Translating the conventional methods to produce novel materials with intriguing properties is much needed in the current scenario. It was well established that particles in the nanoscale exhibit superior activity than their bulk counterpart. Recently, biogenic synthesis has gained extensive attention for synthesizing a wide range of nanomaterials including metal/metal oxides, hybrid, and bioinspired nano-materials, respectively. In this context, we have summarized and reviewed the fundamental and mechanisms of biogenic synthesis strategies, especially for non-metal, metal, and metal oxide nanoparticles using four different natural sources of Curcuma viz. Curcuma amada, Curcuma caesia, Curcuma longa, and Curcuma zedoaria, respectively. In conclusion, the content reviewed and presented in current article will provide ready-to-use information for future improvements and value addition related to nanoparticle production through a green synthesis approach using Curcuma species as discussed. Finally, these methods were also found to be more reliable, sustainable, and eco-friendly as per protocols.

Rice is one of the most extensively cultivated and economically significant crops worldwide. However, bacterial blight, is caused by Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, poses a significant threat, leading to considerable yield losses. The rising challenge of antibiotic resistance among bacterial pathogens in plant, including Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae, underscores the need to explore sustainable alternatives to synthetic chemicals. This study investigates the phytochemical composition and antibacterial activity of leaf extracts from six medicinal plants: Azadirachta indica, Melia azedarach, Pongamia glabra, Lawsonia inermis, Mentha piperita, and Ocimum basilicum. Phytochemical analysis revealed the presence of bioactive compounds such as flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, cardiac glycosides, phenols, and saponins in varying combinations. The antibacterial activity was evaluated using the well-diffusion method at 10 per cent and 20 per cent concentrations. Among the aqueous extracts, Pongamia glabra demonstrated the highest antibacterial potential, with a zone of inhibition (ZOI) of 11.83 ± 0.10 mm at 20 per cent concentration, corresponding to a relative per cent inhibition (RPI) of 73.96 per cent and an activity index (AI) of 0.74. Melia azedarach followed, exhibiting a ZOI of 10.25 ± 0.22 mm (RPI = 64.06%, AI = 0.64). Similar trends were observed with methanolic extracts, where Pongamia glabra and Melia azedarach showed the strongest activity. The positive control (Streptocycline, 100 ppm) produced a ZOI of 16.00 ± 0.45 mm, validating the experimental setup, while the negative control Dimethyl salphoxide (DMSO) showed no inhibitory effect. The results highlight the potential of locally available medicinal plants, particularly Pongamia glabra and Melia azedarach, as eco-friendly anti-microbial agents against Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae.

Plant-based synthesis of nanoparticles has gained high consideration due to its use in various sectors especially in pharmaceuticals. Crataeva nurvala is a moderate-sized deciduous tree of the Capparidaceae family cultivated throughout India. The present study explores membrane-stabilizing and antioxidant activities of Silver nanoparticles and ethanol extract of leaves of Crataeva nurvala. Plant-mediated synthesis of Silver nanoparticles (AgNPS) was done from ethanol extract of leaves and analyzed by Visual Change in Colour of the solution, UV Spectra, and SEM (Scanning Electron Microscope). The ethanol extract was analyzed for the presence of phytoconstituents. The hypotonicsolution-inducedhemolysis method was used to find out erythrocyte membrane stabilizing activity. Antioxidant activity was determined by the DPPH method. Ethanol extract showed the presence of all tested phytoconstituents. Ethanol extract and Silver nanoparticles showed the highest erythrocyte membrane-stabilizing and antioxidant effects at concentrations of 2000 and 1000 µg/ml respectively.

Food packaging is essential for ensuring product safety and extending shelf-life. Traditional packaging materials, primarily made from petrochemical-derived plastics, pose significant environmental challenges due to their non-biodegradability. As a sustainable alternative, biopolymers such as biopolyesters, proteins, and polysaccharides derived from renewable resources have emerged; however, they often lack sufficient mechanical strength and can be costly to produce. This review discusses the role of ionic liquids (ILs) as innovative additives that enhance the functionality of biopolymer-based food packaging. ILs possess unique properties, such as low volatility and thermal stability, which make them suitable for improving the performance of packaging materials. Their incorporation into biopolymer films has been shown to enhance antimicrobial activity, oxidative resistance, and mechanical strength while improving barrier properties against moisture and gas. We also explore the molecular mechanisms behind IL's effectiveness and highlight recent advancements in their application in packaging films. Furthermore, we emphasize the importance of interdisciplinary collaboration to address challenges related to IL synthesis, scalability, and regulatory approval. As demand for sustainable packaging increases, ILs represent a promising solution that can significantly reduce plastic waste and improve food safety.

Essential oils are natural compounds extracted from plants that are volatile and sensitive to heat. Due to their therapeutic value, essential oils are now used in many industries, including the sanitary, cosmetic, agricultural, food, and pharmaceutical industries. These are complex mixtures of a wide range of volatile molecules, including phenol-derived aliphatic and aromatic compounds and terpenoids. Essential oils have been used medicinally since ancient times for their antibacterial, antifungal, antiviral, antiparasitic, insecticidal, sedative, antiinflammatory, and anaesthetic properties.. However, essential oils come with inherent limitations; thus, nanoencapsulation is advocated as a remedy as it has the potential to enhance the stability, solubility, and effectiveness of formulations based on essential oils, all while preserving the therapeutic drug blood levels. It is not always viable to use essential oils independently in treatment due to several restrictions; however, nanodelivery technologies appear capable of overcoming these challenges. The therapeutic efficacy that is achieved can be affected by several factors, including the selection of the essential oil as well as the system of nanodelivery. Today, nanoencapsulation is capable of enabling the simultaneous delivery of multiple oils, providing synergistic effects, and facilitating the development of combinational therapies. Additionally, they may have potential applications in preserving food to prolong the shelf life of quickspoiling items and their fragrances. While there is already much research on the characterisation of EOs, this review evaluates the features of the nanoparticles employed for the delivery of essential oils and their impact on the functionality of nano-delivered essential oils and their beneficial uses.

The biosynthesis of metal nanoparticles through essential oil-mediated methods represents an innovative approach at the intersection of nanotechnology and natural products. The primary focus of this study was on the synthesis of Zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) by utilising the essential oil (EO) of Eucalyptus tereticornis species (Euc EO), as well as the investigation of the prospective biological applications of these nanoparticles. The synthesised Eucalyptus tereticornis EO mediated ZnO NPs (Euc ZnO NPs) were characterised by UV-Vis spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), and Scanning Electron microscopy (SEM) analysis (average size between 30 and 120 nm). The agar well diffusion method was used to test the antibacterial activity of an oil and biosynthesised nanoparticles, followed by Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Bactericidal Concentration (MBC) determinations. In comparison to pure Euc EO (100%), ZnO NPs showed efficient antibacterial activities against all tested microorganisms, with a maximum zone of inhibition for Bacillus cereus (24 mm) and high antifungal activities against Aspergillus fumigatus (23 mm) at 100 mg/mL. At 1000 mu g/mL concentration, Euc ZnO NPs showed significant antioxidant activity, inhibiting 80.2% of free radicals compared to 76.43% for pure EO (100%). The membrane stabilising effect of Euc ZnO NPs was demonstrated with the high outcome at 3000 mu g/mL, outperforming Acetylsalicylic acid. This study presents a method for synthesising efficient and rapid ZnO NPs using Eucalyptus tereticornis EOs, which utilise less toxic chemicals that have the potential to be used as an effective alternative to combat antibiotic resistance.

Nature is full of a bundle of medicinal substances and its product perceived as a prerogative structure to collaborate with protein drug targets. The natural product's (NPs) structure heterogeneity and eccentric characteristics inspired scientists to work on natural product-inspired medicine. To gear NP drug-finding artificial intelligence (AI) to confront and excavate unexplored opportunities. Natural product-inspired drug discoveries based on AI to act as an innovative tool for molecular design and lead discovery. Various models of machine learning produce quickly synthesizable mimetics of the natural products templates. The invention of novel natural products mimetics by computer-assisted technology provides a feasible strategy to get the natural product with defined bio-activities. AI's hit rate makes its high importance by improving trail patterns such as dose selection, trail life span, efficacy parameters, and biomarkers. Along these lines, AI methods can be a successful tool in a targeted way to formulate advanced medicinal applications for natural products. 'Prediction of future of natural product based drug discovery is not magic, actually its artificial intelligence'Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma

Sai Koteswar Sarma D*1 , Deepak Kumar2, Vyshnavi V3 , Naveen N3 , Shaik Fousia3 , Vishnu Vardhan S3 1Department of Pharmacognosy, Sri Padmavathi School of Pharmacy, Vaishnavi Nagar, Tiruchanoor, Tirupati 517503, Andhra Pradesh, India 2Krishna Institute of Pharmacy, Dhanbad 828402, Jharkhand, India 3Sri Padmavathi School of Pharmacy, Vaishnavi Nagar, Tiruchanoor, Tirupati 517503, Andhra Pradesh, India

A perennial shrub, kava (Piper methysticum) is indigenous to the islands of Melanesia, Micronesia, and Polynesia. Herbal preparations (of varying quality) of this plant have been making their way worldwide since the 1990s, and an increasing number of kava products are being used to combat anxiety. P. methysticum rhizomes can be consumed as a beverage, which has sedative properties but, in excessive amounts, the roots will produce anaesthetic and hypnotic effects. As added benefits, kava is often used in traditional medicinal systems for the treatment of diseases like the common cold, cystitis, gonorrhoea, asthma, headaches, menstrual issues, infections related to the urinary tract, and skin problems, as well as acting as a muscle relaxant and an anti-obesity agent. Both fresh and dried rhizomes of the plant are used for their vasodilation and erotogenic properties, as well as being an analgesic, relaxing spasms, and CNS stimulants. To relieve toothache and sore throat, urinary problems, gallbladder problems, and arthritis, root bark scrapings are chewed. As for the leaves, they are applied to bites, stings, centipede bites, and poisonous fish bites, and the fluid extracted from them is used to treat seizures and rigidity in toddlers. This chapter presents an overview of kava constituents and their medicinal uses. Although kava is useful in treating generalized anxiety, inflammation, cancer, etc. a thorough investigation is required before establishing it is as safe and effective as existing pharmaceutical alternatives for the above-described diseases.

Plants have potential due to their capability to synthesize an array of phytochemicals as secondary metabolites to defend themselves and respond on spot to a variety of environmental biotic or a biotic stresses. Such plants metabolites are used as drugs, medicines and also for many other industrial purposes including most attractive fragrances and nutraceuticals. Fragrance or flavour, the aroma behind is visualized by olfactory responses to the odorant molecules of different structures and forms. These molecules even with similar looking structures often express variation in quality of aroma because of electricity and stereocity Resultsing range of olfactive odors. De-stressing the world of its hectic lifestyles coupled with competitive ambience in all spheres is an area that aromaceuticals has occupied and thus has opened up a new horizon of aromatics research as well as commercial and industrial applications in near future taking lead in preventive healthcare scenario attracting global attention. Keeping in view of the above, the proposed study is aimed to carry out antioxidant potential form of essential oil from wild plant species namely Artemisia roxburghiana Wall. Ex Besser. Oil was extracted and studied for its physico-chemical characteristics and antioxidant potential.

Context: Gymnema sylvestre (GS) is a plant species that is mostly found in the tropical regions of Asia, Africa and Australia; it is widespread in India and Sri Lanka. According to various scientific studies, GS contains a chemical constituent that is known to suppress the taste for sugar; this kindled our interest to study the various extracts of GS for their antidiabetic potential. Aim: The current study emphasizes screening the leaves extracts of Gymnema sylvestre using chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water for their phytoconstituents and evaluating their Antidiabetic property. All the individual concentrates were exposed to subjective qualitative examinations for the distinguishing proof of the phytoconstituents, which was followed by evaluating the effect of different extracts of GS on blood glucose level against Streptozotocin induced Diabetic rats as GS had been reported for its antidiabetic activity. Material and Methods: The plant material Gymnema sylvestre 1.5 kg was macerated with 3.75 liter of chloroform, ethyl acetate and water for comparative antidiabetic activity. A total of 36 male wistar rats were utilized to induce diabetes by means of intraperitoneal injection with 60 mg/kg STZ. The acute toxicity study adhered to the guidelines set by the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD 423, 2001). Throughout a period of 21 days, the animals received various treatments. Glucose levels were measured on day 1, which marked the initiation of any treatment, as well as on the 7th, 14th, and 21st days, utilizing a one-touch glucometer. Hematoxylin and eosin staining were employed for histopathological examination of the pancreas. Statistical analysis was conducted using SPSS software, employing one-way ANOVA followed by Dunnet’s multiple comparisons. Results: Blood glucose levels in streptozotocin induced diabetic rats fed with different GS extracts decreased to normal levels. When the reduced percentage of blood glucose levels of the various extracts was compared with that of glibenclamide (62%), aqueous extract showed maximal (59%) decline, thus confirming the potentiality of the GS as the most significant antidiabetic agent.

Plants are considered excellent resources for the generation of greener biomaterials.Plant extract are renewable in nature.Various metabolites present in plant extract are normally used in redox reaction for the formation of eco-friendly nano-particles.It is also considered as the main factory for the green synthesis of metal nano-particles.The plant-based nano-particles is very necessary for absolute harmony connection between plant science and nanotechnology.Ashwagandha is the non-toxic herb which used to treat a range of conditions and its life changing benefits runs over a long time.Its numerous medicinal values make this plant so popular.It is a stress buster which works for all "SUPERHERB".This super herb rejuvenates our body and brain from the inside out.Present review depicts the variety of assistance of Ashwagandha plant with or without nanoparticles, from the past to the present time of corona.

The use of herbal medicine for the treatment of diseases from centuries in all over the world because of safety, efficacy, cultural acceptability and lesser side effects. In comparison of herbal medicine, synthetic medicines have side and toxic effects. That is why herbal medicines have huge demand and popularity in world market. In the present study different extracts of leaves of Xanthium strumarium were prepared and evaluated their antioxidant potential. Evaluation of antioxidant activity is done by DPPH method. All extract were tested for presence of phytoconstituents i.e., alkaloid, carbohydrate, sterols, proteins, amino acids, saponin, and phenolic compounds in different extracts. From the results, we foundout that acetone and methanol extracts were the richest extract for phytoconstituents. Acetone extract showed maximum antioxidant potential (54.01±1.09%).

Ethnopharmacological relevance: The genus Alternanthera ( Amaranthaceae ) comprises 139 species including 14 species used traditionally for the treatment of various ailments such as hypertension, pain, inflammation, diabetes, cancer, microbial and mental disorders. Aim of the review: To search research gaps through critical assessment of pharmacological activities not performed to validate traditional claims of various species of Alternanthera. This review will aid natural product researchers in identifying Alternanthera species with therapeutic potential for future investigation. Materials and methods: Scattered raw data on ethnopharmacological, morphological, phytochemical, pharmacological, toxicological, and clinical studies of various species of the genus Alternanthera have been compiled utilizing search engines like SciFinder, Google Scholar, PubMed, Science Direct, and Open J-Gate for 100 years up to April 2021. Results: Few species of Alternanthera genus have been exhaustively investigated phytochemically, and about 129 chemical constituents related to different classes such as flavonoids, steroids, saponins, alkaloids, triterpenoids, glycosides, and phenolic compounds have been isolated from 9 species. Anticancer, antioxidant, antibacterial, CNS depressive, antidiabetic, analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulator effects have been explored in the twelve species of the genus. A toxicity study has been conducted on 3 species and a clinical study on 2 species. Conclusions: The available literature on pharmacological studies of Alternanthera species reveals that few species have been selected based on ethnobotanical surveys for scientific validation of their traditional claims. But most of these studies have been conducted on uncharacterized and non-standardized crude extracts. A roadmap of research needs to be developed for the isolation of new bioactive compounds from Alternanthera species, which can emerge out as clinically potential medicines.

The study was carried out at 30 years old plantation of tree species which followed with cropping system viz. Casuarina + Guava + Turmeric, Casuarina + Paddy + Wheat, Shisham, Shisham + Peragrass, Shisham + Mustard, Shisham + Paddy + Wheat and Eucalyptus). The influence of cropping system and plantation of tree species was evaluated the fertility level of soil at 0-15 cm depth. The samples were analyzed which resulted that the accumulation of available nutrients and microbial counts were higher under plantation of trees than control. The available macronutrient (Nitrogen, Phosphorus and Potassium), micronutrient (Zinc, Iron, Copper and manganese) and Microbial count (Bacteria, Fungi and Actinomycetes) were higher under Casuarina + Guava + Turmeric in surface layer) than other tree species. Therefore, the tree plantations and cropping system improved the nutrient availability and microbial counts in the soil.

Medicinal plants have played an essential role in the development of human culture. Plant and plant products have utilized with varying success to cure and prevent diseases throughout history. In the present study different extracts of leaves of Elaeocarpus sphaericus were prepared and evaluated their membrane stabilizing and antioxidant effects. Evaluation of membrane stabilizing and antioxidant activity by hypotonic solution induced hemolysis and DPPH method respectively. All extract were tested for presence of phytoconstituents i.e., alkaloid, carbohydrate, sterols, proteins, amino acids, saponin, and phenolic compounds in different extracts. From the results, we found out that total methanol extract of leaves was the richest extract for phytoconstituents. It contains maximum tested phytoconstituents viz. Alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, Sterols and Saponin except Protein and amino acids. Total methanol extract of leaves showed maximum membrane stabilizing activity (66.65±3.22%) and ethyl acetate fraction of leaves showed maximum antioxidant activity (90.28±1.03%).

The alkaloid berberine, the chief constituent of Berberis aristata, has been reported to have antimicrobial activity associated with it. Structural changes can be made to this lead compound to try to improve its effi cacy in terms of antimicrobial activity. In the present study, attempts have been made to evaluate anti-microbial potential of structurally modifi ed derivatives of berberine. The derivatives so synthesized were characterized on the basis of spectral techniques like 1H,13C NMR, UV, IR and MASS and by comparison with standard berberine. Structure-activity relationship studies revealed that methoxyl group is pharmacophore of berberine and is thus needed to be retained in the skeleton. Further incorporation of the electron-withdrawing group has pronounced effect on the antimicrobial activity. Further attempts could be made to extend the series with the incorporation of such electron-withdrawing groups to get potent antimicrobial agents.

Abstract-Essential oils are volatile complex compounds which are characterized by a strong odour and are formed naturally by aromatic plants as secondary metabolites. The practical value of essential oils in daily life is explored through the study of numerous physicochemical characteristics (Parthiban et al., 2011). Physicochemical characteristics indirectly influence the quality of the essential oils. The commercial importance of oils mostly depends on these physicochemical characteristics, which provide baseline data to determine its suitability for consumption. Therefore, the present study was taken to evaluate characteristics of the essential oil extracted from the leaves and rhizomes of Acoruscalamus which is a wild aromatic plant species growing in the lower Himalayan region and the essential oil extracted from the plant is used frequently in skin care and aromatherapy to uplift mood and relieve stress. Essential oil was extracted from both rhizome and leaves (Ac R and Ac L) of Acoruscalamus and are analysed for characteristics like yield, specific gravity, viscosity, refractive index, acid number, saponification value, etc. Results indicated that that essential oil Ac R is more superior to Ac L in quality enhancing its commercial importance and can be taken up for further studies.