Epigallocatechin-3-gallate (EGCG) and ascorbic acid (AA)-loaded transferosomes (TRANS) were developed for brain delivery. The investigation covered EGCG-TRANS, AA-TRANS, and EGCG-AA-TRANS formulations using the film hydration technique. We analyzed the formed transferosomes to confirm the presence of vesicles loaded with the respective drugs and their performance within a living organism. The sizes of the particles for EGCG-TRANS, AA-TRANS, and EGCG-AA-TRANS were measured correspondingly at 174.2 ± 1.80, 132.7 ± 12.22, and 184.31 ± 9.5 nm. The appearance of diffused rings in the scanning electron microscopic image suggests that the payload has a crystalline structure. The atomic force microscope image displayed minimal surface irregularities, potentially indicating the presence of a lipid layer on the surface. Hemolysis results indicated the safety of the vesicles. The results showed 10.23, 7.21, and 8.20% of hemolysis for EGCG-TRANS, AA-TRANS, and EGCG-AA-TRANS, respectively. In the case of EGCG-AA-TRANS, the release of EGCG was determined to be 61.65% ± 4.61 after 72 h when exposed to phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4). In vivo studies show a good response against Alzheimer's disease (AD). EGCG-AA-TRANS (82.166%) exhibited a higher percentage of AChE inhibition in comparison to EGCG-TRANS (66.550%) and AA-TRANS (53.466%). Intranasal delivery of EGCG-AA-TRANS resulted in approximately a 5-fold enhancement in memory. Formulation allowed EGCG and AA to accumulate in various organs, including the brain. The results suggest that EGCG-AA-TRANS could be safe and effective for treating AD.

Traditional remedies have been used for generations to treat and maintain people's health and indigenous medicinal plants are an important part of this system, which, unlike western medicine, provides cures for practically all illnesses with no side effects. Such an ulcer is a chronic ailment that affects most of the world's population and has no absolute cure. An ulcer is the erosion of mucous lining in the gastrointestinal tract due to over secretion of HCl in the stomach, leading to inflammation and soreness. Consumption of highly spicy meals, an obese lifestyle, an unplanned diet, the use of excessive non-steroidal anti-inflammatory medicines, smoking, stress, an irregular sleep cycle, and regular alcohol consumption are all possible causes of ulcers. Ayurvedic and traditional medicine practitioners employ a variety of indigenous medicinal plants to cure ulcers. This review covers a wide variety of medicinal plants that may work as anti-ulcer and deserves more investigation.

Since the conception of biosensor technology in biomedical research, this field is emerging as a promising and high-throughput tool for neuro-engineering and neurosciences research. It has been postulated that the accumulating property proteins are the basic cause of neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and prion diseases. Thus, neurodegenerative diseases are also called “protein misfolding disorders”. Biosensors have a wide range of applications in biomedical research, including optical and electrochemical detection of biometal.protein interactions, detection of biomarkers, such as β-amyloids, apolipoprotein, and tau proteins, and microRNA in blood and cerebrospinal fluid in neurodegenerative diseases. These are composed of primary biological recognition elements that convert the chemical signal into the voltage or current that evaluates the physical signal by preparing a plot of sensor response against the analyte concentration. This chapter presents a bird’s eye view on various aspects of progress in biosensor development with special emphasis on their application, including metal-protein interactions studies, detection of neurotransmitters using aptamers and calixarenes, detection of biomarkers proteins, such as α-synuclein for Parkinson’s disease, apolipoprotein, tau and β-amyloid proteins for Alzheimer’s disease, and prion proteins. The chapter also summarizes the novel materials reported for improved biosensor performance. This chapter will be of high relevance to the biological scientists working in neuro-engineering and neurosciences research

Background: The prime objective of the current research was to evaluate the whole plant hydroalcoholic extract of Ludwigia octovalvis (HLO) against hyperglycemia, and oxidative stress biomarkers in rats induced with diabetes comorbid depression, diabetes comorbid depression (streptozotocin-nicotinamide + electric footshocks). Methods: 2,2-Diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl assay of HLO versus ascorbic acid was done. Effects of 200 and 400 mg/kg body weight/day HLO doses versus 25 mg/kg body weight/day metformin was studied through insulin, glucose, superoxide dismutase, lipid peroxidation, catalase, and behavioral assessment (forced swim and open field tests). Results: IC50 values of HLO and ascorbic acid were 33.52 and 27.86 mu g/mL respectively. Both the HLO doses showed intended results with respect to oxidative stress biomarkers in diabetes comorbid depression rats in comparison to metformin. Open field test showed better results for HLO in diabetes comorbid depression rats. However, hypoglycemic effects, and forced swim test performance of metformin was slightly higher than the 400 mg dose, followed by the 200 mg dose of HLO. Ethyl gallate, gallic acid, beta-sitosterol, and quercetin in HLO might resulted in attenuating diabetic as well as depression biomarkers. Conclusion: Inhibition of glucosidase and lipase activity, and AMP-activated protein kinase phosphorylation might be the possible biochemical changes occurred in HLO treated rats.

INTRODUCTION Urolithiasis also termed kidney stone or nephrolithiasis, is a common worldwide disease with a high prevalence and recurrence rate. Chronic diseases, including diabetes mellitus, obesity, kidney disease, metabolic disorder, and hypertension, have a high tendency to form stones compared with healthy people (Besiroglu and Ozbek, 2019). It causes pyelonephritis or acute renal failure and severe acute back pain (Namburu et al., 2017; Yasui et al., 2017). Urolithiasis typically occurs between the age of 20 and 60 years and is more occurrences in hot climates. It affects nearly 10% of men and 6% of women over their lifetime. The recurrence rate is 50% within 5–10 years and 75% within 20 years of initial treatment (Dawson and Tomson, 2012; Yasui et al., 2017). The overall recurrence rate is high in male (70%–80%) as compared with female (47%–60%) (Ahmed et al., 2018; Wang et al., 2019). Approximately, 80% of stones are calcium-containing stones which are found as pure calcium oxalate (CaOx) (50%), pure calcium phosphate (1%), or a mixture of both (45%), and other stones are struvite (10%), uric acid (9%), and cystine (1%) (Bashir and Gilani, 2009; Namburu et al., 2017). CaOx (CaC2O4) stones are found as CaOx monohydrate or CaOx dehydrate form. Struvite stones are also called triple phosphate or infection stones or magnesium ammonium phosphate and develop Toxicity (acute and subacute) assessment and in-vivo antiurolithiatic activity of ethanolic extract of Caesalpinia bonducella seed in albino Wistar rat

Selective permeability of the blood-brain barrier restricts the treatment efficacy of neurologic diseases. Berberine (BBR) and curcumin (CUR)-loaded transferosomes (TRANS) were prepared for the effective management of Alzheimer's disease (AD). The study involved the syntheses of BBR-TRANS, CUR-TRANS, and BBR-CUR-TRANS by the film hydration method. Vesicles were characterized to ensure the formation of drug-loaded vesicles and their in vivo performance. The particle sizes of BBR-TRANS, CUR-TRANS, and BBR-CUR-TRANS were 139.2 ± 7, 143.4 ± 8, and 165.3 ± 6.5 nm, respectively. The presence of diffused rings in the SED image indicates the crystalline nature of the payload. Low surface roughness in an AFM image could be associated with the presence of a surface lipid. BBR-CUR-TRANS showed 41.03 ± 1.22 and 47.79 ± 3.67% release of BBR and 19.22 ± 1.47 and 24.67 ± 1.94% release of CUR, respectively, in phosphate buffer saline (pH 7.4) and acetate buffer (pH 4.0). Formulations showed sustained release of both loaded drugs. BBR-TRANS, CUR-TRANS, and BBR-CUR-TRANS exhibited a lower percentage of hemolysis than pure BBR and CUR, indicating the safety of the payload from delivery vesicles. Lower percentages of binding were recorded from BBR-CUR-TRANS than BBR-TRANS and CUR-TRANS. Acetylcholinesterase inhibition activity of the prepared transferosomes was greater than that of pure drugs, which are thought to have good cellular penetration. The spatial memory was improved in treated mice models. The level of malondialdehyde decreased in AD animals treated with BBR-TRANS, CUR-TRANS, and BBR-CUR-TRANS, respectively, as compared to the scopolamine-induced AD animals. BBR-CUR-TRANS-treated animals showed the highest decrease in the NO level. The catalase level was significantly restored in scopolamine-intoxicated animals treated with BBR-TRANS, CUR-TRANS, and BBR-CUR-TRANS. The immunohistochemistry result suggested that the BBR-TRANS, CUR-TRANS, and BBR-CUR-TRANS have significantly decreased the regulation of expression of BACE-1 through antioxidant activity. In conclusion, the study highlights the utility of formulated transferosomes as promising carriers for the co-delivery of drugs to the brain.

Background: The ethano-pharmacological survey on two Indian medicinal plants Alternanthera ficoidea and Ludwigia octovalvis revels that both plants are biologically potential and effective in the management of various diseases. Despite the both the plants as whole are used traditionally by the local people in Indian subcontinent but the toxicity studies on whole plant extract of both plant has not explored scientifically.Objective: The toxicity study was designed to explore the toxicity potential associated to hydroalcoholic extract of whole plant of Alternanthera ficoidea and Ludwigia octovalvis according OECD guidelines.Material and methods: Healthy Charles Foster albino female rats of 8-12 weeks' old were divided in 3 groups. Group I, group II, and group III received vehicle (0.5% CMC, p.o., single dose), hydroalcoholic extract of whole plant of Alternanthera ficoidea (HAF) (Single dose of 2000 mg/kg, given orally), and hydroalcoholic extract of whole plant of Ludwigia octovalvis (HLO) (Single dose of 2000 mg/kg, given orally), respectively. After 14 days, all rats were anesthetized with chloroform and blood were collected by retro-orbital capillary puncture for the study of haematological and biochemical parameters. After blood collection, rats were sacrificed; organs were carefully collected, weighted and examined for changes.Results: The acute toxicity study on Charles foster female rats showed that there was no sign and symptoms of toxicity were seen in rats of all group. Haematological parameters, biochemical parameters and histopathological architectures of various organs of treated groups were found to be non-significant and normal in range when compared with normal control groups.Conclusion: The study found that no mortality occurred at a dosage of 2 g/kg of HAF and HLO, and it came to the conclusion that the IC50 of HAF and HLO was higher than that level.

Background: Urolithiasis, commonly known as nephrolithiasis, kidney stone, or renal stone, is a disorder caused by a decrease in anti-oxidant capability, damaged renal epithelium or consistently supersaturated urine, which leads to increased crystallisation. The aim of this study was to evaluate antiurolithiatic, antioxidant, analgesic, anti-inflammatory and diuretic property of ethanolic extract of C. bonducella seeds (EECB). Methods: For the probable molecules in EECB, GC-MS analysis was performed. Antioxidant property was investigated using DPPH and FRAP assays. Nucleation and aggregation assays were used for in vitro urolithiatic study. The diuretic, anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity were performed in animal model. Results: GC–MS analysis of EECB identified the presence of Vitamin E, steroidal ring containing compounds and hydrocarbons. EECB was found to be effective in scavenging free radicals. EECB exhibited significant inhibition of nucleation and aggregation of calcium oxalate crystals. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic activity of EECB were found to be significant effective at dose of 400 mg/kg. Further, EECB exhibited a significant increase in urinary output and electrolytes Na+, Cl- excretion at dose of 400 mg/kg. Conclusion: The finding of this study suggested that EECB possess significant pharmacological activities like antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, diuretic, and antiurolithiatic activities. Antioxidants property of EECB could be used in preventing oxidative stress; the anti-inflammatory and analgesic properties could be used in the prevention of inflammation and pain of damaged epithelial cells of nephrons, which are caused by intra-papillary calcifications; the diuretic activity could be used in reducing supersaturation of calcium oxalate.

Berberine (A protoberberine isoquinoline alkaloid) has shown promising pharmacological activities, including analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anticancer, antidiabetic, anti-hyperlipidemic, cardioprotective, memory enhancement, antidepressant, antioxidant, anti-nociceptive, antimicrobial, anti-HIV and cholesterol-lowering effects. It is used in the treatment of neurodegenerative disorder. It has strong evidence to serve as potent phytoconstituent in the treatment of various neurodegenerative disorders such as AD. It limits the extracellular amyloid plaques and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. It also has lipid-glucose lowering ability, hence can be used as a protective agent in atherosclerosis and AD. However, more detailed investigations along with safety assessment of berberine are warranted to clarify its role in limiting various risk factors and AD-related pathologies. This review highlights the pharmacological basis to control oxidative stress, neuroinflammation and protective effect of berberine in AD, which will benefit to the biological scientists in understanding and exploring the new vistas of berberine in combating Alzheimer's disease.

The liver is a vital organ of the human body. It is responsible for protecting the body from harmful substances and the maintenance of good health. In last few years, various types of liver disorders, such as drug-induced liver disease, hepatomegaly, fatty liver disease, liver cirrhosis, autoimmune hepatitis, chronic viral hepatitis, autoimmune hepatitis, etc. are become a people's health problem. Recently numbers of ayurvedic polyherbal and herbomineral formulations are available commercially and physician preferring these formulations for the treatment and management of various liver diseases as modern medical treatment available for liver diseases produces systematic toxicity. In this study a herbomineral formulation "Arka Lavana" was prepared in the laboratory by traditional method using fresh leaves of arka (Calotropis procera) and saindhav lavana and experimentally evaluated against hepatotoxicity induced by dexamethasone and alcohol. It is traditionally used in the treatment of liver and spleen anomalies and ascites etc. The study was evaluated by using 60 mg/kg 90 mg/kg and 120 mg/kg of arka lavana and standard silymarin at a dose of 100 mg/kg. The morphological, histopathological and biochemical parameters were evaluated on entry date and at the end of study. The results of the study indicate that the herbomineral formulation produces significant improvement in liver anomalies and the effect was dose-dependent manner.

Objective: Croton tiglium seeds, known as Jamālgoṭa in Hindi, Marathi, and Urdu is well-known for its toxicity (severe purgative action). In Ayurvedic texts, the plant is known as Kumbhinî0 and is used for the treatment of constipation after Śodhana (detoxification process) of the seeds with Godugdha (cow milk). Material and Methods: In the present study, C. tiglium seeds were purified with cow milk as reported in Ayurvedic classics. Phorbol esters equivalent to phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate (PMA) and crotonic acid contents were quantified by high-performance liquid chromatography method in the seeds of C. tiglium before and after the purification process. Results: The content of the phorbol ester equivalent to PMA in unpurified and purified sample was found to be 5.2 mg/100 g and 1.8 mg/100 g of dried seeds of C. tiglium, respectively. The quantity of crotonic acid in unpurified seeds of C. tiglium was found to be 0.102 mg/100 g of dried seeds while it was absent in the purified seed extract of C. tiglium. Conclusion: The toxicity of C. tiglium seeds may be due to the presence of phorbol esters and crotonic acid along with other constituents. These constituents are oil soluble and may be removed by cow milk during the process of Śodhana . Reduction in the level of these constituents after the purification decreases the toxicity of C. tiglium seeds. Reduction in the oily content from the seeds of C. tiglium during the purification process is also supported by the results obtained from the physiochemical parameters.