ABSTRACT Precise regulation of lattice strain in platinum (Pt)‐based intermetallic catalysts is essential for optimizing oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) performance, yet strain evolution during atomic ordering is often simplified as isotropic compression, masking its structural complexity. Herein, we systematically modulate the ordering degree of PtNi nanowires from 4.5% to 65.8% to dynamically track this structural evolution. A key finding that refines the conventional understanding of strain evolution is the emergence of characteristic biaxial strain during the disorder‐to‐order transition, which we quantitatively distinguish from the universally assumed isotropic compression model. Specifically, this transition induces in‐plane lattice expansion coupled with out‐of‐plane lattice contraction. As the ordering degree increases, this biaxial strain progressively relaxes the compressive stress on the catalytically active (111) surface, rather than amplifying it as traditional models predict. Density functional theory calculations confirm this anisotropic strain reduces the energy barrier of the rate‐determining *O protonation step from 0.51 to 0.39 eV. The optimized catalyst exhibits a mass activity of 1.30 A mg Pt −1 with 86.0% retention after 60 000 cycles, and a peak power density of 1014.5 mW cm −2 in membrane electrode assemblies. This work identifies tunable ordering‐induced biaxial strain as a critical structural parameter for designing high‐performance Pt‐based ORR catalysts.

Current clinical management of periodontitis, a chronic inflammatory disease driven by dysbiotic biofilms, faces a persistent challenge: biofilm-associated infections remain difficult to eradicate owing to the resilient energy metabolism and high virulence of key pathogens such as Porphyromonas gingivalis. To address this challenge, we developed ultrasmall AHMP-stabilized gold nanoclusters (AHMP@AuNCs) based on a bioenergetics-centered "Metabolic Trap" paradigm. Their sub-2-nm architecture supports bacterial-interior access, while preferential bacterial accumulation may be facilitated by the pyrimidine-mimetic ligand environment, potentially through pyrimidine-associated recognition or uptake processes. A proton-responsive Au-ligand interface undergoes reversible electronic-state modulation, with near-neutral to weakly alkaline intracellular conditions favoring a charge-transfer-associated state. Following bacterial accumulation, AHMP@AuNCs disrupt proton homeostasis and energetic coupling, leading to ATP and NAD depletion, nucleotide metabolic imbalance, secondary oxidative stress, and suppression of T9SS-dependent virulence. Integrated metabolomic and transcriptomic analyses reveal coordinated rewiring of energy, nucleotide, and virulence networks, supporting the "Metabolic Trap" concept. Across oral biofilm models, AHMP@AuNCs inhibit biofilm formation and access internal regions of mature biofilms, disrupting established architecture while showing limited cytotoxicity in the evaluated host-cell models. In experimental periodontitis, local administration preserved epithelial barrier integrity, attenuated inflammation, reduced the P. gingivalis-associated burden, and limited periodontal tissue destruction, with favorable short-term tolerability. This strategy demonstrates that targeting intracellular energy vulnerabilities can achieve antibacterial, antibiofilm, and antivirulence effects against persistent infections.

Significant advancements have recently been achieved in improving the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of noble-metal-based catalysts. However, their long-term durability under harsh industrial alkaline conditions remains challenging. Herein, we report a facile one-step electrodeposition method to embed trace Ru nanoclusters within an amorphous NiP alloy (Ru-NiP) with strong metal-support interactions (SMSI), achieving outstanding stability and efficiency for HER. X-ray absorption spectroscopy (XAS) analysis revealed that Ru in Ru-NiP exhibits a positive shift in near-edge adsorption energy, along with a broader and delocalized wavelet transform (WT) contours compared to the Ru-Ni control sample, indicating presence of SMSI between Ru nanoclusters and NiP support. Combined experimental analysis and theoretical calculation reveal that the superior HER kinetics stem from the enhanced water dissociation ability and optimized H* desorption energy. Moreover, the P-doping induced amorphization exhibits exceptional mechanical, structural and chemical stability, substantially mitigating the galvanic corrosion between Ni and Ru. Notably, we found that this SMSI ensures Ru-NiP electrocatalyst to maintain excellent HER kinetics even after dynamic surface reconstruction, demonstrating enhanced overall stability. When matched with pure nickel mesh anode in an industrial alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) device, the optimized Ru-NiP cathode displays a stable electrocatalytic performance with a low cell voltage of 1.73 V at 500 mA/cm(2) for > 500 h, which is far superior to the Ru-Ni control sample and other reports. This study provides a promising route toward the design of highly active and ultra-stable HER electrocatalysts for industrial AWE.

ABSTRACT Lanthanide ion‐doped halide perovskites have emerged as a transformative approach in optoelectronic applications, offering significant advancements in the performance and stability of devices such as solar cells, LEDs, and photodetectors. This review systematically explores the fundamental principles of lanthanide ion doping, detailing its effects on the optoelectronic properties and structural integrity of perovskite materials. We provide an extensive overview of the various lanthanide ions, their doping mechanisms, and their roles in enhancing material stability, optical properties, and device efficiency. Furthermore, we discuss the challenges and future prospects of lanthanide‐doped perovskites, emphasizing the need for a deeper understanding and innovation in this rapidly evolving field. Through a comprehensive analysis, this review serves as a critical resource for researchers and engineers aiming to leverage lanthanide doping for the next generation of high‐performance optoelectronic devices.

Encouraging progress has been made in boosting the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) activity of NiMo-based catalysts. However, their practical application in anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) systems still faces the obstacle of stability, especially under intermittent operation conditions. Here, we developed an innovative electrodeposition method to regulate the surface/interface of NiMo-based catalysts by simultaneously adding a P source and an ammonium additive to the deposition precursor solution. The best-performing NiMoP-A catalyst exhibits excellent HER performance with an overpotential of only 175 mV at a current output of 1000 mA/cm(2), which can be attributed to the improved specific surface active sites, enhanced hydrogen binding energy, and optimized OH binding energy. Furthermore, when paired with a bare Ni foam anode in AEMWE, the device with NiMoP-A cathode exhibits ultra-high stability with almost no decay during the accelerated stress testing involving 10k startup/shutdown cycles. Such stability originates from the synergistic effect of P-doping and ammonium additives, which jointly modulate the surface/interface of the catalyst, thereby enhancing both mechanical and chemical stability. This study provides key insights into enhancing electrode stability in AEMWE under intermittent operation conditions.

Anion exchange membrane water electrolysis (AEMWE) driven by intermittent renewable energy is one of the optimal solutions for producing green hydrogen gas; however, its further development is limited by highly active and long-lived hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts. Herein, a cerium (Ce) incorporated amorphous NiP alloy grown on nickel foam is proposed to meet these challenges, which shows an industrial-level current density of -1000 mA/cm2 under 255 mV overpotential and maintains excellent stability under intermittent start-shutdown operation for 10k cycles in 1 M KOH. The experimental results reveal that the incorporation of Ce can optimize the electronic structure and endow appropriate OH binding energy during HER, thereby significantly accelerating HER kinetics. Moreover, the optimization of NiP crystal structure induced by Ce incorporation can adjust the surface microstructure and release the interfacial stress between the catalytic layer and substrate, resulting in accelerated charge and mass transfer and enhanced stability during the HER process. When integrated into an AEMWE, the optimized NiCeP catalyst displays a low cell voltage of 1.79 V at 1000 mA/cm2 and maintains stable operation up to 200 h under industrial conditions. This work highlights the importance of modification in the crystal and electronic structure of catalysts in advancing AEMWE under fluctuating renewable energy driving conditions.

Transition metal borides (TMBs) are considered promising electrocatalysts for alkaline hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), but their potential has not been effectively utilized due to their inherent activity and challenges in fine morphology regulation during chemical/electrochemical deposition processes. Here, we prepared Zn incorporated NiB catalyst (NZB) on nickel foam by a simple one-step chemical deposition combined with local dealloying method. It was revealed that Zn incorporation plays a multifunctional role in the activity and stability of NZB catalysts towards alkaline HER. The partial leaching of Zn regulated the microstructure of the NZB, while residual Zn optimized the electronic structure of the NZB catalyst, improving the interaction between the catalyst and HER intermediates, thereby simultaneously increasing the number of active sites and intrinsic activity. Furthermore, we found the introduction of Zn accelerated the completion of surface reconstruction and improved the crystallinity of catalysts, resulting in enhanced chemical and mechanical stability. These findings provide key insights into maximizing the potential of transition metal-based catalysts for HER.

Ferrocene (Fc) and its derivatives have emerged as promising materials for enhancing the performance of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), addressing key challenges related to efficiency and stability. With unique properties such as high thermal stability, robust redox behavior, and exceptional electrochemical activity, Fc derivatives facilitate effective surface defect passivation and interface modification for enhancing charge transport in PSCs. These materials mitigate interface defects, suppress nonradiative recombination, and improve moisture and thermal resistance, thus boosting the efficiency and operational lifespan of PSCs. Recent advances also demonstrate their potential as efficient hole-transporting material and stabilizers, further optimizing energy levels and light absorption. This review highlights the critical role of Fc derivatives in PSC development, detailing their applications in bulk, surface, and interfacial optimization. Additionally, it explores uncharted opportunities for functionalized Fc derivatives with tailored active sites, offering insights into their potential for advancing next-generation photovoltaic technologies.

Precisely controlling the surface and internal atomic structures of platinum (Pt)-based nanocrystals remains a critical challenge for developing high-performance oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalysts. Here, we report a gas dynamically confined strategy leveraging hydrogen adsorption to synthesize Pt-based intermetallic nanowires (NWs) with ordered bulk atomic lattices (Pt3Fe L12, Pt3Co L12, PtNi L10) and abundant high-index {311}, {211}, and {221} facets. Dynamic hydrogen adsorption reduces surface energy and suppresses atomic migration during high-temperature annealing, preserving the one-dimensional morphology and enabling structural ordering, as confirmed by in situ transmission electron microscopy and density functional theory calculations. The resultant ordered Pt3Fe NWs exhibit a mass activity of 0.98 A mgPt-1 and ultrahigh stability, retaining 93.9% of mass activity after 30,000 cycles and 86.4% of power density after 70,000 cycles. The synergistic effects of ordered atomic arrangements, high-index facets, and one-dimensional geometry optimize electronic properties and active-site energetics, enhancing both activity and stability. This strategy of designing structurally precise Pt-based intermetallic catalysts demonstrates a potential for application in fuel cell technologies.

Dissolved iron (Fe) species is an intriguing player in the overall alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) system, considered both as a poison that needs to be avoided and as a precursor for enhancing the water splitting activity. Here, we unveil the intricate mechanisms governing the Fe influence on practical AWE systems, by measuring the dynamic changes in cell voltage and overpotential of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER). The dissolved Fe will deposit on the cathode, which significantly enhances the HER activity of bare Ni mesh (BN) while showing negligible impact on the porous RANEY® Ni mesh (RN). The dissolved Fe will also improve the OER activity of the BN by a mechanism based on an equilibrium between leaching and incorporation of Fe onto the oxide layer of the anode. The continuous deposition of Fe on the cathode will gradually deplete the electrolyte of dissolved Fe, which will in turn push the anode surface equilibrium towards low density of active Fe sites thus to a decrease of OER activity. Inspired by the above results, by optimizing the addition of Fe(iii) salt into the system, an impressively low cell voltage of 1.95 V for a water splitting current density of 0.4 A cm-2 was achieved for a simple, cheap and robust BN cathode//BN anode zero-gap assembly. This performance is equivalent to a power consumption around 19.3% lower compared to the system without Fe(iii) addition.

Integrating nanostructured catalysts with semiconductors is a prevalent strategy for the design of photoelectrochemical (PEC) photocathodes toward CO2 reduction reaction (CO2RR). However, it is still a challenge to achieve high efficiency and selectivity due to the incompatible catalyst/semiconductor heterogeneous interface. Here, it is proposed that engineering oxygen vacancy in the TiO2 interlayer plays a multifunctional role in boosting the PEC activity and selectivity for the CO2RR on a Bi catalyst modified Si photocathode (denoted as Si/dT/Bi). It is discovered that oxygen vacancy in the TiO2 interlayer accelerates the carrier transport. These oxygen vacancies also promote the growth of the Bi-based catalysts as sponge-like nanostructures during the photoelectro-deposition process. Numerous PEC experimental results combined with in situ attenuated total reflection surface-enhanced infrared absorption spectroscopy reveal that these sponge-like Bi nano-catalysts on Si/dT/Bi photocathode provide a high density of active sites for CO2 adsorption and promote the kinetics for HCOOH production by accelerating the formation of the key intermediate of *OCHO. This oxygen vacancy engineering in interlayer provides a unique route for future advancements in CO2 reduction technologies.

Tin (Sn)-based perovskites have made notable advances with external quantum efficiency of over 20%, but still exhibit low electroluminescence brightness insufficient for outdoor displays. Here, it is demonstrated that compact phenethylammonium tin iodide (PEA2SnI4) films with an intact crystal structure can offer high luminance by optimizing the perovskite crystallization rate simultaneously with engineering the grain surface. Ammonium thiocyanate is added to the precursor solution to generate the film with PEA2SnIxSCN4-x and NH4I after spin-coating. Sn2+ and SCN- have a strong interaction that slows crystallization to improve PEA2SnI4 crystal quality. During the subsequent annealing, I- from NH4I replaces SCN- in PEA2SnIxSCN4-x by forming thiourea, which can escape from the film to leave intact PEA2SnI4 crystals. It is found that the optimized PEA2SnI4 emitting layers can provide outstanding film coverage, high crystallinity, low trap state density, and superior photophysical performance. Consequently, an impressive brightness of 8285 cd m-2 for pure red electroluminescence is achieved, the first report of Sn-based perovskite light-emitting diodes that meet outdoor display requirements.

Ni3S2 has emerged as one of the most promising hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts due to its moderate activity, exceptional electrical conductivity, and scalable synthesis methods. However, the high energy barrier for H2O dissociation and weak desorption of the H* intermediate severely hinder its HER kinetics. In this study, a novel Cr-incorporated Ni3S2 was grown on a Ni mesh substrate (denoted as Cr-Ni3S2/NM) using a one-step electrodeposition approach, resulting in a large surface area with abundant Ni3S2/Cr2S3 heterojunctions. Subsequently, it underwent surface reconstruction after in situ activation (denoted as A-Cr-Ni3S2/NM), which not only enhanced charge and mass transfer but also altered the electronic structure by introducing more oxygen species on the catalyst surface and creating S vacancies. Using theoretical calculations, this in situ activation was shown to not only promote charge transport but also boost HER kinetics by strengthening OH* desorption for H2O dissociation and facilitating the desorption of H* intermediates. As a result, the fabricated A-Cr-Ni3S2/NM demonstrated exceptional HER performance with a small overpotential of 78 mV to deliver a current density of -10 mA cm-2, along with stability for over 200 h at 100 mA cm-2. While surface reconstruction has been intensively studied in catalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction, we illustrate that it also plays a significant and positive role in Cr-Ni3S2 HER catalysts in this study, thus providing a pathway for achieving high-performance HER catalysts.

The poor stability of the electron-selective layer (ESL) and buried interface hampers the realization of long-term operationally stable air-processed n-i-p perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Herein, ESL and the buried interface are stabilized through a trifluoromethoxy-functionalized biguanide cation strategy. The multisite 1-[4-(trifluoromethoxy) phenyl] biguanide hydrochloride (TOPBCl) is pre-embedded in SnO2 nanoparticles to fulfil simultaneous manipulation of both ESL and buried interface. The rich chemical bonds are formed at the buried interface by the synergy of trifluoromethoxy and biguanide cation, accomplishing a chemical bridge between ESL and perovskite layer, which enables dropped interface defects, facilitates perovskite crystallization, and ameliorates energy band alignment. Owing to saliently suppressed interfacial non-radiative recombination, the TOPBCl-modified PSCs achieve an excellent power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.79%, which is one of the highest efficiencies reported for air-processed PSCs. Benefiting from reinforced longevity of ESL and buried interface, the unencapsulated TOPBCl-modulated devices demonstrate superior operational stability, maintaining 90.04% of their initial PCE after 927 h of continuous maximum power point tracking at 40 ± 5°C. This study provides a biguanide cation functionalization strategy to synchronously stabilize ESL and interface for realizing high-performance air-processed PSCs.

3D reconstruction is crucial in computer vision, especially in medical imaging and human-computer interaction. However, traditional reconstruction methods face challenges like energy inefficiency and memory limitations due to the storage-computation-separated architecture. Neuromorphic devices, inspired by the brain's architecture, offer a solution for efficient data processing. Electrical output synapse devices for 3D reconstruction face delays in coloring point clouds after depth processing, leading to errors. In this work, a co-planar quantum dot (QD) light-emitting synapse is proposed for high-precision 3D reconstruction. By using the light-emitting synapse, handwritten digit recognition achieved 92.35% accuracy in just 20 epochs. Depth and grayscale information are independently processed through electrical and optical outputs, allowing for parallel processing that enhances reconstruction quality. This method decreases losses by 46.3% and reduces the reconstruction pixel error rate by over 21% in comparison to the single output approach. This study demonstrates significant potential of light-emitting synapses in computer vision applications.

Driven by the goal of establishing a fossil-fuel-free and nuclear-power-free economy based on renewable energy, metal-air batteries are regarded as promising energy conversion and storage devices. Developing efficient oxygen reduction reaction (ORR)/oxygen evolution reaction (OER) bifunctional electrocatalysts for the air electrode of metal-air batteries is becoming increasingly important. In this work, 36 transition metal (TM) single-atom catalysts are designed based on MXenes Ti2CT2 with different surface terminal atoms (T = O, S, Cl), and their ORR/OER catalytic activity and stability are evaluated by the density functional theory. Ni@Ti2CO2, Pd@Ti2CS2, and Co@Ti2CCl2 are found to exhibit good catalytic activity with ORR/OER overpotentials of .54 V/.62 V, .59 V/.29 V, .44 V/.40 V. The aggregation behavior of three catalysts is estimated by comparing the average binding energy of one, two, three, and four TM atoms anchored on Ti2CT2. This work cannot only provide a theoretical guide to develop bifunctional single-atom catalysts, but also help us understand the effect of terminal atoms on the electronic structures and catalytic activity of TM@Ti2CT2.

Although the active species induced by surface reconstruction have been extensively studied during oxygen evolution reaction (OER), it is still highly challenging to regulate and promote the reconstruction level to achieve exceptional catalytic activity and stability for realistic alkaline water electrolysis (AWE). Herein, we demonstrated that nickel mesh (NM) treated by a facile electrochemical anodization (ANM) can be easily induced into a deep reconstruction level on surface after activation, attributing to the autologous creation of a porous and amorphous NiOx (OH)y layer. Additionally, the reconstruction level can be promoted by increasing the temperature and alkali concentration of the electrolyte during the activation process. The deeply reconstructed ANM enables excellent OER performance with a low overpotential of 284 mV to achieve 10 mA/cm2, 132 mV lower than that of the NM. When combined with a Raney Ni cathode, the assembled AWE device working under industrial conditions can implement 400 mA/cm2 current at a low cell voltage of 1.79 V with a stable operation for 14 days, showing great potential in practical hydrogen production.

Industrial alkaline water electrolysis (AWE) has been burdened with huge energy consumption due to the large overpotential and poor stability of electrocatalysts for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). Herein, we develop a hierarchical NiCoP/NiCo catalyst on Ni mesh (NCP/NC/Ni) via a facile electrodeposition method, which exhibits a remarkable HER performance under laboratory conditions with a small overpotential of 237 mV to yield -500 mA cm-2 for 30 days. When pairing with a Ni mesh anode in an AWE device under industrial conditions (30 wt% KOH, 85 degrees C), the NCP/NC/Ni||Ni electrolyzer can give a steady current density of 500 mA cm-2 at 1.88 V for 30 days, overmatching that of the industrial-used Raney Ni/Ni||Ni (2.05 V). Systemic experiments and theoretical calculations elucidate that the outstanding HER performance is originated from the excellent intrinsic HER activity of the amorphous NCP and the multifunctional roles of the NC buffer layer. The micro-cones textured NC layer provides abundant active sites and promotes the mass transfer of H2-bubbles and charge transfer due to the improvement of the electrical contact between NCP and Ni. More impressively, NC also releases the stress between Ni and NCP, making the disappearance of the cracks on the dense NCP layer and improving the lifetime of the catalyst. This work gives an avenue to develop highly efficient and stable catalytic materials for industrial AWE through designing a hierarchical architecture.

Perovskite solar cells, promising a bright future in the energy market, are now being prioritized for high-throughput production to match their remarkable success at the laboratory scale. However, the use of toxic solvents proved to be one of the major constraints on scaling up production. Herein, a green solvent system consist of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and 1-dodecyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([C12MIM]Cl) ionic liquids (ILs) was developed to modulate the crystallization of wide-bandgap (WBG) perovskite films combined with a antisolvent-free process, i.e., nitrogen (N2) quenching method. The [C12MIM]Cl IL promoted the crystallization of WBG perovskite films with large grain sizes, reduced photo-active PbI2, modulated residual strain, prolonged carrier lifetimes as well as improved energy alignment. Consequently, the [C12MIM]Cl-modified single-junction 1.77eV perovskite solar cells (PSCs) achieved a champion efficiency of 18.75% with an excellent operational stability, retaining an initial PCE of 93% after 2000 h of maximum-power-point tacking test. Meanwhile, the positive effect of the [C12MIM]Cl ILs was universal in perovskite with different bandgaps at 1.53, 1.68 and 1.72eV, respectively. Furthermore, stacking semi-transparent [C12MIM]Cl-modified 1.77eV WBG PSCs as top cells coupled with 1.27eV OPV or 1.24eV Sn-Pb PSC as bottom cells for the 4T tandem configuration showed impressive PCE of 26.01% and 27.44%, respectively. This study opens a new avenue toward the sustainable fabrication of highly efficient and stable perovskite-based semitransparent and tandem solar cells.

How to build a dual-selective ZnO-based gas sensor remains challenging due to the fact that the great majority of reported gas sensors were designed to monitor only a single given harmful gas. Herein, discarded cigarette butts were chose as template, and dipped in zinc nitrate solution. Then, the obtained precursors were calcined to synthesize two types of ZnO-based fibers with V-shaped grooves. Among, the fiber component (GC/ZnO, GC being graphitic carbon) calcined at 400 °C composes of 7.02 wt% GC and small nanoparticles, which possesses multistage mesopores, large specific surface area and abundant oxygen vacancies. These factors not only optimize the percentage and state of oxygen species adsorbed in sensing layer, but also expose more active sites and facilitate surface chemical reactions, thereby providing a dual-selective platform for different gases. The GC/ZnO sensor shows high response of 624 for 10 ppm NO2 at 92 °C, and good response of 22.5 for 100 ppm butanone at 170 °C. Also, it has reversible response-recovery, low detection limit, as well as satisfactory stability and humidity resistance. This is the first report on a conductometric sensor that achieves the rapid and accurate detection of above harmful gases. In addition, its temperature-controlled dual-functional sensing mechanism was also analyzed.