The performance and operational stability of perovskite-based devices heavily rely on the interfacial properties between the photoactive perovskite layer and charge transport layers. Understanding the theoretical relationship between surface/interface dipoles and surface energetics is crucial for scientific understanding and practical applications. In this study, a method is applied that bridges classical electromagnetism and modern atomistic approaches. The impact of dipolar ligand molecules functionalizing the FASnI(3) perovskite surface is investigated, with inspection of the interplay between surface dipole, charge transfer, and local strain effect, and corresponding shifts in the valence level. The results reveal that the contribution of individual molecular entities to surface dipoles and electric susceptibilities follows an essentially additive behavior. The influence of F doping usually used to mitigate Sn oxidation in Sn-based layer for photovoltaic applications, is also discussed. Furthermore, the findings are compared with predictions from classical approaches employing a capacitor model that links the induced vacuum level shift and the molecular dipole moment. The insights gained from the study provide theoretical guidelines for fine-tuning the work functions of materials, thus enabling effective interfacial engineering in this class of semiconductors.

The aim of the work was to describe the epidemiological, clinical and therapeutic aspects of digestive surgical emergencies. Patients and method: the study was retrospective, and descriptive from January 2017 to December 2022.It was carried out in the general surgery department of the Sikasso hospital (Mali). Have been included patients received and cared for digestive surgical emergencies. The parameters studied were: frequency, age, sex, clinical aspects, treatment, and postoperative outcomes. Results: We listed 600 files that represented 44.8% of operated patients. The average age was 27.5 years. There was a predominance of men with a sex ratio of 2.3 at risk for men. One third of patients were admitted within 48 hours. Abdominal pain was the main symptom of the reasons for consultation, i.e. 90%. Plain abdominal X-ray found pneumoperitoneum in 24.3% of patients, and a fluid-air level in 20.8% of patients. Abdominal ultrasound showed thickening of the appendicular wall in 34.9% of patients, peritoneal effusion in 36.9% of patients, intussusception in 2.7% of patients, thickening of the gallbladder wall in 2.5%. The most common etiologies were acute peritonitis in 223 patients, acute intestinal obstruction in 141 patients, acute appendicitis in 128 patients. Appendectomy with or without burial, appendectomy plus peritoneal toilet, suture of the perforation, stoma, resection anastomosis, splenectomy were the surgical procedures performed. The postoperative course was simple in 93% of patients. Parietal suppuration was the most common complication in 5.5%. Mortality was 2.3%. Conclusion: Digestive surgical emergencies occupy an important place in surgery due to their high frequency. The etiologies are multiple. Delay in management increases the risk of complications occurring.

Objectives: To study delayed primary closure in ballistic and explosive device injuries by describing the clinical, therapeutic and evolutionary aspects. Methodology: This was a prospective study running from August 1, 2022 to May 31, 2023 including all patients of all ages presenting a ballistic or explosive device injury. Results: In 10 months, we collected 190 cases of ballistic and explosive device trauma, or 35.9%. The average age was 31.89 ± 14.026 years with a sex ratio of 12. Intercommunity conflicts were the most frequent causes (61.1%). Limb injuries represented 78.9 %, of which isolated wounds without fracture were the most frequent (59.5%). Standard radiography was ’the most used medical imaging (94%). DPC (Deferred Primary Closure) was performed in 71.2% followed by DPC + external fixator in 19%. We recorded 2 cases of death. Conclusion: Well-conducted delayed primary closure helps reduce the risk of complications, give the patient every chance of survival and shorten the hospital stay.

stoplasmosis is a deep cosmopolitan mycosis due to dimorphic fungi belonging to the genus Histoplasma. We distinguish the American histoplasmosis, with small form due to Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum (H. capsulatum), and large-form African histoplasmosis, due to H. duboisii. The latter is endemic in West and Central Africa and Madagascar. African histoplasmosis is a rare deep mycosis, due to Histoplasma Capsulatum var.duboisii. Clinical presentation may be localized with isolated infections of the skin, bones or lymph nodes or disseminated with multiple skin lesions present throughout the body, subcutaneous abscesses, enlarged lymph nodes, liver and spleen, and enlargement of visceral organs. It has diagnostic similarities with pathologies such as lymph node tuberculosis, cutaneous cryptococcosis and certain malignant diseases of the skeleton. The disease sometimes poses therapeutic difficulties. We report a histoplasmosis case at Histoplasma Capsulatum var.duboisii, with multiple localization in a 22-year-old student.

Objectives: The aim of this work was to determine the frequency of burns in adults and children, to describe the clinical and para-clinical aspects of burns and to analyze the results of treatment. Patient and Method: Retrospective and prospective study, January 1, 2014 to December 31, 2018, included all patients with severe burns admitted to the surgery department who had sometimes stayed in intensive care. Results: We collected 42 patients, the average age was 11.09 years with a standard deviation = 16.09 and extremes of 1 and 85 years, the sex ratio was 2.5 at the risk of men. 83.33% of patients came from an urban area. 90.48% were burned at home, thermal burn accounted for 92.86% and hot liquid was involved in 61.54%. 35.71% of patients were burned During the cold period (December). The upper limbs were affected in 76.19%. 20 patients (51.80%) had a burned body surface area greater than 10%. The superficial second degree was observed in 30 patients (71.43%). 26 patients (61.96%) had a standard burn unit less than 50%. 4 patients (9.52%) presented with ocular damage. Electrolyte disorders were observed in 6 patients (14.29%) on admission. The swab was taken from 14 patients (33.33%) and Escherichia coli was isolated from 3 patients (21.42%). All germs were sensitive to Imipenem; Amikacin; Fosfomycin. We adopted the PARK LAND formula for rehydration in 25 cases (59.53%). Within 24 hours all patients had received vascular filling, analgesic, dressing, anti-tetanus serum and 38 patients (90.48%) had undergone excision of the blisters. The Paracetamol+Tramadol combination was the analgesic observed in 24 patients. The combination of amoxicillin + clavulanic acid was used in 22 patients. The average length of hospitalization was 15 days with extremes of 3 to 35 days. The most common complication was local infection. The after-effects were brittleness (4 cases), keloids (3 cases). The death rate was 14.29% (6 patients).

Objectives: To study acute surgical abdomens by describing the clinical, paraclinical and therapeutic aspects. Methodology: This was a retrospective descriptive study from July 2019 to June 2021 including all patients taken in the surgical unit for acute surgical abdomens. Results: In 24 months, we collected 117 cases of acute surgical abdomens, or 19.1% of surgical interventions. The mean age was 30.6 ± 16.95 years. The sex ratio was 1.78. The reason for consultation was abdominal pain (100% of cases). The stopping of materials and gases represented 10.3% of cases. Intraperitoneal collection was the most common ultrasound sign found in 47.1% of cases. Acute appendicitis was the most frequent intraoperative diagnosis in 60.7% of cases. The surgical procedure performed was appendectomy (71.8%). The average length of hospitalization was four days. Morbidity was 6.8%. We recorded two deaths. Conclusion: Acute surgical abdomens occupy an important place in surgery due to their high frequency. The care is multidisciplinary.

Local or regional anesthesia has long been recognized as a useful anesthetic option for thyroidectomy.This block was relatively confidential before the arrival of ultrasound.In our study, they were a series of five patients operated for thyroidectomy under bibloc of the intermediate and superficial cervical plexus associated with skin infiltration of the incision site.Conversion to general anaesthesia was required to control bleeding plus sedation with 05 mg midazolam for discomfort, verbal contact was maintained with patients and surgery was uneventful in the other cases.Cervical plexus block is a technique that can be used for thyroidectomy.

The interfacial properties between perovskite photoactive and charge transport layers are critical for device performance and operational stability. Therefore, an accurate theoretical description of the link between surface dipoles and work functions is of scientific and practical interest. We show that for a CsPbBr3 perovskite surface functionalized by dipolar ligand molecules, the interplay between surface dipoles, charge transfers, and local strain effects leads to upward or downward shifts of the valence level. We further demonstrate that the contribution of individual molecular entities to the surface dipoles and electric susceptibilities are essentially additive. Finally, we compare our results to those predicted from conventional classical approaches based on a capacitor model that links the induced vacuum level shift and the molecular dipole moment. Our findings identify recipes to fine-tune materials work functions that provide valuable insights into the interfacial engineering of this family of semiconductors.

The contribution focuses on a theoretical analysis of 2D multilayered halide perovskites, and their interfaces with 3D perovskites. At present, perovskite materials are mixed with each other in complex alloys and heterostructures, including 2D/3D compositions, combined with additives or protecting layers to improve their stability as well as assembled with carrier selective layers. The specificities of the mechanical properties of halide perovskites by comparison to classical semiconductors and the role played by large cations in the interlayer of the 2D perovskite are discussed.

L'épidémie de la maladie à coronavirus (COVID-19) ayant été déclaré « urgence de santé publique de portée internationale » par l'OMS, les pays dont le Mali ont mis en place un plan de préparation, de prévention et de riposte pour lutter contre cette ménace. L'objectif de notre étude était de décrire le profil épidémiologique de la COVID-19 dans la région de Mopti. Nous avons conduit du 4 avril 2020 au 4 avril 2022 une étude transversale analytique portant sur l'analyse secondaire des données de surveillance de la COVID-19 à partir de la liste linéaire de la région de Mopti. Les données ont été analysées en temps, lieu et personne à l'aide du logiciel Epi Info 7. Sur 4947 cas suspects de COVID-19, 808 ont été confirmés par PCR soit 16,3 % et 34 décès enregistrés soit une létalité de 4,2. Le sexe ratio M/F était de 2,2, les tranches d'âge les plus représentées étaient les 20-39 ans et 40-59 avec respectivement 43,6 % et 30,6 %. Les symptomes les plus rencontrés étaient la toux, la fièvre et les maux de gorge. Les cas étaient asymptomes dans 38,6 %. Les incidences pour 100 000 hbts les plus élevées ont été observées dans le district sanitaire de Mopti avec respectivement 49,2, 38,3 et 17,2 en 2020, 2021 et 2022. La COVID-19 était associée à l'âge (p<0,05), le sexe (p<0,05) et la période de survenue (p=0,04). Une stratégie axée sur le renforcement du dépistage systématique des cas et la sensibilisation de la population sur la vaccination renforcera la riposte et permettra de réduire la morbidité et la mortalité liées à la COVID-19.

The objective is to report a clinical case of vaginal caesarean performed to save a fetus in distress by retroplacental hematoma. For this indication, the vaginal caesarean can be an alternative to the classic caesarean because of its short duration and the preservation of the possibility of future childbirth by natural means. However, this surgical technique described since the 19th century is still unknown to many practitioners and few publications exist on the subject throughout the world. Considered obsolete by some practitioners, it retains all its advantages in the practice of modern obstetrics. We report this case of fetal rescue performed by vaginal caesarean section at the Reference Health Center of the Sanitary District (District Hospital) of Bla in Mali in a 34-year-old patient, admitted for retroplacental hematoma with live fetal on a non-term pregnancy in latency phase of labor.

Introduction: The purpose of this study was to conduct an analysis of the diagnostic and therapeutic aspects of prostate abscess and a review of the literature. Clinical Observation: We report the case of a 24-year-old patient; admitted to our ward for acute detention associated with a febrile state at (38°C). On physical examination, the digital rectal examination could not assess the condition of the prostate due to severe pain and the rest of the examination was unremarkable. We formulated the following diagnostic hypotheses: prostate abscess, prostate cyst, acute prostatitis. Ultrasound allowed the diagnosis of a prostatic intraparenchymal cyst. The CBC reveals hyperleukocytosis and the ECBU came back positive for Escherichia coli. The diagnosis of a prostate abscess was retained after a guided echo puncture. Treatment consisted of transperineal drainage combined with antibiotic therapy suitable for ECB of pus aspirated during ultrasound-guided puncture. The evolution was favourable. Conclusion: Prostatic abscess is a rare pathology. Faced with a prostate collection in a febrile context, a puncture under ultrasound guidance could confirm the diagnosis. His treatment of choice remains endoscopic drainage and adapted antibiotic therapy.

In our surgical practice we have experienced abdominal trauma by stretcher. The case we are reporting to you was a 65-year-old subject who was the victim of a motor-cart type traffic accident with piercing of the abdomen. by stretcher and taken to Sikasso hospital. A laparotomy made it possible to discover mesenteric contusions, hemoperitoneum without visceral lesion. We aspirated 200ml of hemoperitoneum after extraction of the stretcher, closure of the abdominal wall. We propose to review the literature in order to discuss the therapeutic modalities.

Introduction: Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor (AMTSL) consists of a range of interventions aimed at facilitating placental expulsion by increasing uterine contractions and preventing postpartum hemorrhage (PPH) by avoiding uterine atony. Its usual components include uterotonics administration, controlled cord traction, and uterine massage after placental expulsion [1]. The objective of this study was to assess the practice of Active Management of the Third Stage of Labor (AMTSL) among parturients at the Sibiribougou Community Health Center (CS Com). Methodology: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted at the Sibiribougou CS Com from October 11th to November 11th, 2022, for a period of 1 month. The study population consisted of all women in labor and the healthcare providers involved in their care. A total of 101 parturients and 17 healthcare providers were included. Results: The age group of 20 to 30 years was the most represented among parturients, accounting for 54.5% of cases. The mean age was 23.17 years, with a standard deviation of 4.33 years and ranging from 17 to 35 years. The majority of women were married, accounting for 95.05% of cases. Most women were pauciparous, accounting for 55.4% of cases. In 100% of cases, oxytocin was administered within a minute after fetal expulsion, and 75% of injections were correctly performed according to AMTSL standards. Controlled cord traction was performed in 96.3% (97) of cases. It's worth noting that out of the 97 cases, this exercise was done correctly in 67.1% of cases, which corresponds to 65 parturients. In most cases, uterine massage was performed immediately, accounting for 85.1% of cases. In conclusion, the practice of AMTSL is systematic in the delivery room of the CS Com. However, the quality of AMTSL practice remains insufficient, as among the assessed steps, only oxytocin administration was performed in all cases, and only 75% of these were done correctly.

Objective: To establish an assessment of surgical activities at the Tominian Reference Health Center. Method: This was a prospective descriptive study covering all patients received and operated on at the Tominian Reference Health Center over a period of 8 months from October 1, 2022 to May 2023; Results: We operated on 247 patients, including 64% (157 patients) in emergencies. The mean age was 35.6 ± 2.8 years with extremes of 2 and 57 years. Emergency cesarean section represented 49% (121 patients). Genital prolapse represented 13% (31 patients), hernias represented 11% (28 cases); acute peritonitis represented 5% (13 cases), intestinal obstruction 3% (7 cases). Benign prostatic hypertrophy (11 cases), uterine myomas (8 cases), uterine rupture (11 cases), splenectomy (2 cases), TAF (3 cases) and VVF (2 cases). We recorded 4 cases of death. Conclusion: Surgical pathologies remain frequent and diversified in rural areas, the need for qualified personnel in general and in surgical specialties in particular remains necessary to improve health coverage, especially for obstetric emergencies.

Blunt abdominal trauma being one of the most common abdominal emergencies; they explain the patient's indication of armed expectation in the absence of any notion of hemodynamic instability. The objectives were to determine the hospital frequency, to identify the etiologies and to analyze the therapeutic modalities. The study was retrospective and prospective from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2018 involving 45 patients treated for hemoperitoneum in the general surgery department of Sikasso hospital. All patients admitted to the department for blunt abdominal trauma with hemoperitoneum were included. We collected 45 patients whose mean age was 18.7 years (extreme 3 - 55 years). The sex ratio was 4.6 in favor of men (37 M, 8 F). We found 23 (51.12%) cases of AVP, 13 (28.89%) cases of falls from a height, 11 (7.7%) cases of aggression, hoof kick 1 (2.22%). 19 (42.22%) patients had low haemoperitoneum, 16 (35.56%) medium abundance, 10 (22.22%) high abundance. 32 (71.11%) provided non-operative treatment with a mean hospital stay of 13.7 days (range 5 to 20). 1 patient was unstable, it was activated 24 hours later. We immediately had 12 patients (26.67%) with an average hospital stay of 16.5 days (extreme 10 -24) and the postoperative course was simple in 66.67% (8 cases). We recorded 1 death (2.22%).

Introduction: Lipoma is a benign tumor consisting of fat. This is a fairly common pathology that affects men and women alike, more rarely children. It can occur at any age but remains more common after 40 years. It is called giant when its size exceeds 10 cm or it weighs more than 1000g. The giant lipoma can be a source of physical and aesthetic inconvenience, which can cause many complexes. We report a case of giant lipoma of the anterior aspect of the left thigh. Patient and observation: This was a 72-year-old patient with no known pathological history who consulted for a tumor of the left thigh evolving since22 years old. The tumor was bulky, unsightly with signs of compression leading to functional impotence of the limb. A computed tomography of the left thigh was suggestive of a bulky remodeled lipoma. The standard biological assessment was normal. Total excision of the tumor to a healthy zone was performed. The weight of the operating piece was 12 kilograms. The anatomo-pathological examination of the surgical specimen concluded to a fibrolipoma of the thigh. The postoperative course was simple. Conclusion: The giant lipoma is a benign pathology that can be a source of physical and aesthetic inconvenience. Treatment is essentially surgical excision.

Introduction: Darier and Ferrant dermatofibrosarcoma is a rare malignant cutaneous mesenchymal tumour, representing less than 0.1% of malignant tumours and less than 5% of soft tissue sarcomas in adults. The aim of this study was to describe the evolutionary profile of cases of dermato fibrosarcoma of Darier et Ferrant reported in the dermato-venereology department of the National Centre for Disease Control (CNAM). Patients and methods: This was a descriptive cross-sectional study conducted in the dermatology department of the National Centre for Disease Control Support between 1991 and 2016, a period of 25 years. Was included, all patient with a histologically confirmed dermatofibrosarcoma notified in the registers of the CNAM histology laboratory or in the patient's medical file during the study period. Results: In total we collected 23 cases out of 5520 biopsied patients, i.e. a proportion of 0.41%. Males represented 60.8% with an average age of 40 years. The lesions were simple nodular in 12 of the 23 patients (52.2%), multi-nodular in 7 of the 23 patients (30.4%), nodulo-ulcerous and in patches in 4 of the 23 patients (17.4%). The lesions were located on the trunk in 60.8% of cases (image 1), on the head in 21.7% of cases and on the limbs in 17.5% of cases. The mean size of the lesions was 10×8cm with extremes of 3cm×3cm to 25cm×20cm. Management was exclusively surgical. Conclusion: DFSP is a rare tumour with a slow evolution, characterised by its rare metastasis but above all by its strong tendency to recurrence. The diagnosis is often evoked clinically and confirmed by histological study. The treatment of DFSP is surgical based on a large and deep lesion removal. Clinical monitoring allows early detection of recurrence, which is frequent in this disease.

Les blessures par arme à feu du bas appareil urinaire sont des lésions consécutives à un transfert d’énergie d’un projectile tiré par une arme à feu ou d’un souffle d’une arme à feu, à la vessie, la prostate, l’urètre et l’uretère terminal. Notre objectif était d’en décrire les aspects épidémiologiques et diagnostiques dans un contexte de crise sécuritaire. Il s’agissait d’une étude transversale descriptive portant sur les blessures par arme à feu du bas appareil urinaire à l’hôpital Sominé Dolo de Mopti de janvier 2017 à décembre 2021. En cinq ans, 29 traumatismes du bas appareil urinaire ont été colligés, soit environ 6 cas par an. L’âge moyen des patients était de 27,48 ans, le sexe-ratio de 13,5/1. Les principales circonstances de survenue étaient les violences intercommunautaires, 51,72 %, et les blessures de guerre, 31,03 %. Les lésions avaient été infligées par les fusils dans 62,1 % et les engins explosifs improvisés dans 37,9 %. Les modes de découvertes principaux étaient la rétention aiguë d’urines, l’hématurie et les plaies péno-scrotales, respectivement, dans 31,03 %, 20,69 % et 17,24 %. Les organes atteints étaient l’urètre dans 58,62 %, la vessie, 37,93 %, et la prostate 3,45 %. Les lésions non urologiques associées, présentes dans 68,96 % (n = 20), étaient dominées par les lésions intestinales et les fractures du bassin. Les blessures par arme à feu du bas appareil urinaire sont rares, malgré le contexte de crise sécuritaire. Elles affectent les hommes jeunes, sont majoritairement liées aux violences intercommunautaires, et sont dominées par les lésions urétrales et vésicales. Firearm injuries to the lower urinary tract are injuries resulting from an energy transfer from a projectile fired by a firearm or a blast from a firearm, to the bladder, prostate, urethra and terminal ureter. Our objective was to describe the epidemiological and diagnostic aspects in the context of a security crisis. This was a descriptive cross-sectional study of lower urinary tract firearm injuries at Sominé Dolo Hospital in Mopti from January 2017 to December 2021. In five years, 29 traumas of the lower urinary tract have been collected, about 6 cases per year. The mean age of patients was 27.48 years, the sex ratio was 13.5/1. The main circumstances of occurrence were intercommunal violence 51.72 %, war wounds 31.03 %. Injuries were inflicted by rifles in 62.1 % and improvised explosive devices in 37.9 %. The main modes of discovery were acute urine retention, hematuria and penoscrotal wounds respectively in 31.03 %, 20.69 %, 17.24 %. The organs affected were the urethra in 58.62 %, the bladder, 37.93 %, the prostate 3.45 %. Associated non-urological lesions present in 68.96 % (n = 20) were dominated by intestinal lesions and pelvic fractures. Firearm injuries to the lower urinary tract are rare despite the context of the security crisis. They affect young men, are mostly linked to intercommunal violence, and are dominated by urethral and bladder injuries.

Anesthesia for emergency caesarean section constitutes a real challenge for the anesthetist-resuscitator not only because of the complexity linked to the physiology of the pregnant woman but also because of the delay in fetal extraction, especially since the patient would be in a unstable haemodynamic status (HDM).In our case, it is a 26-year-old patient, housewife, married, with no known medical-surgical history (G3, P2) with two living children (V2), having carried out no prenatal consultation, a Glasgow at 14 /15 on admission associated with an unstable haemodynamic state.She was operated by Caesarean section for hemorrhage in the third trimester of pregnancy lasting more than 24 hours in a pregnancy estimated at term.We performed bilateral ultrasoundguided TAP BLOCK with 0.8 ml/ KgP of 0.25% Levo-Bupivacaine plus local infiltration of the incision site with 10 ml of XYLOCAINE 20 mg/ml ADRENALINE 0.005 mg/ml.Verbal contact was maintained with the patient throughout the surgery and she kept a stable HDM state intraoperatively with a mean arterial pressure (MAP) of 70 mmHg at the end of the procedure.Wall BLOCK techniques are feasible, reliable and beneficial on fragile sites where general anesthesia and neuro-axial methods (epidural or intrathecal) are contraindicated or even dangerous.