Introduction: This review focuses on the various natural and synthetic antioxidants which affect cellular signalling and mitochondrial dynamics for managing diabetes and its complications including other variety of diseases or traumas. Methods: Information in the current review was gathered from electronic scientific resources like google scholar, science direct, springer link and via the PubMed website using the Boolean Method and a variety of keywords. Results: The results of the present study revealed that a number of 110 antioxidants have been identified to improve mitochondrial health, offering potential treatments for diabetes and a spectrum of other diseases. Naturally occurring antioxidants such as polyphenols and flavonoids present in fruits and plants, have demonstrated the ability to attenuate oxidative stress and enhance mitochondrial performance thereby helps in the management of diabetes and various other health complications. From among the polyphenol’s resveratrol, mitoQ, quercetin and curcumin has been discussed in the review. Discussion: The analysis indicates a strong correlation between antioxidant activity and mitochondrial function, underscoring their role in disease prevention and therapy. These antioxidants not only reduce oxidative damage but also regulate signalling pathways involved in inflammation and energy metabolism. Their dual action makes them promising agents in managing diabetes and potentially other chronic diseases. Conclusion: The conclusion offers a concise yet comprehensive overview for researchers and industries in highlighting the therapeutic promise of antioxidant interventions in addressing diverse health conditions through enhanced mitochondrial function.

The CRISPR/Cas9 gene editing system has emerged as a transformative tool in plant genetic engineering, enabling precise genomic modifications to enhance secondary metabolite biosynthesis. This review explores the applications of CRISPR technology in modifying the genetic factors of reproductive tissues and organs to improve the production and potency of bioactive compounds in medicinal plants. The reproductive organs of plants play a crucial role in metabolite synthesis, as they are rich in alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenes, and phenolics, which exhibit various therapeutic benefits. By targeting key regulatory genes like SOC1, DOG1, CYP71D8, and CYP719B in reproductive organ development, CRISPR enhances traits such as flowering time, fertility, and seed composition, leading to improved metabolite yield and plant resilience. Case studies on Arabidopsis thaliana, Oryza sativa, Zea mays, Solanum lycopersicum, and Ocimum sanctum have highlighted the successful implementation of CRISPR in optimizing plant characteristics. Moreover, this review discusses the challenges in CRISPR application, including off-target effects, efficiency optimization, and ethical considerations in different regulatory frameworks. The advancement of CRISPR-Cas9-based approaches holds significant potential for sustainable medicinal plant production, offering precise and rapid genetic improvements over conventional breeding techniques. By integrating CRISPR into plant biotechnology, future research will be able to enhance the therapeutic value and sustainability of medicinal plants further, addressing global demands for natural bioactive compounds.

The term neurodegenerative disease means the loss of neuronal cells in the brain, including Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, Multiple sclerosis, and Huntington's disease. It is one of the most common types of disease associated with elevated rates of mortality and morbidity worldwide. At the same time, modern allopathic medicines have a large number of synthetic chemicals for the symptomatic treatment and control of these diseases. These drugs have failed miserably due to clinical insufficiency and debilitating adverse effects. In the past decade, natural ingredients have gained notable interest in the prevention and treatment of neurodegeneration due to their powerful anti-inflammatory and anti-oxidant properties with minimal side effects. However, there is also an issue of safety and effectiveness due to the absence of an ample amount of research findings. The most common cellular mechanism for every neurodegenerative disorder is neuroinflammation and oxidative stress. Several preclinical and clinical studies conducted across the world have demonstrated that different bioactive compounds of herbal origin can potentially arrest these processes to prevent or treat neurodegeneration and can be developed into promising pharmaceutical formulations. This article discusses and analyses the various herbal compounds, such as Allium sativum, Camella sinensis, Centella asiatica, Coriandrum sativum, Crocus sativus, Glycyrrhiza glabra, and Morus alba used for phytotherapy of neurodegenerative diseases by combining recent in vitro and in vivo models.

Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multi-factorial, neurodegenerative disease characterized by neurodegeneration of dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) of the ventral midbrain area. Loss of dopamine (DA) supply induces an imbalance of multiple neurotransmitter networks in different parts of the brain. This contributes to many motor and non-motor symptoms in PD. The main goal of modern allopathic medicine is to restore DA function with synthetic levodopa (L-DOPA) and DA agonist, which has been partially effective; however, there are still several inadequacies and adverse effects that patients often cannot cope with. In the field of herbal medicine, extensive studies on bioactive phytocompounds have shown that it has immense potential as a neuroprotective therapy for neurodegenerative disorders, such as PD. Bioactive phytocompounds are very promising because they have minimal side effects and very high anti-inflammatory, anti-oxidant, and anticholinesterase activity. Recent preclinical studies suggest that several bioactive phytocompounds can be developed into pharmaceutical formulations for the treatment of PD. Ayurvedic medicines have been used in many countries and particularly in India since ancient times to prevent or cure PD. This article focuses on the recent evidence-based neuroprotective activity of medicinal plants like Mucuna pruriens, Curcuma longa, Zingiber officinale, Bacopa monnieri, Nardostachys jatamansi, Withania somnifera, and Silybum marianum in in vivo and in vitro PD research models.

SARS-CoV-2 has affected socio-economic activity in every country around the world since its outbreak began in 2019. 3.5 million people have died worldwide as of now, including 3.2 lakh in India. The cytokine storm significantly contributes to COVID mortality. To put it simply, the virus causes an uncontrolled release of cytokines, which results in severe inflammation, multi-organ failure, and death. Vitamin D was discovered to be a significant risk factor for cytokine storm in COVID patients. Numerous studies have demonstrated that those with deficient serum vitamin D levels have a significant mortality rate. The current understanding of the role of vitamin D in immune modulation in the innate and adaptive immune systems and how this may relate to COVID-19 is discussed in this article. Additionally, we evaluated the most recent clinical information about vitamin D deficiency, cytokine storm, and COVID-19 mortality.

Numerous modalities exist through which the central nervous system (CNS) may sustain injury or impairment, encompassing traumatic incidents, stroke occurrences, and neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Presently available pharmacological and therapeutic interventions are incapable of restoring or regenerating damaged CNS tissue, leading to substantial unmet clinical needs among patients with CNS ailments or injuries. To address and facilitate the recovery of the impaired CNS, cell-based repair strategies encompass multiple mechanisms, such as neuronal replacement, therapeutic factor secretion, and the promotion of host brain plasticity. Despite the progression of cell-based CNS reparation as a therapeutic strategy throughout the years, substantial barriers have impeded its widespread implementation in clinical settings. The integration of cell technologies with advancements in regenerative medicine utilizing biomaterials and tissue engineering has recently facilitated the surmounting of several of these impediments. This comprehensive review presents an overview of distinct CNS conditions necessitating cell reparation, in addition to exploring potential biomaterial methodologies that enhance the efficacy of treating brain injuries.

Metallic nanoparticles (MNPs) are widely used in various biomedical and other scientific fields. However, the conventional synthesis methods used in the large-scale production of MNPs are generally considered to be toxic and non-environmentally friendly. Concentrating on alternate synthesis routes, the green synthesis of MNPs is considered safe, cost-effective, biocompatible, and environmentally friendly. The plant flora is most explored for the green synthesis of MNPs. However, certain factors are undermined while performing the green synthesis because of which the plant-based MNPs are still confined to laboratory scale. This review critically explores the reasons why plant-based MNPs do not find a way to scale-up. In addition, we attempted to find potential solutions to these problems along with relevant scientific literature.

Aging is a progressive biological phenomenon of an organism that occurs over time, leading to a decrease in the ability to work adequately or to respond to metabolic stress. Aging has traditionally been perceived as a natural and biological phase. However, in the 21st century, people are living in a world that is incredibly modern, highly industrialized with a diet dominated by processed foods, and full of environmental toxins. This incredibly modern world is making our immune system overreactive, leading to systemic chronic inflammation and accelerated aging. Inflammation is a protective mechanism required for survival. It has beneficial effects on the neutralization of harmful agents. But too much inflammation over a long period gives rise to detrimental effects on different tissues by creating collateral damage. Now scientists consider human aging as "inflammaging" marked by systemic chronic inflammation. It is a major risk factor for both mortality and morbidity in elderly people and people who share the same pathology of inflammation. The risk of developing chronic inflammation or "inflammaging" is primarily attributed to genetics, antecedents, and environmental triggers. Inflammation is associated with its opposing mechanism, collectively referred to as antiinflammatory. This mechanism puts a halt on inflammation after elimination of the threat. Thus the health outcome of inflammation largely depends on the balance between proinflammatory and antiinflammatory pathways which also applies to inflammaging. Therefore, reducing the inflammation and balancing the duo with antiinflammatory therapies could be the major target for antiaging strategies.

X-ray diffraction studies on arc melted Ru2Fe(Si1-xGex) (0 <= x <= 1) alloys did not show the characteristic (1 1 1) and (200) super-lattice peaks of the stable L2(1) structure of full Heusler alloys. The alloy with x = 0 exhibited antiferromagnetic behaviour. However, with increase in x, the alloys became ferromagnetic. In order to understand the origin of the novel magnetic behavior of these alloys and its correlation with their crystal structure, ab initio study was carried out using spin-polarized relativistic Korringa-Kohn-Rostoker Green's function method. The study shows that the antiferomagnetism in the alloy with x = 0 is due to the presence of B2 disorder. Due to this, the 2nd nearest neighbour (NN) exchange interaction between the Fe atoms at proper and improper sites, respectively, becomes strongly antiferromagnetic which dominates over the 1st NN ferromagnetic exchange interaction. With increase in x, the alloys become ferromagnetic with an improvement in L2(1) ordering which in turn makes the 1st NN interaction strongly ferromagnetic. The electronic structure calculations show no half metallic gap in either spin direction for all the alloys. Comparison of experimental and theoretically estimated properties of Ru2Fe(Si1-xGex) alloys provides insight to the variation in the magnetic interaction with the composition and the disorder present in the alloys.

Tamilnadia uliginosa (Retz) Tirveng and Sastre (Rubiaceae) is a small edible medicinal plant utilized in traditional remedies. The review aims to report the current information of T. uliginosa based on its botanical and taxonomic description, traditional use, active phytoconstituents, pharmacological use and toxicity. The information on T. uliginosa concerning its journey from traditional application to scientific validation was gathered based on the online survey. The results from the review signify that the different tribes of the communities use the plant to treat patients suffering from diarrhea, dysentery, diabetes mellitus, fever and cough. The scientific investigation reported that the plant has a significant pharmacological activity, viz. antidiarrheal, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, antidiabetic, anticancer and antiepileptic activity. Moreover, based on the phytochemical aspects, 15 major polyphenolic phytoconstituents were identified and isolated from the fruits of T. uliginosa. In conclusion, the outcome of this review will create a new therapeutic approach to the identification and isolation of new chemical entities in drug discovery, which are safe and inexpensive. Furthermore, it can help researchers explore further research in clinical studies as well as the isolation of new lead molecules.

Ketamine has been extensively used in the medical field for more than 50 years, but its exact mechanism of action remains unknown. It’s used to induce dissociative anesthesia (a state of profound analgesia, amnesia with light sleep, immobility, and a sense of disassociation from one’s own body and surroundings). Clinical studies on ketamine as a dissociative anesthetic, a model for psychosis, and as a rapidly acting antidepressant have sparked great interest in understanding its effects at the molecular and cellular level. It exerts uncompetitive inhibitory effects on NMDARs (N-Methyl-D-asperate) and may preferentially affect the function of NMDARs in interneurons. The hypnotic effects of this drug are attributed to its blocking action on NMDA and HCN1 receptors; however, both positive and negative modulation of choline, amine, and opioid systems appears to occur. It is likely that ketamine\'s effect on chronic pain and depression far outlasts its actual levels. This could be due to the hyperglutamatergic state induced by ketamine causing a secondary increase in structural synaptic connectivity. The authors of this review have attempted to highlight the action of ketamine not only on NMDA receptors but also on a variety of biochemical processes and functions found in intercellular environments, which may explain its diverse role in many diseases.

Molecular testing and the development of targeted therapies have revolutionized the treatment of non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Despite the advantages of molecular testing in patients with NSCLC and guideline recommendations, there is no specific standard testing method, resulting in variable testing practices based on institution protocol and access. Pharmacists can help to improve coordination of care around appropriate testing as results are important in determining the most appropriate targeted treatment course. The majority of patients with NSCLC are tested for PD-L1, EGFR, ALK, ROS1, and BRAF mutations. These biomarkers and their corresponding targeted therapies are more understood than the remaining biomarkers, such as KRAS, RET, MET exon 14 (METex14), and NTRK. Multiple new and emerging therapies target these latter biomarkers, and this article will focus on these lesser-known biomarkers. As the treatment of NSCLC becomes increasingly biomarker-driven and more therapies are added to the armamentarium for the management of NSCLC, pharmacists will be called upon to assist the oncology care team to optimize NSCLC treatment to improve patient outcomes. (

The review is to analyse the therapeutic benefits of probiotics in various chronic disorders. All the data were identified using PUBMED (2000-2020) and bibliographic reviews of recent and old articles from an English literature search. After independent analysis by co-authors of the identified articles, data were analysed and extracted for the stated purpose.The most-studied species include Lactobacillus, Bifidobacterium, and Saccharomyces. Probiotics have an essential role in maintaining immunologic equilibrium in the gastrointestinal tract through direct interaction with immune cells. There is high-quality evidence that probiotics are effective for acute infectious diarrhoea, antibiotic-associated diarrhea, Clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea, hepatic encephalopathy, ulcerative colitis, irritable bowel syndrome, and necrotizing enterocolitis. Probiotics are safe for infants, children, adults, and older patients.Therapeutic applications of probiotics have been widely studied to treat and improve the gut's health; however, choosing a probiotic for a specific condition is a challenging task that requires parsing of the data for strain-specific efficacy and evaluation of product quality. It appears likely that more national organizations will be conducting evidence-based research, and the pharmacist and clinicians should pay attention to this ever-changing field.

Calendula officinalis is a short-lived aromatic herbaceous perennial plant. According to scientific literature, Calendula officinalis can also boost the wound healing activity. While the precise means it does is still unclear, it was assumed that the herb would increases the blood flow to the wound area, therefore supplying oxygen and nutrients necessary for tissue regeneration. The objective of the review is to understand and explore the relevant phytochemical and pharmacological information which will enhance it effective wound healing mechanism. The data were identified using PubMed, Google Scholar, Scopus and bibliographic reviews of recent and old articles from an English literature search. After independent analysis by co-authors of the identified articles, data were analysed and extracted for the stated purpose. Calendula officinalis with its high quantity of flavonoids, it can help to minimize inflammation and speed up the healing process. Additional usage for Calendula officinalis is that it can be a calming ointment, wash or tincture , since it can help to alleviate irritated wounds and minimize swelling and inflammation. Wound healing is a complex process, and Calendula officinalis have been historically used to treat minor wounds, skin irritation and minor burns. Data from large comparative clinical trials are needed before routine use can be recommended. Pharmacists and clinicians can effectively address patient questions about wound care and herbal therapies to help promote wound care practices that encourages wound healing and minimize poor outcomes such as infection or scaring.

Immune thrombocytopenia or ITP is an autoimmune disorder in which the body creates autoantibodies against its thrombocytes or platelets that are destroyed, resulting in purpura or minor bleeding spots under the surface. It is most often found in cancer patients and is of growing concern.While the main causes of thrombocytopenia in cancer patients are chemotherapy and radiation, other aetiologies should also be considered in patients suffering from this debilitating disease. Thrombocytopenia causes a variety of complications in the treatment of cancer patients and therefore pharmacists need to be familiar with epidemiology, pathophysiology, risk factors, diagnostic methods, and emerging therapeutic options for chronic immune thrombocytopenia to help oncologists identify and implement realistic treatment measures for chronic immune thrombocytopenia patients undergoing cancer treatment.The objective of this review is to provide a brief overview of chronic immune thrombocytopenia and various strategies for the clinical management of the disease.

In the Hubei region of China, a pneumonia outbreak occurred in December 2019, which was confirmed to be caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2). It quickly became known as Coronavirus Disease 2019 or simply COVID-19, a pandemic that continues to devastate countries across the world. Through this COVID-19 pandemic, pharmacists across the globe have continued to offer direct patient care and provided frontline service to society. However, while the frontline staff is heralded, they are relegated to the background and overlooked most of the time. The most reachable healthcare providers are pharmacists because they can provide direct medical services despite tight regulations and restrictions related to the pandemic. During this pandemic, the involvement of pharmacists to handle COVID-19 and its complications proved to be crucial in alleviating the burden on the already strained healthcare system. They have provided very important services such as distributing medications to patients, encouraging adherence to medications for better control of chronic diseases, consulting on minor illnesses, clarifying myths regarding COVID-19, and contributing to COVID-19 screening. The treatment or management of COVID-19 was based on initial findings but is now being updated several times based on viral mutation, different studies across the globe, etc. This review focuses on recent clinical updates and tools that would help pharmacists with a more systematic approach to properly handling COVID-19 and its complications.

The SARS-CoV-2 outbreak is the COVID-19 disease, which has caused massive health devastation, prompting the World Health Organization to declare a worldwide health emergency. The corona virus infected millions of people worldwide, and many died as a result of a lack of particular medications. The current emergency necessitates extensive therapy in order to stop the spread of the coronavirus. There are various vaccinations available, but no validated COVID-19 treatments. Since its outbreak, many therapeutics have been tested, including the use of repurposed medications, nucleoside inhibitors, protease inhibitors, broad spectrum antivirals, convalescence plasma therapies, immune-modulators, and monoclonal antibodies. However, these approaches have not yielded any outcomes and are mostly used to alleviate symptoms associated with potentially fatal adverse drug reactions. Nanoparticles, on the other hand, may prove to be an effective treatment for COVID-19. They can be designed to boost the efficacy of currently available antiviral medications or to trigger a rapid immune response against COVID-19. In the last decade, there has been significant progress in nanotechnology. This review focuses on the virus’s basic structure, pathogenesis, and current treatment options for COVID-19. This study addresses nanotechnology and its applications in diagnosis, prevention, treatment, and targeted vaccine delivery, laying the groundwork for a successful pandemic fight.