Li/fluorinated carbon (CFx) batteries have attracted considerable attention in the field of energy storage owing to their excellent energy density and long storage life. However, the development of CFx cathodes is restricted by their poor conductivity at high degrees of fluorination. Herein, ZIF-8-based fluorinated carbon with a well-developed network structure was fabricated via gas-phase fluorination and acid treatment. Moreover, treatment at a low fluorination temperature of 180 °C for 4 h and acid washing endowed the obtained fluorinated carbon (HFG@ZIF-8) with a high F/C (1.62), favorable specific surface area (207 m2 g−1), unique porous channels, and highly electrochemically active C–F bonds, resulting in a maximum specific capacity (1143.4 mAh g−1) and energy density (2614.8 Wh kg−1) at 0.02 C. The superior Li+ transport efficiency, with diffusion coefficients ranging from 1.47 × 10−11 to 1.93 × 10−17 cm2 s−1, enables HFG@ZIF-8 to deliver 453.4 mAh g−1 at 5 C with no voltage delay. Therefore, this work provides an innovative strategy for the preparation of high-performance CFx cathodes.

Controlled rapid sintering preserves coherent BaF 2 nanodomains in a LaF 3 matrix, enhancing F − transport in La 0.9 Ba 0.1 F 2.9 (9.45 × 10 −4 S cm −1 at 150 °C). A CuF 2 |LBF 4 |Pb cell delivers 491 mA h g −1 , corresponding to 93% of the theoretical capacity.

A stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) is critical for aqueous lithium-ion batteries (ALIBs). Binder plays a pivotal role in the development of lithium-ion batteries as it must be used to adhere electrode materials on current collectors tightly to guarantee stability, yet commercial binders are widely adopted in ALIBs without scrutinizing their applicability and regulatory effects on SEI. Herein, the effect of the chemical structure of a conventional polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) and aqueous binders, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC) and lithium polyacrylate (PAA), on the SEI and electrochemical performance of LiMn2O4(LMO)||TiO2 aqueous batteries is investigated. By optimizing the selection of binders, the charge storage kinetics can be tailored from a capacitance-controlled process to a diffusion-controlled process. The underpinning mechanism investigates experimentally in kinetic perspectives demonstrate that the COO− from CMC acts as a continuous ion conducting bridge facilitating the transfer rate of Li+; meanwhile robust non-covalent interactions and hydrogen-bonding networks on CMC backbone provide strong adhesion to active materials. The CMC is beneficial in providing a higher LiF of TiO2 at the SEI, where the LMO||TiO2 aqueous battery with the CMC binder exhibits an average specific capacity 56% and 21% higher than that with conventional PVDF and PAA binders, respectively. Moreover, CMC exhibits excellent cycling performance, with a capacity retention of 93.88% after 250 cycles. Furthermore, the fundamental applied research on ALIBs based on aqueous binders provides crucial theoretical support for the construction of green recycling and circular utilization systems of aqueous secondary batteries.

The development of disordered Li dendrite and the adverse reaction between Li and electrolyte impede practical use of Li metal batteries (LMB). Herein, we propose quasi-two-dimensional fluorinated metal-organic framework carbon (q2D-FcMOF) that is utilized to construct artificial solid electrolyte interface (ASEI) to achieve robust interfacial protective double-layer. The outer organic layer provides ample space for Li deposition, while the inner inorganic LiF layer promotes conduction of Li+ and blocks electron transport. Metal clusters within the hybrid layer are uniformly dispersed, encouraging Li+ to cluster around metal active sites that are thermodynamically compatible with Li. Consequently, q2D-FcZ8@Li symmetrical batteries demonstrate an ultralong cycle life over 3600 h. When paried with commercial cathodes, the cells exhibite cyclability under conditions of high-loading, lean-electrolyte, even exposure to air for some time. This research suggests an effective method for fabricating ASEI using 2D quasi-ordered superstructure MOF NPs, which is expected to the development of LMB. The Li dendrites and adverse Li-electrolyte reactions hinder the practical use of Li metal batteries. Here, authors propose an organic/inorganic artificial solid electrolyte interphase, where an outer metal layer ensures uniform Li nucleation and a F-rich inner layer acts as an electronic insulator.

Abstract Eutectogels with inherent ionic conductivity, mechanical flexibility, environment resistance, and cost‐effectiveness have garnered considerable attention for the development of wearable devices. However, existing eutectogels rarely achieve a balance between strength, strain, and resilience, which are critical indicators of reliability in flexible electronics. Herein, poly(sodium styrenesulfonate) (PSS)‐modified gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) in eutectic solvents are synthesized, and PSS‐AuNP reinforced polyacrylic acid/polyvinylpyrrolidone (SAu‐PAA/PVP) eutectogel is successfully prepared. Through the coordination between AuNPs and the PAA/PVP polymer chains, the SAu‐PAA/PVP eutectogel exhibits significantly enhanced tensile strain (946%), mechanical strength (3.50 MPa), and resilience (85.3%). The high‐performance eutectogel was demonstrated as a flexible sensor sensitive to strain and temperature, and the AuNPs provided near‐infrared sensing capabilities. Furthermore, SAu‐PAA/PVP eutectogel inherits the benefits of ES, including anti‐drying and anti‐freezing properties (−77 °C). Moreover, the eutectogel is microstructured using a simple molding method, and the resulting hierarchical pyramid microstructured eutectogel functions as ionic dielectric layer in a pressure sensor. This sensor exhibits high sensitivity (37.11 kPa−1), low detection limit (1 Pa), a fast response rate (36/54 ms), and excellent reproducibility over 5000 cycles, making them reliable and durable for detecting small vibrations, with potential applications in precision machinery, aerospace, and buildings.

The pursuit of high-energy–density fluoride-ion batteries (FIBs) has been considerably accelerated by the escalating demand for energy storage solutions outperforming existing lithium-ion technologies. As a promising alternative, FIBs leverage fluorine—the most electronegative element—to attain exceptional electrode potentials and energy densities. A comprehensive understanding of the chemistry underlying FIBs is therefore of paramount importance. To this end, this review provides an in-depth examination of the advancements in FIB development, covering cathode materials, anode materials, and electrolytes. Special emphasis is placed on summarizing the types and electrochemical properties of electrode materials. The review concludes with a forward-looking perspective, addressing practical challenges facing FIBs, the future development of electrode and electrolyte materials, advanced in situ characterization techniques, battery reaction mechanisms, and the potential of big data-enabled machine learning (ML). This manuscript seeks to deliver a detailed review of critical areas pivotal to advancing FIB technology, delineating the scope and contributions of this work to furnish theoretical guidance and insights into future trends in the field.

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things and smart sensing technologies, triboelectric nanogenerators (TENGs) offer new efficient energy harvesting solutions for self-powered sensors. However, traditional TENG materials exhibit limited mechanical durability, environmental stability, and sensing performance under extreme conditions. Therefore, this study develops a novel eutectogel based on a deep eutectic solvent (DES) and poly(itaconic acid-co-2-hydroxyethyl acrylate) (P(IA-co-HEA)) polymer network. The careful molecular design and microstructural modification of this system result in a eutectogel with low hysteresis, excellent resilience (97.8

Li/CFx batteries are an essential energy source for advancing smart medicine and deep-space exploration, yet increasing their energy density is crucial for large-scale applications. However, CFx cathode development is hindered due to the voltage-capacity trade-off when the actual synthesis is considered. To solve this problem, the mechanism of fluorination and key factors that affect the fluorine pattern must be determined. In this study, we propose a diffusion-controlled fluorination mechanism, and the critical role of the carbon source structure in the fluorination kinetics and fluorine pattern of the formed CFx is revealed. As a proof-of-concept, we prepared a series of hierarchical porous carbons (HPCs) and promoted fluorination kinetics with their well-developed hierarchical pore structure, achieving a high fluorine content from full interior fluorination and an altered fluorine pattern. In addition, the low fluorination temperature enabled by HPCs helped preserve the skeleton structure and improve the conductivity, resulting in an excellent maximum energy density of 2902.45 W h kg-1 (0.05C) and power density of 74.837 kW kg-1 at 50C. Orthogonal experiments, which facilitated the tailoring of battery performance, demonstrated the synergistic effect of the carbon source and fluorination temperature for the first time. This study provides theoretical and practical guidance for designing and implementing CFx cathodes for ultrahigh-energy-density Li/CFx batteries, and the results pave the way for various large-scale applications of Li/CFx batteries in the future.

Azo-based photoswitchable molecules can undergo configurational transformations by tuning the wavelength of incident light, thereby enabling efficient energy storage. Polymer-based solid-solid phase change materials are capable of storing and releasing thermal energy through surroundings temperature regulation without experiencing macroscopic morphological changes. There is growing interest in constructing hybrid systems that enable synergistic collection and release of energy in thermal management systems. Herein, a series of meta-azopyridine compounds with electron-donating and electron-withdrawing groups are synthesized, the azopyridine derivative with the highest energy density can reach up to 312 J g-1. Meanwhile, polyethylene glycol is employed as the phase change component to synthesize solid-solid phase change polyurethanes featuring robust mechanical properties and favorable shape stability. Most importantly, a flexible energy-storage device is innovatively integrated employs the above-mentioned two systems, capable of coharvesting photon and phase change energy reaching up to 388 J g-1. The temperature regulation capability of the devices through the storage and release of photothermal and phase change energy is demonstrated as a thermal-insulation material, showing potential application in external thermal-insulation aspects for transport pipelines.

Spinel-type cathodes are considered an optimal substitute for conventional layered oxide cathodes owing to their use of inexpensive and earth-abundant manganese as the redox-active element.Moreover,the introduction of cation disorder can effectively suppress the detrimental two-phase reaction to realize high capacities in a wide voltage range.However,the continuous capacity decay during cycles has hindered the widespread application of these cathode materials.Inorganic fluorides exhibit excellent electrochemical stability at high voltage;therefore,in this study,the direct F2 gas reaction with a partially disordered spinel cathode(Li 1.6 Mn 1.6 O 3.7 F 0.3, LMOF1.6) was initially applied to investigate the impacts of fluorination on the surface structure and electrochemical performances.The inorganic fluorinated layer,mainly containing LiF,was distributed uniformly on the surface of LMOF1.6nanoparticles after fluorination for an appropriate time without the turbulence caused by the valency of manganese cation,which improved the capacity retention and rate capability by the suppression of structural damage,parasitic reaction,and cation dissolution.The LMOF1.6cathode fluorinated for 0.5 h exhibited a capacity of283.6 mAh·g -1 at 50 mA·g -1 and an enhanced capacity retention of 29.6% after 50 cycles in the voltage range of1.5-4.8 V,as compared to the pristine LMOF1.6 with only27.9% capacity retention.

The development of disordered lithium dendrite and the adverse reaction between Li and electrolyte impede the practical use of lithium metal batteries (LMB). Herein, we proposed quasi-two-dimensional fluorinated metal-organic frameworks microporous carbon (q2D-FcMOF) were utilized to construct an artificial solid electrolyte interface (ASEI) to achieve a robust and stable interfacial protective double-layer. The outer layer with quasi-two-dimensional hollow organic structure contains multistage pores, offering ample space for lithium deposition, whereas the inner layer composed of inorganic LiF, effectively conducts Li+ and prevents electron transport. Meanwhile, abundant metal ion clusters within the hybrid layer are uniformly dispersed in the matrix, and subsequent Li+ tends to be distributed, encouraging Li+ to cluster around metal active sites that are thermodynamically compatible with lithium. This guides the nucleation of lithium and ensures the growth of dendrite-free lithium during cycling. Consequently, q2D-FcZ8@Li symmetrical batteries demonstrated an ultralong cycle life of over 3600 h, outperforming bare Li and other q2D-FcMOF@Li batteries. When used with commercial cathodes (LiFePO4 or LiNi0.8Co0.1Mn0.1O2), the full cells exhibited significantly improved cyclability under conditions of high cathode loading, lean electrolyte, and exposure to air for some time. This research suggests an effective method for fabricating ASEI using 2D quasi-ordered superstructure MOF NPs, which is expected to greatly advance the development of LMB.

Fluorinated carbon (CFx) has ultrahigh theoretical energy density among cathode materials for lithium primary batteries. CFx, as an active material in the cathode, plays a decisive role in performance. However, the performance of commercialized fluorinated graphite (FG) does not meet this continuously increasing performance demand. One effective way to increase the overall performance is to manipulate carbon-fluorine (C─F) bonds. In this study, carbon nanohorns are first used as a carbon source and are fluorinated at relatively low temperatures to obtain a new type of CFx with semi-ionic C─F bonds. Carbon nanohorns with a high degree of fluorination achieved a specific capacity comparable to that of commercial FG. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations revealed that curvature structure regulated its C─F bond configuration, thermodynamic parameters, and ion diffusion pathway. The dominant semi-ionic C─F bonds guarantee good conductivity, which improves rate performance. Fluorinated carbon nanohorns delivered a power density of 92.5 kW kg-1 at 50 C and an energy density of 707.6 Wh kg-1 . This result demonstrates the effectiveness of tailored C─F bonds and that the carbon nanohorns shorten the Li+ diffusion path. This excellent performance indicates the importance of designing the carbon source and paves new possibilities for future research.

As high-energy cathode materials, conversion-type metal fluorides provide a prospective pathway for developing next-generation lithium-ion batteries. However, they suffer from severe performance decay owing to continuous structural destruction and active material dissolution upon cycling, which worsen at elevated temperatures. Here, we design a novel FeF2 cathode with in situ polymerized solid-state electrolyte systems to enhance the cycling ability of metal fluorides at 60 degrees C. Novel FeF2 with a mesoporous structure (meso-FeF2) improves Li+ diffusion and relieves the volume change that typically occurs during the alternating conversion reactions. The structural stability of the meso-FeF2 cathode is strengthened by an in situ polymerized solid-state electrolyte, which prevents the pulverization and ion dissolution that are inevitable for conventional liquid electrolytes. Under the double action of this in situ polymerized solid-state electrolyte and the meso-FeF2's mesoporous structure, the active material maintains an intact SEI layer and part of the mesoporous structure after long charge-discharge cycling, showing excellent cycling stability at high temperatures.

In the wave of the Internet era created by computer and communication technology, flexible sensors play an important role in accurately collecting information owing to their excellent flexibility, ductility, freeform bending or folding, and versatile structural shapes. By endowing elastomeric polymers with conductivity, researchers have recently devoted extensive efforts toward developing high-performance flexible sensors based on elastomeric conductive layers and exploring their potential applications in diverse fields ranging from project manufacturing to daily life. This review reports the recent advancements in elastomeric polymers used to make conductive layers, as well as the relationships between elastomeric polymers and the performance and application of flexible sensors are comprehensively summarized. First, the principles and methods for using elastomeric polymers to construct conductive layers are provided. Then, the fundamental design, unique properties, and underlying mechanisms in different flexible sensors (pressure/strain, temperature, humidity) and their related applications are revealed. Finally, this review concludes with a perspective on the challenges and future directions of high-performance flexible sensors.

An improved in situ sol–gel synthesis technology has successfully achieved the epitaxial growth of a single hexagonal layered α-LiAlO 2 coating on the LiCoO 2 surface and promotion of cycle performance at high voltage.

Lithium (Li) metal anodes have attracted extensive attention due to their ultrahigh theoretical capacity and low potential. However, the uneven deposition of Li near the unstable electrode/electrolyte interfaces leads to the growth of Li dendrites and the degradation of active electrodes. Herein, we directly fluorinate alkyne-containing conjugated microporous polymers (ACMPs) microspheres with fluorine gas (F-2) to introduce a novel fluorinated interlayer as an interfacial stabilizer in lithium metal batteries. Using density functional theory methods, it is found that as-prepared fluorinated ACMP (FACMP) has abundant partially ionic C-F bonds. The C-F bonds with electrochemical lability yield remarkable lithiophilicity during cycling. The in situ reactions between the active C-F bonds and Li ions enable transfer of lithium fluoride microcrystals to the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) layers, guaranteeing effective ionic distribution and smooth Li deposition. Consequently, Li metal electrodes with the fluorinated interlayers demonstrate excellent cycling performances in both half-batteries and full cells with a lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide electrolyte as well as a nonfluorinated lithium bis(oxalate)borate electrolyte system. This strategy is highly significant in customizable SEI layers to stabilize electrode interfaces and ensure high utilization of Li metal anodes, especially in a nonfluorinated electrolyte.

The inferior and unsatisfactory rate capability of lithium/carbonfluoride (Li/CF x ) batteries caused bythe intrinsic insulating property of CF x limits their application in fields requiring high power output.It has been acknowledged that improving the electrical conductivityof a CF x cathode is an essential and effectiveapproach to enhance the electrochemical performance of Li/CF x batteries, especially at high current densities.In this study, Ag particles were homogeneously grown on the surfaceof a CF x cathode by electroplating ina solution of silver nitrate (AgNO3). The deposited Agparticles provided efficient pathways for the rapid transport of electronsand promoted the diffusion of Li+ throughout the fabricatedelectrode, which significantly enhanced the rate capability of theCF( x ) cathode without sacrificing the specificcapacity. The prepared hybrid cathode CF x modified by Ag particles maintained the maximum specific capacityof 752 mAh g(-1) at 5 C and delivered an extremelyhigh power density of 78.04 kW kg(-1) at 50 C. Furthermore,the prepared electrodes with a high mass loading for pouch cells couldalso be decorated with Ag particles, which improved the capacity deliveryand alleviated the temperature increase at high discharge rates. Themodified CF x cathode by the electroplatingmethod is simple, convenient, time-saving, and scalable and has greatpotential for improving the power output properties of Li/CF x batteries in practical applications.

The enhancement of the fluorination degree of carbon fluorides (CFx) compounds is the most effective method to improve the energy densities of Li/CFx batteries because the specific capacity of CFx is proportional to the molar ratio of F to C atoms (F/C). In this study, B-doped graphene (BG) is prepared by using boric acid as the doping source and then the prepared BG is utilized as the starting material for the preparation of CFx. The B-doping enhances the F/C ratio of CFx without hindering the electrochemical activity of the C-F bond. During the fluorination process, B-containing functional groups are removed from the graphene lattice. This facilitates the formation of a defect-rich graphene matrix, which not only enhances the F/C ratio due to abundant perfluorinated groups at the defective edges but also serves as the active site for extra Li+ storage. The prepared CFx exhibits the maximum specific capacity of 1204 mAh g(-1), which is 39.2% higher than that of CFx obtained directly from graphene oxide (without B-doping). An unprecedented energy density of 2974 Wh kg(-1) is achieved for the as-prepared CFx samples, which is significantly higher than the theoretically calculated energy density of commercially available fluorinated graphite (2180 Wh kg(-1)). Therefore, this study demonstrates a great potential of B-doping to realize the ultrahigh energy density of CFx cathodes for practical applications.

Carbon fluorides (CFX) have the highest theoretical energy density among current cathode materials for lithium primary battery. Although fluorinated graphite (FG) has been successfully commercialized, its energy density is difficult to meet the continuously increasing demand. In this study, porous carbon spheres are prepared as starting materials to obtain a new type of CFX compound with improved electrochemical performance. The fluorinated microporous carbon spheres (FMCSs) with a high fluorinated degree achieve a comparable specific capacity as that of the commercial FG. The spherical morphology and hierarchically porous structure prompt the diffusion of Li+ and the reaction with fluorinated active sites. The FMCSs fluorinated at 250 degrees C deliver a specific capacity of 955 mAh g- 1 and a maximum energy density of 2428 Wh kg-1, and could operate stably at discharge rate as high as 10C. Unlike nanostructured CFX, the desirable true density of FMCSs enable their practical ap-plications without sacrificing the volumetric energy density. Therefore, the assembled pouch cell using FMCSs as the cathode material exhibits superior electrochemical performance. In particular, the alleviated volume expansion and heat release further promoted the applicability of FMCSs and strengthen their capability as a favorable alternative to commercial FG.