which acts over the Brazilian territory. The results showed an increase in monocultures and pastures, and the consequent removal of forest vegetation, so much so that many of these anthropic uses already penetrate the banks of springs, impacting the quality of their surface waters, especially by altering the electrical conductivity and total dissolved solids in the water. Taking into account that this basin is located in a municipality known worldwide for its translucent waters and a karstic system that results in an exuberant landscape, the reality showed a basin deeply impacted by urbanized areas and with several environmental problems. The concern is latent because its springs are tributaries of the main source of Bonito, the Formoso river, known for its tourist attractions related to surface waters and that exhibits primary contact with the population.