Prunus sibirica L. is a key ecological and economic tree species in northern China that is threatened by habitat degradation due to climate change and human activities. To address the gaps of incomplete historical dynamics and lack of conservation integration in existing studies, we integrated MaxEnt and Zonation v4.0 to predict its suitable habitat across five periods (LIG to 2090s) and three CMIP6 SSP scenarios, identifying key drivers and priority conservation zones. The model showed high prediction accuracy (mean AUC > 0.9). Results indicated that Human Footprint (HFP), Precipitation Seasonality (Bio15), Annual Mean Temperature (Bio1), Elevation (ELEV), and Mean Temperature of the Coldest Quarter (Bio11) were the key environmental factors (cumulative contribution 91.4%), with Bio1, Bio15, Temperature Seasonality (Bio4), and HFP confirmed as major drivers (AUC > 0.8) via jackknife test. Spatiotemporally, the species' suitable habitat contracted from the Last Interglacial to the Last Glacial Maximum and expanded to the current total suitable area of 506,620.1 km(2). Under future SSP scenarios, suitable habitats expanded continuously under SSP126 and SSP245 but showed a "first expansion then contraction" trend under SSP585, with a persistent northeastward migration of the habitat centroid. The vertical (altitudinal) distribution of P. sibirica showed a trend of moving to higher elevations under future warming scenarios, especially in the SSP585 scenario. High-priority conservation zones are concentrated in northern China with insufficient existing protection. It is emphasized that this study contributes to improving the adaptive capacity and genetic characterization of P. sibirica almond populations to future climate.

Prunus mira Koehne, is an economically and ecologically important woody oilseed tree species in China, but currently, it is facing great challenges from climate change and human activities, impacting its distribution area and, consequently, its growth and seed quality. Therefore, it is important to investigate the spatial distribution of P. mira and changes in seed kernel oil quality with respect to climate change for the conservation and utilization of this species. This study explored the influence of climate change on the geographical distribution, ecological niches, and seed oil quality of P. mira. Based on the Biomod2 platform and ensemble modeling, 10 species distribution model groups were incorporated to simulate potential distribution areas. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to analyze the oil composition of P. mira seeds. The results revealed that the current potential distribution area in China primarily comprises high-altitude regions of the Tibetan and Yunnan-Guizhou Plateaus. Future climate projections suggest limited migration of suitable areas for P. mira, which initially decrease before experiencing an increase in the distribution area. Furthermore, variations in P. mira seed oil characteristics were aligned with climate-induced changes, with seeds from more habitable regions producing improved oil qualities.

Studying the evolutionary history of plants in the Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau region provides a theoretical basis for the conservation and use of plant genetic resources. In this study, we analyzed five chloroplast gene fragments to examine the genetic diversity and phylogeography of Prunus mira in 577 individuals from 32 populations. The results indicated that P. mira populations exhibit high genetic diversity and significant phylogeographic structure (NST > GST). High genetic differentiation (FST = 0.979) and limited gene flow were detected among populations, likely due to geographic isolation. Neutrality tests and mismatch analysis indicated that the P. mira population has not experienced significant expansion during the historical period and remains relatively stable. Additionally, based on haplotype distribution and genetic diversity levels, we propose that P. mira had three refugia during the glacial period. Considering the genetic diversity of P. mira populations, we propose dividing all populations into two conservation units and prioritizing in situ conservation of populations with high genetic diversity within each unit. Furthermore, ex situ conservation of specific populations could prevent the loss of unique genes, such as those in populations with low genetic diversity but distinct haplotypes.

In the present study, we identified the members of the small auxin-up RNA (SAUR) gene family in Prunus sibirica and analyzed their localization, phylogeny, duplication, cis-elements in the promoter, and expression patterns. In total, 57 PsSAURs were identified, which were randomly distributed along eight chromosomes. Among them, eight and ten pairs of segmentally duplicated genes and tandem duplication genes were found in 13 and 21 PsSAURs, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the PsSAURs were divided into five groups (Group A–E). Light-responsive, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and gibberellin, as well as low-temperature responsiveness, and defense and stress responsiveness were identified by analyzing PsSAURs promoter sequences. The collinearity analysis of P. sibirica SAURs and Prunus mume and Prunus persica SAURs family genes detected 35 and 59 pairs of gene pairs, respectively, and the Ks values of all collinearity gene pairs were almost less than 1. Expression pattern analysis showed that PsSAURs had different tissue and stage expression patterns. However, research on SAURs in non-model plants remains limited, and studies on the expression and function of SAURs are lacking. This study pro­vides a foundation for further investigations into the functional analyses of SAURs in P. sibirica.

Dormancy is a mechanism for perennial trees to resist unfavourable environmental conditions. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying dormancy in apricots have not been fully characterized. Here, we investigated the content of the abscisic acid (ABA) in floral buds, which exhibited a decreasing trend from paradormancy to ecodormancy stages (D1–D3). Combining mRNA and miRNA analyses, 1458 miRNAs corresponding to 28,501 target genes were identified at three stages. The results of DEGs and DE miRNAs showed that 38 DEGs and 10 DE miRNAs responded to low temperatures and short photoperiods were found involved in maintaining the dormancy, and four genes (PaNCED2, PaCYP707A4.1, PaPYL, and PaABF1) and miR5776-x involved in ABA biosynthesis and signaling pathways. Based on weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA), PaABF1 was identified as the key factor maintaining the dormancy. The findings provide new molecular mechanisms for further research of regulation of dormancy in apricot.

为预测我国欧李适生区分布及气候变化对其的影响.利用R语言和ArcGis筛选出欧李(Cerasus hu-milis(Bunge)Sok)134个分布数据和25个环境因子;调用ENMeval程序包,优化最大熵生态位模型参数;根据Pearson相关分析和方差膨胀因子(VIF)分析,筛选出建模所需的环境因子,利用刀切法评估影响欧李适生区的主导环境因子.利用优化后的模型,构建欧李适生区的地理分布,推测末次间冰期、末次冰盛期和全新世中期的潜在适生区,分析其历史时期适生区分布变化,预测不同气候情景欧李未来分布区的变化趋势.模型预测结果表明:在默认参数设置时,调控倍率为1,特征组合为LQHPT,delta.AICc值为297.65.将模型参数优化后,在特征组合为LQH,调控倍率为2.5时,delta.AICc值为0,最大熵模型的拟合度最佳.据刀切法评估结果,降水量变异系数、最冷月极端低温、海拔、最湿月降水量、气温变异系数是影响欧李分布的主导环境因子.当前我国欧李的适生区主要分布于天津、北京、山东、河北地区;气候变化对欧李的影响较为明显;未来气候变暖将会引起欧李适生区的向北迁移,尤其在温室气体高排放浓度下更敏感,迁移距离更大.

广东省清远市稻渔综合种养水产养殖品种主要有鲫鱼、鲤鱼,也有草鱼、鲢鱼、鲮鱼等.近年来,清远市出现了多种养殖模式,如澳洲螯虾-稻田养殖,罗氏沼虾-稻田养殖,螯虾-稻田养殖,鳅-稻田养殖,蟹-稻田养殖,蛙-稻田养殖.本市劳动群众通过兼顾促渔、增效、提质、节能目标,充分发挥本地生态地理优势,促进稻渔综合种养产业快速发展,促进稻米综合效益、水产品质量全面提升.

随着生活水平的不断提升，人们对食品的营养成分以及安全性提出了更高的要求。渔业主 管部门和水产养殖企业应该不断推动水产品绿色养殖技术的应用。因此，清远市提出了绿色、健 康、生态的渔业生产管理发展理念，从而保证水产养殖的食品安全。淡水鱼健康生态养殖技术的推 广和应用，使清远市淡水渔业规模不断健康、稳定、规模化增长。

Abstract In present study, we identified the members of small auxin-up RNA (SAUR) gene family in Prunus sibirica (P. sibirica) and analyzed their localization, phylogeny, duplication, cis-elements in the promoter, and expression patterns. In total, 57 PsSAURs were identified, randomly distributed along eight chromosomes. Among them, eight and ten pairs of segmentally duplicated genes and tandem duplication genes were found in 13 and 21 PsSAURs, respectively. Phylogenetic analysis indicated that the PsSAURs were divided into five groups (Group A-E). Light-responsive cis-elements, methyl jasmonate, abscisic acid, salicylic acid, and gibberellin, as well as low-temperature responsiveness, and defense and stress responsiveness were identified by analyzing PsSAURs promoter sequences. Expression pattern analysis showed that PsSAURs had different tissue and stage expression patterns. This study provided a foundation for further investigations for the functional analyses of SAURs in P. sibirica.

Seed size is an important component of overall seed yield trait, and apricots cultivated for consumable kernels produce kernels that are large and sweet. The molecular mechanism of kernel development in these consumption apricots, however, remains unclear. We measured kernel weight, kernel length, kernel width, and kernel thickness and investigated the transcriptome profiles of kernel consumption apricots ( Prunus armeniaca × Prunus sibirica ) at six different developmental stages. The results of phenotypic analysis showed that rapid development of kernel size occurred from 15 to 45 days after flowering (DAF), and the kernel coat size almost to the maximum at 45 DAF, suggesting that the kernel coat size is one of the most important factors that determine overall kernel size. A total of 8,108 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, and a weighted gene co-expression network analysis revealed that three of 14 modules were strongly correlated with the kernel siz. One hub gene (PaLWMG0300012495.01), which is homologous with the EMBRYO DEFECTIVE ( EMB ) in the turquoise module, was identified. In addition, the DEGs related to kernel size in the phytohormones biosynthesis and signal transduction pathways, ubiquitin-proteasome pathway, G-protein signaling, mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling, and HAIKU pathway were analyzed, which were considered to be important regulators of kernel size. Our findings provide new insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying the regulation of kernel size in kernel consumption apricots.

[目的]采集西伯利亚杏发育期种仁,测定其单仁质量、油脂含量和脂肪酸组分,明确西伯利亚杏种仁发育特点、油脂累积特征和脂肪酸组分变化规律.[方法]以西伯利亚杏发育期种仁为试材,测定各时期种仁质量,利用索氏提取法提取西伯利亚杏发育期种仁油脂,并以气相色谱仪法测定各时期种仁脂肪酸组分及其含量,研究其种仁生长发育特点、油脂积累和脂肪酸组分变化规律.[结果]西伯利亚杏种仁发育期约为100 d,从花后10 d～66 d为种仁质量快速累积期(0.021～0.332 g),占整个发育期累积的88%,而花后66 d～101 d为西伯利亚杏种仁质量缓慢累积期(0.332～0.353 g);西伯利亚杏种仁油脂累积呈"慢—快—慢"的变化模式,可分为3个阶段,即油脂缓慢累积期(花后10～45 d)、油脂快速累积期(花后45～73 d)和油脂减缓累积期(花后73～101 d).油脂累积过程中先后检测出油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、棕榈油酸、二十碳烯酸和花生酸;随着种仁发育硬脂酸、棕榈酸、二十碳烯酸和花生酸等饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐下降,而油酸、亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐增长,成熟种仁中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达95%,其中油酸含量达到76.0%,亚油酸含量达到18.5%.相关性分析表明,西伯利亚杏种仁发育过程中油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈油酸含量间呈显著正相关,均呈逐渐增加趋势;棕榈酸、硬脂酸和二十碳烯酸间呈显著正相关,在种仁发育过程中呈递减趋势;油酸和亚麻酸与亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、二十碳烯酸呈显著负相关.[结论]西伯利亚杏种仁含油量高,油脂品质优,种仁生长发育期可分为快速生长期(10～66 d)和缓慢生长期(66～101 d);而种仁油脂累积呈"慢—快—慢"的"S"型变化模式,根据油脂含量的变化规律,可将西伯利亚杏种仁油脂累积过程划分为3个阶段;西伯利亚杏种仁油脂累积过程中先后出现8种脂肪酸组分.研究结果可为西伯利亚杏的栽培管理,以及进一步开展西伯利亚杏种仁油脂累积及脂肪酸组分转化机理研究提供理论支撑.

Additional file 2. Differentially expressed genes related to fatty acid in the developing seeds of P. pedunculata.

[目的]基于SSR分子标记分析桃主栽品种的遗传多样性和遗传背景,构建桃主栽品种的SSR分子指纹图谱.[方法]利用15个多态性高、重复性强的SSR分子标记,对我国26个桃主栽品种进行PCR扩增、毛细管荧光电泳检测,分析其遗传多样性,构建桃主栽品种的SSR分子指纹图谱.[结果]15对SSR引物在供试26个桃主栽品种中共检测到259个等位基因(Na)和213.41个有效等位基因(Ne),每个位点的平均Na和Ne分别为17.27个和14.23个;其中,位点BPPCT-025上检测到的Na和Ne数量最多,分别为23个和20.94个,而位点pchgms-54和UDP97-402上的Na(均12个)和Ne(10.31和10.04个)数量最少;期望杂合度和观察杂合度分别介于0.24～0.63和0.29～0.79之间,其平均值分别为0.43和0.54;多态性信息指数(PIC)在0.76～0.91之间,平均值为0.83.所采用15对SSR引物中,引物pchgms25的鉴别能力最强,能够将10个桃主栽品种鉴别开;而将引物pchgms25与PceGA25、UDP96-003、UD98-412-50、UDP98-409、UDP98-406、UDP97-402、Pchgms4-54和BPPCT-001相结合,可将供试26个桃主栽品种鉴别开,据此构建了26个桃主栽品种的SSR分子指纹图谱.26个桃主栽品种的遗传相似度较高(0.64～0.94),在遗传相似度系数0.70时,可将供试26个桃主栽品种分为3组,同一品系品种优先聚在一起,其分组聚类结果与品种来源基本一致.[结论]桃主栽品种的遗传多样性水平适中,遗传背景较狭窄,遗传相似度较高,不同品系间基因交流较少.本研究结果可为后期桃种质资源的创新、桃核心种质资源库的建立以及桃种质资源的保护与利用提供技术与理论支撑.

Background Prunus pedunculata Pall, the deciduous shrub of Amygdalus subgenus in Rosaceae , is a new kind of desert oil-bearing tree. It has a long story of being planted in the West and North of China for sand fixation and desert control. In addition, the seeds of P. pedunculata are rich of oil, especially the monounsaturated fatty acid and polyunsaturated fatty acid. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms of oil accumulation during the seed development of P. pedunculata . Results The seeds of P. pedunculata from three independent plants at 10, 18, 24, 31, 39, 45, 59 and 73 days after flowering (DAF) were obtained and the oil compositions were evaluated. It showed that oleic acid was the dominant type of oil content in the mature seeds (from 32.724% at 10DAF to 72.06% at 73DAF). Next, transcriptome sequencing for the developing seeds produced 988.795 million high quality reads and TRINITY assembled 326,271 genes for the first transcriptome for P. pedunculata . After the assembled transcriptome was evaluated by BUSCO with 85.9% completeness, we identified 195,342, 109,850 and 121,897 P. pedunculata genes aligned to NR, GO and KEGG pathway databases, respectively. Then, we predicted 23,229 likely proteins from the assembled transcriptome and identified 1917 signal peptides and 5512 transmembrane related proteins. In the developing seeds we detected 91,362 genes (average FPKM > 5) and correlation analysis indicated three possible development stages – early (10 ~ 24DAF), middle (31 ~ 45DAF) and late (59 ~ 73DAF). We next analyzed the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) in the developing seeds. Interestingly, compared to 10DAF the number of DEGs was increased from 4406 in 18DAF to 27,623 in 73DAF. Based on the gene annotation, we identified 753, 33, 8 and 645 DEGs related to the fatty acid biosynthesis, lipid biosynthesis, oil body and transcription factors. Notably, GPAT , DGD1 , LACS2 , UBC and RINO were highly expressed at the early development stage, ω6-FAD , SAD , ACP , ACCA and AHG1 were highly expressed at the middle development stage, and LACS6 , DGD1 , ACAT1 , AGPAT , WSD1 , EGY2 and oleosin genes were highly expressed at the late development stage. Conclusions This is the first time to study the developing seed transcriptome of P. pedunculata and our findings will provide a valuable resource for future studies. More importantly, it will improve our understanding of molecular mechanisms of oil accumulation in P. pedunculata .

Additional file 5. Differentially expressed genes related to oilbody in the developing seeds of P. pedunculata.

[目的]测定长柄扁桃发育期种子含油量和脂肪酸组分,解析长柄扁桃种子油脂累积及脂肪酸组分转化规律.[方法]以长柄扁桃发育期种子为材料,采用索氏提取法和气相色谱仪法测定种子油脂含量和脂肪酸组分含量,确定长柄扁桃种子油脂累积特点及脂肪酸组分转化规律.[结果]长柄扁桃种子油脂累积呈"慢-快-慢"的变化模式,可将油脂累积期分为3个阶段,即油脂缓慢累积期(花后15至50 d)、油脂快速累积期(花后50至78 d)和油脂减缓累积期(花后78至106 d).油脂累积过程中先后检测出油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、棕榈油酸和二十碳烯酸,随着种子发育硬脂酸、棕榈酸和二十碳烯酸等饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐下降,而油酸、亚油酸等不饱和脂肪酸含量逐渐增长,成熟种子中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达94.64％,其中油酸含量达到75.61％,亚油酸含量达到18.20％.相关性分析表明,长柄扁桃种子发育过程中油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈油酸含量间呈显著正相关,均呈逐渐增加趋势;棕榈酸、硬脂酸和二十碳烯酸间呈显著正相关,在种子发育过程中呈递减趋势;油酸和亚麻酸与亚油酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸、二十碳烯酸呈显著负相关.[结论]长柄扁桃种子发育期约为100 d,种子油脂累积呈"慢—快—慢"的"S"型变化模式,根据油脂含量的变化规律,将油脂形成过程划分为3个阶段;长柄扁桃种子油脂累积是复杂的脂肪酸组分转化过程,累积过程中先后出现7种脂肪酸组分.本研究结果可为长柄扁桃种子最佳采收期的确定、提升长柄扁桃种子油脂产量、改善油脂品质和科学栽培管理提供理论支撑.

[目的]西伯利亚杏为我国重要的木本油料树种,分析西伯利亚杏种子脂肪酸含量及遗传变异,为油用西伯利亚杏的选育提供理论基础.[方法]利用索氏提取法提取内蒙古地区114份西伯利亚杏种质种子脂肪酸组分,并采用方差分析、多重比较、相关性分析和聚类分析等方法,对脂肪酸含量进行比较分析,探讨其遗传变异特征及变异程度.[结果]1)西伯利亚杏不同种质种子脂肪酸组分含量的变异程度不同,亚麻酸含量的变异系数最大(27.00％),变异幅度为0.13％～2.13％;油酸含量的变异系数最小(2.00％),变异幅度为58.34％～66.91％.西伯利亚杏种子脂肪酸组分的多样性指数较高,均在1.8以上;西伯利亚杏不同种质种子脂肪酸组分含量的差异均达到显著水平(P<0.0.1).2)西伯利亚杏不同种群间种子的油酸、亚油酸、亚麻酸、棕榈酸、硬脂酸和棕榈油酸含量均存在显著差异.3)西伯利亚杏种子油酸与亚油酸、亚麻酸、硬脂酸呈极显著负相关关系;亚油酸与亚麻酸间存在极显著正相关关系;亚麻酸与硬脂酸间呈极显著正相关关系.4)根据西伯利亚杏种子6种脂肪酸组分含量的聚类分析,可将供试西伯利亚杏种质分为4组,由乌拉山、万家沟和满洲里种群组成的第Ⅰ组为高含量优质类群,该组种质亚油酸、亚麻酸和硬脂酸含量最高,其余脂肪酸含量适中.[结论]内蒙古地区西伯利亚杏种子脂肪酸组分含量存在较大的变异,具有丰富的遗传多样性,可为后期油用西伯利亚杏的良种选育及开发利用提供遗传基础.

SIRAJ,derived from SIRAJ-A(CMS line) and SIRAJ-R(restorer line),both of which are developed by the RB Biotech Sdn.Bhd.,Malaysia,is a new hybrid rice variety for tropical areas.It is characteristic of fine grain quality,high yield,strong disease resistance and suitable maturity for the tropics.In March,2010,it was certified and released to commercial production in Malaysia and became the first hybrid rice variety registered locally in Malaysia.In the paper,the breeding procedure,main characteristics and techniques for high-yielding cultivation and hybrid seed production of SIRAJ were related in detail.