The present systematic review primarily investigates the therapeutic potential of medicinal plants and phytocompounds in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Globally, an increasing proportion of the population is afflicted with T2DM largely attributable to sedentary lifestyle and unhealthy dietary patterns. The review systematically documents medicinal plants and their bioactive constituents, distributed across diverse geographical regions, that exhibit promising antidiabetic efficacy. These phytocompounds exert their effects through multiple molecular and cellular mechanisms, including modulation of insulin secretion, enhancement of glucose homeostasis, regulation of cellular signaling pathways, and attenuation of insulin resistance. Comprehensive data were obtained from scientific databases such as PubMed, Science Direct, and Google Scholar, supplemented with insights from classical literature. Collectively, this article offers an extensive evidence-based compilation of medicinal plants and their phytochemicals, underscoring their significant pharmacological relevance and translational potential in the prevention and management of T2DM.

Background: Calotropis procera, also known as ''毒竹 du zhu'' in Chainese, is used in several remedies to treat a variety of ailments, including inflammatory diseases, skin concerns, pain disorders, and respiratory issues. It has been observed that the various parts of the plant have been traditionally used for as anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective actions. The flower of this herb has not been investigated for these pharmacological properties. Purpose: The aim of this research is to investigate the neuropharmacological profile and ameliorative potential of ethanolic extract of C. procera flower (EECP) in chronic constriction injury (CCI) induced neuropathic pain in rats. Methods: GCMS analysis was performed to identify the active phytocmpounds of the plant. Neuropharmacological profile has been investigated by maximal electroshock seizure and pentylenetetrazole for antiepileptic, elevated maze plus and open field test for anxiety, tail suspension and forced swim test for depressant activity, and acetylcholinesterase and Morris water maze test for cognition. Anti-neuropathic pain was assessed via heat hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia tests in rats after inducing CCI. Pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6) were determined by ELISA kits. SOD and nitrile level were measured for antioxidant activity. Sciatic nerve’s histopathological changes for nerve deformity were evaluated by H &E staining. Results: GCMS analysis revealed the presence of phytocompounds Lupeool, acetate, n-hexadecanoic acid, γ-sitosterol, hexadecanoic acid methyl ester, Octadecenoic acid (Z)-, methyl ester, β-Amyrin, phytol and other compounds. In neuropharmacological profile, EECP had a significant anticonvulsant effect, a decrease in locomotor activity, indicating a sedative effect but showed no anxiolytic effect. The immobility time decreased significantly in both the forced swim test and tail suspension test. The activity of acetylcholinesterase in the brain was decreased and Morris water test results revealed a shorter escape latency and greater time spent in the target quadrant. In anti-neuropathic pain assessment, the EECP reduced CCI-induced hyperalgesia and mechanical allodynia. TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 levels were reduced while SOD levels increased and nitrite levels decreased in the sciatic nerve. Histological analysis revealed sciatic nerve deformity was reduced. Conclusion: It is concluded that extract showed a potent antiepileptic, antidepressant, cognition enhancer and protective against nerve deformity and neuropathic pain. Phytocompounds identified via GCMS having neuroprotective, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory properties, which may be correlated with the neuropharmacological and analgesic activities of the extract.

The research was performed on thirty-six (36) pairs of buffalo bull tests obtained from an abattoir. This study aimed to assess the impact of bradykinin on seminal characteristics, including progressive motility, viability, abnormalities, and HOS reactivity, in post-dilution, pre-freeze, and post-thaw semen obtained from the epididymis. Seminal parameters were evaluated in relation to skim milk, tris, citrate, skim milk combined with bradykinin, tris combined with bradykinin, and citrate combined with bradykinin. Notable discrepancies were seen in all metrics, specifically post-thaw motility, viability, HOS reactivity, and sperm abnormalities. In conclusion, the inclusion of bradykinin in the dilutor markedly enhances post-thaw progressive motility, viability, and HOS responsiveness relative to the Control group. Bradykinin can be utilized to enhance the quality of frozen-thawed semen from Murrah bulls.

Premna latifolia Roxb. is used in a variety of traditional medicinal usages by the local community people of China and Southeast Asian regions to treat allergy and inflammatory diseases due to its great biodiversity. The anti-allergic efficacy of a methanolic extract of Premna latifolia Roxb. leaves was investigated in this study. The effect of Premna latifolia Roxb. extract at different doses (100, 200, And 300 mg/kg, p. o.) was evaluated on Animal models of asthma And allergy, such as milk-induced eosinophilia and leukocytosis, compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation, and active and passive cutaneous anaphylaxis. The impact of Premna latifolia Roxb. extract on sensitized guinea pig ileum and tracheal chain preparations was also studied. At various concentrations, treatment with Premna latifolia Roxb. extract significantly reduced (p value < 0.001) milk-induced eosinophilia, while stabilizing the compound 48/80-induced mast cell degranulation and lowering passive cutaneous and active anaphylactic reactions. Furthermore, Premna latifolia Roxb. extract prevented acetylcholine and histamine-induced tracheal chain contraction, as well as egg albumin-induced ileum contraction in sensitized guinea pigs (Shultz-Dale inhibition test). The anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic effect of Premna latifolia Roxb. extract could be attributed to the stability of mast cells. Premna latifolia Roxb. showed anti-allergic and anti-anaphylactic properties at various doses, indicating that it is an effective phytomedicine for treating such illnesses.

Premna latifolia Roxb. an ethnomedicinal plant used from time immemorial according to Ayurveda has tremendous medicinal properties because of its phytochemical profiles. This work is therefore intended to assess the phytochemical composition and toxicological effect of P. latifolia Roxb. on rodents. The preliminary phytochemical investigation was conducted on the methanolic extract of the leaves they contain alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, and phenolics. The GC–MS analysis has shown that squalene (13.57

The pharmacokinetic parameters of a drug plays a very essential role in determining the therapeutic success of an experimental compound, so it is one of the aspects of drug discovery which are essential to be determined in the early phases. The pharmacokinetic studies further help the drug discovery team to optimize their in vivo pharmacokinetic and drug safety bioassays.Low solubility, low absorbency, and chemical instability can seriously affect bioassay results. Today a lot of computational software are available which use their algorithms to calculate the pharmacokinetic parameters of the selected compounds and hence may help the drug discovery team to move in a direction where the chances of getting a good clinical candidate are higher. This paper presents the screening of nine selected herbal anticancer agents (Catechin, Cinnamaldehyde, Epicatechin, Eugenol, Oxyresveratrol, Quercetin, Crocin, Kaempferol, and Emodin) based upon their pharmacokinetic properties with the help of Discovery Studio 2.5. The main parameters which are estimated under this pharmacokinetic ADMET (absorption, distribution, metabolism, excretion and toxicity) study are aqueous solubility, human intestinal absorption, plasma protein binding (PPB), blood-brain-barrier (BBB) penetration, cytochrome P4502D6 inhibition and hepatotoxicity levels. Four compounds (Cinnamaldehyde, Eugenol, Crocin and Oxyresveratrol) were found to possess the required pharmacokinetic properties and are suitable for further anticancer in vivo and in vitro analysis.

INTRODUCTION Urolithiasis also termed kidney stone or nephrolithiasis, is a common worldwide disease with a high prevalence and recurrence rate. Chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, kidney disease, metabolic disorder, and hypertension, have a high tendency to form stones compared with healthy people (Besiroglu and Ozbek, 2019). It causes pyelonephritis or acute renal failure and severe acute back pain (Namburu et al., 2017; Yasui et al., 2017). Urolithiasis typically occurs between the age of 20 and 60 years and is more occurrences in hot climates. It affects nearly 10% of men and 6% of women over their lifetime. The recurrence rate is 50% within 5–10 years and 75% within 20 years of initial treatment (Dawson and Tomson, 2012; Yasui et al., 2017). The overall recurrence rate is high in male (70%–80%) as compared with female (47%–60%) (Ahmed et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019). Approximately, 80% of stones are calcium-containing stones which are found as pure calcium oxalate (CaOx) (50%), pure calcium phosphate (1%), or a mixture of both (45%), and other stones are struvite (10%), uric acid (9%), and cystine (1%) (Bashir and Gilani, 2009; Namburu et al., 2017). CaOx (CaC2O4) stones are found as CaOx monohydrate or CaOx dehydrate form. Struvite stones are also called triple phosphate or infection stones or magnesium ammonium phosphate and develop Toxicity (acute and subacute) assessment and in-vivo antiurolithiatic activity of ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seed in albino Wistar rat

Background: According to existing literature, the genus Premna has a variety of biologically active secondary metabolites, but there are few findings on phytochemical screening of P. latifolia Roxb. Methanolic leaves extract. Objectives: Phytochemical screening of methanolic leaves extract of P. latifolia was proposed for this study. Materials and Methods: UV-chamber, HPTLC instrument (CAMAG TLC Scanner), and GC-MS instrument (Perkin-Elmer GCClarus) were used to analyse methanolic leaves extract of P. latifolia. To compare the peaks of components on chromatograms, the NIST library was employed. Results: The current study used GC-MS to identify probable chemical components of P. latifolia. The GC-MS analysis and NIST library comparison revealed that the methanolic extract of P. latifolia contained mainly Squalene (13.57 percent), Ergosta-5, 7, 9 (11), 22-tetraen-3-ol, (3. beta, 22E)-(0.15 percent), Stigmasterol (3.73 percent), gamma-Sitosterol (10.13 percent), Lupeol (0.33), beta-Amyrin (2.27 percent), alpha-Amyrin (2.05 percent), gamma-Sitostenone (0.35 percent), Ursolic aldehyde (1.01 percent) and Betulin (0.72 percent). The biological actions of the majority of the identified components have been reported. While scientific evidence of gamma-sitostenone’s biological function is still not available. Conclusion: According to the findings, P. latifolia contains a variety of biologically active components, the majority of which are tri-terpenoids and phytosterols.

•Acute and subacute toxicity of EtCP was performed on mice orally.•Oral administration of single dose of EtCP 2000 mg/Kg did not cause mortality. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose (ALD) of in mice was higher than 2,000 mg/kg.•Oral administration of single dose of EtCP 2000 mg/Kg did not cause mortality. Therefore, the approximate lethal dose (ALD) of in mice was higher than 2,000 mg/kg.•In subacute toxicity study the biochemical and hematological parameters were within the normal range and there was no significant difference was recorded. Histopathology of liver, kidney, brain, spleen, lungs and heart revealed that no major toxicity was found.•No major toxicity were found in acute and 28 days subacute toxicity studies.•These findings indicate that the no-observed-adverse-effect-level (NOAEL) of Calotropis procera flower ethanolic extract was greater than 2000 mg/kg/day.

Background: Urolithiasis, commonly known as nephrolithiasis, kidney stone, or renal stone, is a disorder caused by a decrease in anti-oxidant capability, damaged renal epithelium or consistently supersaturated urine, which leads to increased crystallisation. The aim of this study was to evaluate antiurolithiatic, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic property of ethanolic extract of C. bonducella seeds (EECB). Methods: For the probable molecules in EECB, GC-MS analysis was performed. Antioxidant property was investigated using DPPH and FRAP assays. Nucleation and aggregation assays were used for in vitro urolithiatic study. The diuretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity were performed in animal model. Results: GC–MS analysis of EECB identified the presence of Vitamin E, steroidal ring containing compounds and hydrocarbons. EECB was found to be effective in scavenging free radicals. EECB exhibited significant inhibition of nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of EECB were found to be significant effective at dose of 400 mg/kg. Further, EECB exhibited a significant increase in urinary output and electrolytes Na+, Cl- excretion at dose of 400 mg/kg. Conclusion: The finding of this study suggested that EECB possess significant pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, and antiurolithiatic activities. Antioxidants property of EECB could be used in preventing oxidative stress; the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties could be used in the prevention of inflammation and pain of damaged epithelial cells of nephrons, which are caused by intra-papillary calcifications; the diuretic activity could be used in reducing supersaturation of calcium oxalate.

The aim of the study was to analyse pharmacokinetics of puerarin absorption from blood Pueraria tuberosa tuber water extract (PTWE) and its hypoglycaemic response. Peaks of puerarin have been standardized with different types of mobile phase at 254 nm by HPLC-UV and prepared the calibration curve of puerarin. The extract was administered to the rat and their blood was collected at different time interval. The circulating PTWE in plasma was extracted with the help of acetonitryl by liquid-liquid extraction method. The extracted samples were then injected into the HPLC in order to estimate the puerarin absorption from PTWE in blood at different time interval. The concentration of blood puerarin was calculated by plotting its standard calibration curve. Further hypoglycaemic response of PTWE was also studied in diabetic rat model. The absorbed puerarin peak was found at 254 nm and its retention time (RT) is 1.6 minutes by using the mobile phase of Methanol: Ammonium acetate 10 mM buffer (60:40). After calibration, the value of C-max was 21.04 mu g/ml, T-max 4 hr and total AUC as 209.04 mu g hr/ml of absorbed puerarin. Through in vivo study, it has also been found that PTWE significantly reduces the enhanced hyperglycaemia in diabetic rats, within 8 days of treatment. The present study clearly indicated the puerarin concentration was maximum at a time interval of 4 hr and exist in rat blood plasma upto 12 hours after oral consumption of PTWE. PTWE down regulates hyperglycemia, thus act as potential anti-diabetic drug responding in short duration of time. In addition, these results provide a new approach to study the pharmacokinetic evaluation of herbal drugs (PTWE) by estimating active components (puerarin) from herbal drugs.

An isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatograpic assay method was developed for the quantitative determination of fenofibrate and rosuvastatin calcium in bulk and tablet dosage form. A Lichrosphere Select-B C8 (250x4.6mm & 5.0 mu m) column with a mobile phase containing Solution A (Milli-Q water has pH3.0 made by orthophosphoric acid): Methanol (20:80). The flow rate was 1.0 mL min(-1): 1.5 ml/min and the detection of fenofibrate and rosuvastatin calcium was carried out on absorbance detector at 254nm.The retention times was 12 min (rosuvastatin-3.40, fenofibrate-7.75). A linear response r(2) > 1.0 for fenofibrate in the range of 40-300 mu g/ml and r(2) > 0.9997 in the range of 2.8-21 mu g/ml for rosuvastatin calcium was observed. The proposed method was validated with respect to system suitability, specificity and selectivity, stability of analytical solutions linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The method was successfully applied to the estimation of fenofibrate and rosuvastatin calcium in bulk and tablet dosage form.

Objective:An isocratic reversed-phase liquid chromatograpic assay method was developed for the quantitative determination of amlodipine besylate (AML) and indapamide (IND) in combined dosage form. Materials and method: A Inertsil C8 (150mm x 4.6mm) column with a mobile phase containing KH2PO4 buffer: Acetonitrile (70:30) pH-adjusted to 3 using o-phosphoric acid was used. The flow rate was 1.0 mL min(-1):1.5 ml/min and effluents were monitored at 242 nm. Result and conclusion: The retention times of both amlodipine besylate and indapamide were 14 minutes. The proposed method was validated with respect to system suitability, Specificity and selectivity, Stability of analytical solutions linearity, accuracy, precision, and robustness. The method was successfully applied to the estimation of amlodipine besylate and indapamide in bulk and tablet dosage form.