矿物类中药是传统中药的特色组成部分,疗效确切,临床应用历史久远,对治疗临床腹泻有显著的效果.矿物类中药研究涉及矿物学、地质学及中药学等学科知识,研究难度大,导致矿物药研究人才缺乏,研究进程较植物药、动物药缓慢.目前,有关矿物药治疗腹泻的相关研究也较少.查阅近40年的文献,对临床具有止泻作用的矿物类中药的药理作用及临床应用作一综述,以期为矿物药在临床治疗腹泻的合理用药、物质基础及作用机制的深入研究及更好地挖掘矿物药资源宝库并进一步开发利用提供参考.通过对主要药学著作的整理发现,记载具止泻作用的矿物药共24味,主要为铁化合物类和铝化合物类.止泻的药理作用研究主要包括抑菌、抑制肠蠕动、抑制平滑肌收缩、抗炎、抑制胃排空、吸附等方面.临床止泻多为复方用药,应用范围广,包括脾胃虚弱、饮食失调所引起的腹泻,婴幼儿腹泻,胃原性腹泻,多种顽固性腹泻,药源性腹泻,霉菌性肠炎腹泻,糖尿病性腹泻,慢性腹泻,儿童急性感染性腹泻等.

Diarrhoea is a common clinical condition; its pathogenesis is strongly associated with gut microbiota dysbiosis. Limonitum is a well-known traditional Chinese medicine that exerts appreciable benefits regarding the amelioration of diarrhoea. However, the mechanism through which Limonitum ameliorates diarrhoea remains unclear. Here, the efficacy and underlying mechanism of Limonitum decoction (LD) regarding diarrhoea were explored from the aspect of gut microbiota. Castor oil (CO) was used to induce diarrhoea in mice, which were then used to evaluate the effects of LD regarding the timing of the first defecation, diarrhoea stool rate, degree of diarrhoea, diarrhoea score, intestinal propulsive rate, and weight of intestinal contents. The concentrations of short-chain fatty acids (SCFAs), including acetic, propionic, isobutyric, butyric and valeric acids, were analysed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The 16S rRNA high-throughput sequencing technology was applied to evaluate changes in the gut microbiota under exposure to LD. LD was found to effectively ameliorate the symptoms of diarrhoea, and the diversity and relative abundance of gut microbiota were restored to normal levels following LD treatment. Additionally, LD significantly restored the observed reductions in SCFAs. These results provide strong evidence that LD can sufficiently ameliorate diarrhoea in mice by regulating their gut microbiota. The findings presented here highlight that Limonitum may constitute a prospective remedy for diarrhoea.

Metallomics is a frontier interdisciplinary subject at its vigorous development stage. Its goal is to systematically study the content, distribution, chemical species, structural characteristics and functions of metal elements in biological system. It is also a comprehensive discipline to study the existing state and function of free or complex metal elements in life. Metallomics is an ideal tool to study the biological behavior of inorganic elements, which can be used to solve many problems in the research of mineral Chinese medicine(MCM). It provides a strong theoretical basis and technical support for the research of MCM. Its theory and methods provide re-ference and enlightenment for the in-depth study of MCM, and also provide new ideas and open up new ways for the research of MCM. The application of metallomics theory and methods in the research of MCM is of great significance to reveal the material basis and mec-hanism of MCM, promote the process of basic research on MCM, fully exploit and utilize medicinal mineral resources and carry forward the traditional MCM treasure in China. In this paper, we introduced the concept, academic development, research content and research methods of metallomics, and discussed the application prospects of metallomics in the analysis of inorganic element composition characteristics and quality control, material basis and mechanism of MCM, so as to provide reference for further researches on MCM.

目的:铵明矾为白矾的常见伪品,铵明矾炮制品为枯矾的常见伪品,该文旨在建立鉴别白矾、枯矾、铵明矾及其炮制品的方法.方法:利用扫描电子显微镜及X射线衍射技术对样品进行分析.结果:白矾、铵明矾在炮制前后形貌特征变化明显.白矾、铵明矾在×250,×1 000倍数下均能显示明显的形貌差异.白矾呈不规则的碎片或碎块,边缘棱角清晰,表面较平滑,散有不规则块小颗粒,偶见孔洞和纵棱;铵明矾呈不规则团块状,边缘较钝圆,棱角不明显,表面多凹凸不平,散有较小、呈类圆形的小颗粒.枯矾及伪品枯矾在×250倍数下,两者形貌特征区分度不大,在×1 000倍数下,枯矾表面凹凸不平,呈明显的粗颗粒状,伪品枯矾表面较平坦,粗颗粒状特征不明显.通过粉晶X射线衍射,能快速、准确的鉴别白矾、枯矾、铵明矾、铵明矾炮制品的主要物相为KAl(SO4)2·12H2O,NH4Al(SO4)2·12H2O,KAl(SO4)2,NH4Al(SO4)2,X射线衍射峰2θ角度特征值分别为23,12,22,5个.结论:扫描电子显微镜及X射线衍射技术均可用于白矾、枯矾及其相应伪品的鉴别.

目的研究正品治糜康栓（方中枯矾由钾明矾制备）和伪品治糜康栓（方中枯矾由铵明矾制备）的差异特征元素,并建立无机元素特征图谱。方法采用微波消解-电感耦合等离子体原子发射光谱/质谱（ICP-OES/MS）技术测定正品、伪品治糜康栓中18种无机元素的含有量,通过SPSS 16.0、SIMCA-P 13.0、t检验及秩和检验对样品进行聚类分析及差异特征元素分析,建立正品、伪品治糜康栓的无机元素特征谱。结果伪品治糜康栓中Al含有量最高,K、Fe、Mn、Zn、Ga、Cr次之;正品治糜康栓中K含有量最高,Al、Fe、Mn、Zn、Cr次之;其他微量元素含有量均较低。16批样品聚类为2类。结论共筛选出12种差异特征无机元素（P＜0.05）。建立了正品、伪品治糜康栓中16种无机元素特征谱,可作为治糜康栓质量控制手段之一。

目的:分析临床用枯矾及其伪品铵明矾炮制品的差异无机元素,并建立其特征图谱,为枯矾提供新的质量控制手段.方法:应用ICP-OES及ICP-MS测定枯矾和铵明矾炮制品中22种无机元素的含量,采用SPSS 16.0软件对原始数据进行分层聚类分析,以SIMCA-P 13.0软件配合t检验及秩和检验对差异性无机元素进行识别,建立枯矾与伪品的无机元素特征谱.结果:枯矾中主含K,Al等元素,伪品主含Al,Fe等元素;枯矾Cr,Sr,Mn含量相对较高,铵明矾炮制品Mn,Ti,Ga含量相对较高.其中枯矾中K元素含量约为伪品的205倍;相反,Fe,Ti,Mn,Ga等元素,伪品的平均含量远高于枯矾,分别约为枯矾平均含量的33,46,38,27倍.聚类分析将18个样品聚类为枯矾和铵明矾炮制品两大类.共筛选出18种含量具有显著性差异(P＜0.05)的元素,分别为Be,Mg,Al,K,Ti,V,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Ga,As,Sn,Sb,Hg,Tl,Pb.建立了枯矾、伪品枯矾含21种无机元素特征谱.结论:该分析方法可用于枯矾的质量控制.

目的:分析治糜康栓商品中重金属及有害元素,并研究其最大耐受量、阴道急性毒性、阴道黏膜刺激性,评价治糜康栓临床应用的安全性.方法:应用ICP-OES/MS技术对治糜康栓商品中重金属等元素进行分析;通过SD大鼠阴道急性毒性试验、新西兰兔阴道黏膜刺激性试验对治糜康栓的毒理作用进行研究.结果:治糜康栓商品中重金属及有害元素Cu、As、Cd、Hg、Pb的平均含量分别为0.397,0.077,0.002,0.019,0.140 mg·kg-1.阴道急性毒性试验中,大鼠一日内对正品治糜康栓和伪品治糜康栓的最大耐受量为成人每日用量的112倍,在观察期内大鼠的一般状况、体质量及大体解剖均未发现异常.阴道黏膜刺激性试验中,正品治糜康栓和伪品治糜康栓以0.16 g·kg-1的剂量连续7d经兔阴道给药后,2组动物的阴道黏膜刺激性评分均小于8分.结论:治糜康栓商品中重金属及有害元素的含量均低于《中国药典》2015年版及化妆品规定的限量值;实验剂量下正品治糜康栓和伪品治糜康栓的阴道黏膜刺激性均在临床可接受范围内.

目的:对不同矿物成因禹余粮进行矿物成分及含量分析,评价不同矿物成因禹余粮质量,并筛选禹余粮优质矿产资源.方法:通过偏光显微镜及X射线衍射技术分析不同样品矿物成分组成及其含量,以针铁矿含量作为评价指标.应用SPSS 16.0统计软件对不同样品矿物成分进行分层聚类分析.结果:淋滤浸染型禹余粮主要由褐铁矿、石英、伊利石、云母高岭石组成,沉积型禹余粮主要由褐铁矿、石英、钠长石组成,蚀变残留型禹余粮主要由褐铁矿、石英、透辉石、阳起石组成.江西产沉积型禹余粮针铁矿含量最高(46.4％),其次为江苏产淋滤浸染型(17.9％),山东产淋滤浸染型含量最低(0.5％).沉积型针铁矿含量均高于12.0％,淋滤浸染型在0.5％ ～18.0％,含量差异较大,蚀变残留型在3.0％以下.对不同样品所含矿物成分进行聚类分析,淋滤浸染型6个样品聚为一类,沉积型3个样品聚为一类,蚀变残留型2个样品聚为一类.结论:江西产沉积型禹余粮质量最好.总体而言,沉积型质量整体较好,优于淋滤浸染型,淋滤浸染型优于蚀变残留型.

目的:对不同矿物成因禹余粮止泻药效及对胃肠运动的影响进行研究,从止泻药效角度选择出最优的矿物成因禹余粮,为临床使用禹余粮提供理论依据.方法:选用研究样品为淋滤浸染型、沉积型2种不同矿物成因药用禹余粮,分别包括禹余粮原药材、水煎液及水煎后药渣.以0.2 mL·(10 g)-1蓖麻油制备引起小鼠腹泻模型,以4 mg·kg-1盐酸洛哌丁胺为阳性对照组,观察给药后小鼠抗腹泻的药效差异,并研究其对小鼠胃肠运动的影响.结果:腹泻实验,与模型组比较,淋滤浸染型禹余粮水煎液2.5,5,10 g·kg-1组及淋滤浸染型禹余粮水煎药渣2.5 g·kg-1组的腹泻指数明显减小(P＜0.05),可以减缓小鼠的腹泻程度;沉积型禹余粮粉末5,10 g·kg-组,淋滤浸染型禹余粮粉末10 g·kg-1组及水煎药渣2.5,5,10 g·kg-1组的首次排便时间均明显延长(P＜0.05);淋滤浸染型禹余粮粉末5 g·kg-1组和水煎液2.5 g·kg-1组的小鼠粪便总质量均明显降低(P＜0.05).胃肠运动实验,沉积型禹余粮水煎液5 g·kg-1组,沉积型禹余粮水煎药渣2.5,5,10 g·kg-1,淋滤浸染型禹余粮粉末2.5,5 g·kg-1,淋滤浸染型禹余粮水煎液2.5,5,10 g·kg-1以及药渣的10 g·kg-1的小肠推进率明显小于模型组(P＜0.05);淋滤浸染型禹余粮水煎药渣10 g·kg-1组小肠内容物含量明显大于模型组(P＜0.05);沉积型禹余粮水煎液10 g·kg-1组、淋滤浸染型水煎液2.5,5 g·kg-1组的炭末胃内残留率较模型组明显减小(P＜0.05);与模型组相比,沉积型禹余粮粉末5g·kg-1组、沉积型禹余粮水煎药渣5 g·kg-1组大肠水分含量明显降低(P＜0.05).淋滤浸染型禹余粮在0.003 3 g·mL-1增大了乙酰胆碱诱导的回肠收缩,其他各组在0.003 3,0.0067,0.0133 g·mL-1均能抑制乙酰胆碱诱导的家兔的回肠收缩.结论:矿物药禹余粮对由蓖麻油引起的小鼠腹泻具有一定的治疗作用,淋滤浸染型禹余粮的止泻作用最佳.

矿物药是我国传统中医药不可缺少的重要组成部分,药用矿物资源的研究与利用已有几千年的历史,是各族人民生存过程中无数次试用、观察、积累的实践医疗经验总结,极具特色.目前,矿物药的治疗范围涉及内科、外科、妇科、儿科、五官科等.矿物药对多种出血病症的临床应用广泛、用药经验丰富且疗效显著,但现代研究文献较少,主要集中在1970-1990年代.本文对近40年来临床具止血作用矿物药的药理作用及临床应用进行综述,以期为临床治疗出血病症合理用药、对矿物类中药资源的进一步开发利用、物质基础及作用机制的深入研究以及更好地挖掘矿物药资源宝库提供参考.通过对主要著作的统计,记载有止血作用的矿物药共27味.矿物类中药止血药理作用研究主要集中在对矿物药的元素分析及相关元素对止血作用的影响,以及相关止血作用的药理实验研究加以证实,但研究尚不深入和全面.矿物类中药止血的临床应用主要包括消化道出血、咯血、鼻衄、牙龈出血、颅脑出血、流产后出血、血崩、子宫出血、血便及外用止血等.

目的:研究矿物药青礞石对PTZ点燃癫痫大鼠海马差异蛋白的影响.方法:采用标记定量(TMT)蛋白质组学技术分析大鼠海马中蛋白的差异表达,以模型组与正常对照组之间大鼠海马蛋白表比较筛选出差异达蛋白,以同样方法筛选了青礞石组与模型组之间差异表达蛋白.结果:本研究采用了3次生物重复,模型组和正常对照组之间共有29个差异表达蛋白,鉴定出28个差异表达蛋白.结论:通过有效的比较分析,得到青礞石治疗癫痫的差异表达蛋白,其中Mbp等蛋白有可能是其作用靶点.

Objective: To provide a more accurate and effective method for mineral medicine users by summarizing the research status and existing problems of mineral medicine identification after literature analysis of domestic mineral medicine identification studies. Methods: The mineral medicine identification-themed literatures were searched from CNKI and subjected to statistical analysis with bibliometrics, word frequency analysis and knowledge mapping. Results: A total of 790 valid literatures were retrieved, and the number of literatures showed a general rising trend. The 46 productive authors and 10 core journals were found. The cooperation network of productive authors was analyzed, and seven identification methods applicable to mineral medicines were summarized. Conclusion: The development of modern science and technology has promoted the progress in mineral medicine identification methods. Researchers in the field of mineral medicine identification have gradually increased, and they tend to choose team cooperation and intra-institution cooperation. The main identification methods of mineral medicine can be found by using knowledge mapping. Mineral medicine refers to the traditional medicine mainly composed of mineral ingredients, including a large amount of inorganic minerals and a few natural organic minerals or organic rocks (such as amber, asphalt) and artefacts [1]. Since ancient times, mineral medicine plays an important role in the clinical application of Chinese medicine with its unique medicinal value. Take cinnabar as an example. As recorded in "Compendium of Materia Medica"[2]: "cinnabar can cure epilepsy, detoxify fetal, pox toxicities, drive malaria and induce perspiration.” As pointed out in "Pharmacopoeia of the People's Republic of China" of 2015 edition (ChP 2015 I), cinnabar has the following functions: “clearing away the heart fire, relieving convulsion, soothing the nerves, detoxification. It is suitable for treatment of palpitation, skittishness, insomnia and dreaminess, epilepsy and delirium, infantile convulsions, blurred vision, mouth ulcer, pharyngitis, swelling and toxin of sores.” However, cinnabar is toxic. To protect the clinical drug safety, avoid threat to the body life posed by adulterated or counterfeit drugs, identification is needed for authenticity, pros and cons of drugs. At present, in addition to the traditional four identification methods, X-ray diffraction, infrared spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy methods have gradually been widely used for mineral medicine identification. Each method has its unique advantages and also shortcomings. Appropriate identification method should be chosen for different mineral medicines. In this paper, based on domestic researchers’ literature on various mineral medicine identification methods, the status of mineral medicine identification research is summarized to find a law to sort out appropriate identification method for each mineral medicine and provide references to the researchers. Materials and Methods

Models were established in mice with warfarin sodium method, and their bleeding time and hemostasis time were measured by tail cutting method and slide method respectively. Rats were administered for 15 consecutive days to measure their recalcification time, plasma viscosity, platelet adhesion rate, platelet aggregation rate and other blood indexes. As compared with the blank group, the bleeding time was prolonged in model groupn(P<0.05). As compared with the model group, the results showed that the positive vitamin K, the leaching type water decoction and the sediment type decoction could significantly shorten the bleeding time (P<0.01); positive vitamin K significantly (P<0.01) shortened clotting time, and the leaching type water decoction, the sediment type water decoction and the sediment type powder could also shorten the clotting time (P<0.05). As compared with blank group, low dose, medium dose of leaching type water decoction, medium dose of powder, high dose of sediment type decoction and low dose of drug residues could reduce plasma viscosity (P<0.05), and high dose of leaching powder and low dose of water decoction could significantly reduce (P<0.01) plasma viscosity. As compared with blank group, Limonitum leaching type decoction high dose group could significantly reduce the platelet adhesion rate (P<0.05), while sediment type water decoction could significantly increase the platelet adhesion rate (P<0.05); the high dose of leaching type water decoction, high dose of drug residues, low dose of leaching type powder and low dose of drug residues could decrease the platelet aggregation rate (P<0.05), while high dose of leaching type water decoction and high dose of the powder could increase the platelet aggregation rate (P<0.05). Analysis of mineral compositions was conducted by polarized light microscopy and X-ray diffraction (XRD). The results of the both methods showed that Limonitum mineral compositions contained goethite, quartz, and kaolinite, and sedimentary type also contained illite and albite. Sediment type of Limonitum showed better hemostatic effect, which may be related to the high content of goethite and illite.

Objective:To control the quality of Limonitum by investigating the thermoanalysis curves.Methods:Analysis Limonitum samples from different origins by Thermogravimetric-Differential Scanning Calorimetry( TG-DSC),and the processed samples and fake samples were analyzed to compare the difference of them at the same time.Results:Thermal analysis curves showed that most of Limonitum samples had three weight loss steps in 30 ~ 1 000 ℃,and the process of dehydration weight loss of goethite was obviously in about309 ℃. There was a positive correlation between the weight loss rate of the second step and the content of iron.Conclusion:The Thermal analysis method can provide reference to the identification and quality control of Limonitum.

Objective:To study the intervention effect of Chloriti Lapis in PTZ-kindled epileptic rat.Methods:Rats were kindled by pentylenetetrazol( PTZ),and successful kindled model were administered with drugs, then taken out the hippocampus of the brain. HE staining method was used to observe lesion in hippocampus, immunohistochemical method was used to test protein expression of nNOS, xanthine oxidase method was used to measure the activity of T-SOD, thiobarbituric acid method was used to measure the content of MDA,and phosphorus determination method was used to detect the activities of Na+,K+-ATPase and Ca2 +,Mg2 +-ATPase.Results:Each group of Chloriti Lapis( powder group, dregs group and decoction group) decreased the lesion grade, MDA content,nNOS protein expression, while increased the T-SOD activities, Na+,K+-ATPase and Ca2 +,Mg2 +-ATPase activities in the hippocampu of rats.Conclusion:Chloriti Lapis have antiepileptic effects, the mechanism may be related to increasing brain antioxidant activities, eliminating free radicals, protecting membrane function, maintaining dynamic balance of ion concentration in the braiofn rat, inhibiting brain abnormalities discharge, and ultimately achieve the goal of epilepsy treatment.

目的 分析不同产地野生赤芍无机元素含量差异,并从无机元素角度评价不同产地野生赤芍药材的质量.方法 采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱(ICP-OES)对不同产地的野生赤芍药材无机元素含量进行测定,建立其无机元素指纹图谱,并采用聚类分析和主成分分析法对赤芍质量进行评价.结果 赤芍药材中钙(Ca)元素含量最高,含量8.701～28.211g/kg;其次为钾(K),含量2.381～6.054 g/kg,镁(Mg)、铝(Al)和磷(P)元素的含量也较高,P元素含量在不同的样品间差异较大;微量元素中铁(Fe)和锶(Sr)含量较高,其次为钡(Ba)、锌(Zn)和锰(Mn);大部分元素间存在显著相关性;聚类分析和主成分分析可以区分黑龙江和内蒙古两个产地的样品.结论 赤芍中主要含Ca、K、Mg、A1、P、Fe、Sr、Ba、Zn和Mn等元素;从无机元素角度分析,黑龙江产的赤芍药材质量较好.

目的 通过测定禹余粮中重金属及有害元素的含量来评价其不同产地矿产资源的药用价值.方法 对17个不同产地及批次禹余粮样品,采用电感耦合等离子体发射光谱法测定其中铅(Pb)、镉(Cd)和铜(Cu)的含量,用原子荧光分光光度法测定砷(As)和汞(Hg)的含量.结果 从重金属及有害元素的含量角度分析,江苏泗洪产禹余粮相对质优;广西产禹余粮样品中Cu、Pb、As含量均较高,分别达到254.4 mg/kg、58.6 mg/kg、21.2 mg/kg,其矿产资源不适宜于作为药用禹余粮的来源.结论 禹余粮药材中重金属及有害元素的含量,可作为其产地评价的重要指标之一.

The method of Qtrap-ultra high performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry (Qtrap-UPLC-MS/MS)was established for simultaneous determina-tion four amino acid neurotransmitters in rat’s brain tissue.The effects of powder,wa-ter decoction and dregs of Chloriti Lapis on amino acid content in PTZ-kindled epileptic rat’s brain tissue were studied.The contents of Glu,Gly,Asp and GABA in rat’s brain tissue (cortex and hippocampus)were detected by multiple reactions monitoring (MRM)scan mode in positive electrospray ionization (ESI+ ).The result shows that the four amino acids have good linear relationship,the RSDs of precision and accuracy conform to the requirements of analysis in biological samples.After rats were treated with different samples of Chloriti Lapis,excitatory neurotransmitter Glu,Asp in cere-bral cortex and hippocampus decreased significantly.Compared with the model group, the content of Gly in cerebral cortex is increased in the percentage of total amino acid-contents,while the ratio of Asp/Gly and Glu/Gly are decreased.The contents of Glu, Asp,Gly and GABA in other groups display reduction in hippocampus compared with the model group.This shows that mineral Chinese medicine Chloriti Lapis can effective-ly reduce the excitatory amino acid contents in PTZ-kindled rat’s brain,and effectively regulate the content of Gly in the cortex and hippocampus.

Objective:To evaluate the quality of Alumen by investigating the element differences between Alumen and its counterfeit Ammonium alum.Methods:The contents of 24 inorganic elements both in Alumen and Amimonium alum were determined by means of ICP-OES and ICP-MS,SPSS 16.0 was used for cluster analysis(CA)while SIMCA-P 13.0 with t-test and Rank-Sum test to identify the difference of inorganic elements.The characteristic spectrum of the inorganic elements of Alumen and Ammonium alum were estab lished.Results:The contents of K and Al were the highest in Alumen while the content of Al and Fe was the highest in Ammonium alum;Trace elements in Alumen were relatively low except Cr,the value of M n,Ti and Ga in Ammonium alum was higher,followed by Cr,Sr and V.The CA put the 19 samples together for two categories,one was Alumen and the other was Ammonium alum;18 inorganic elements significantly different(P ＜0.05) were screened out,they were Be,Mg,Al,K,Ca,Ti,V,Mn,Fe,Co,Ni,Cu,Zn,Ga,As,Sn,Tl and Pb.Characteristic spectrum of 22 inorganic elements in Alumen and Ammonium alum were established.Conclusion:This method can be used to evaluate the quality of Alumen.

ABSTRACT:OBJECTIVE To study the curative effects of Chloriti Lapis on rats with chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases (COPD).METHODS Rats models of COPD were established and were given the powder,decoction and residues of Chloriti Lapis of both high dosage and low dosage respectively based on its clinical application methods and dosage.Inflammatory factor content in rats lung tissue and blood serum was tested and relative indexes were evaluated through canonical correlation analy-sis,principal component analysis and multiple linear statistical models.RESULTS The high dosage group of decoction reached the best result,with the high dosage group of powder being the second and the high dosage group of residues being the third. CONCULSION Chloriti Lapis is effective in reducing inflammatory factors of both blood serum and lung tissue of rats models with COPD.The curative effect differences due to processing methods can be detected by canonical correlation analysis,princi-pal component analysis and multiple linear statistical models.