近年来突发性水污染事故频繁发生,及时准确地开展水污染事故应急监测、评估和水污染治理的需求越来越迫切.该研究以某江突发性水污染事故为例,结合现场水质检测结果,提出基于模糊综合评判法和层次分析法的应急监测以及预案评估,量化水质状态,分析水质影响的主要污染源;同时结合层次分析法制定针对性的水污染应急预案.结果表明:该评估方法准确量化了不同监测位置的多种重金属污染的水环境状态,明确了造成应急期间水质恶化的主要原因为镉超标;基于制定的应急预案,综合评估了管控措施的总分为 72.7,应急能力属于一般;后期应在仪器配置、文件系统等储备能力、监测能力以及迅捷方面改善以进一步提升总体应急能力.

聚乳酸(PLA)是一种发展潜力巨大的反硝化固体碳源.为探究不同分子量PLA反硝化脱氮路径及机制,以不同分子量PLA为固体碳源研究了 PLA的静态释碳性能和反硝化脱氮效果,考察了反硝化出水溶解性有机质(DOM)组分和微生物群落结构.结果表明:PLA释碳稳定,在清水和脱氮反应器中出水COD均能稳定在20 mg·L-1;PLA分子量越低,脱氮效果越好,5000g·mol-1分子量PLA的NO3--N去除率和反硝化速率达到100％和1.29mg·L-1·h-1.PLA脱氮路径有2条:一是反硝化功能菌群利用水解微生物分解PLA释放的小分子碳源作为电子供体进行异养反硝化作用;一是微生物利用溶解性微生物代谢产物等有机物进行反硝化脱氮.该研究结果可为PLA固体碳源在反硝化脱氮工艺中的高效应用提供参考.

分析了辽宁省4个典型城市淡水鱼类中多溴联苯醚(PBDEs)和六溴环十二烷(HBCDs)的富集特征,并进行了健康风险评估.结果表明:淡水鱼类体内PBDEs和HBCDs检出率均为100％,PBDEs和HBCDs的平均质量分数分别为9.73和21.81 ng/g(脂重).PBDEs中的单体BDE-183、BDE-209和BDE-153在辽河流域不同鱼类的同源种中占优势,分别占PBDEs的26.8％～40％,17％～44％和14％～22％.在HBCDs的3种同系物中,α-HBCD是主要的单体,其相对贡献率为45.15％～84.71％.辽河流域的工厂企业生产活动对淡水鱼类产生了影响,居民通过消费水产品摄入PBDEs和HBCDs.健康风险评估结果显示:PBDEs和HBCDs的健康风险指数均＜1,说明当地水产品中PBDEs和HBCDs的非致癌风险处于可接受水平.

黄河流域是我国重要的生态屏障,其主要环境问题是流域生态环境脆弱和水资源不足.生态环境部提出了进行区域再生水循环利用体系建设,为解决我国黄河流域水资源、水生态、水环境问题提供了方向性的指导.区域再生水循环利用以"人工湿地"为重点,通过"水质提升-用水统筹-生态调蓄-供水开源",统筹不同方面协同配合,加快改善水环境质量、缓解水资源短缺矛盾、恢复水生态系统健康,推动黄河流域生态保护和高质量发展.

我国环保产业总投资不足,需要更多基金的介入来保障环保产业的发展.本文在明晰产业基金的概念、特点和作用的基础上,分析了国际、国内环保产业基金的运行现状.我国产业基金在生态环境领域的应用尚处于探索阶段,建议从投资方向、主体构成、分段投资、政策支持、专业优势和服务平台六方面入手,探索适合我国国情的环保产业基金运行模式.

Previous studies of perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) in receiving water bodies of typical industrial parks under the low-carbon development mode are scarce. In the present study, 18 PFASs were analyzed in surface water and sediment samples of the inland river basin in Longgang District in 2017. The sigma PFAS concentrations in surface water (drought and rainy periods) and sediment ranged from 15.17 to 948.50 ng/L, 11.56-561.14 ng/L, and 1.07-28.94 ng/g dw, respectively. Perfluorooctane sulfonate (PFOS), perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) and perfluorobutane sulfonate (PFBS) were the dominant pollutants in surface water, with maximum concentrations of 867.68 ng/L, 288.28 ng/L, and 245.09 ng/L, respectively. Meanwhile, PFOS, perfluoroundecanoic acid (PFUdA), PFBS, and perfluorodecanoic acid (PFDA) were the major PFASs in the sediment samples, with maximum concentrations of 9.83 ng/g dw, 11.86 ng/g dw, 5.30 ng/g dw, and 5.23 ng/g dw, respectively. In addition, PFOA and PFOS resulted from similar sources in sediment and surface water samples (P < 0.05). The risk quotient value (RQ) results showed that the control of PFOS in the treatment of pollutants in the inland river basin of Longgang District deserves more attention.

我国农村自然与经济条件差异太大,为了贯彻全面治理与绿色发展的思想,实现十年内农村生活污水达到全面管控的目标,针对不同地域农村的实际情况,适宜的生活污水治理模式成为各地政府考虑的重点.在城市典型生活小区污染物排放特征基础上,分析西北农村生活污水的污染物特征;结合实际情况,设计了甘肃中东部黄土沟壑区农村生活污水四种治理模式,包括村域集中处理模式、单户或联户分散处理模式、资源化利用模式以及集中纳管入厂处理模式,并讨论了各模式选用中的重点注意事项.鉴于农村污水变化系数大与技术条件限制,尽量以大的乡镇污水处理厂为主,村级污水处理站为辅,大力推广资源化利用治理模式.提出了加速性能好、低成本厕所技术与产品研发的观点,为西北黄土沟壑地区农村生活污水治理提供了参考.

从铁系水处理技术中铁形态的角度出发,梳理了不同形态铁系材料应用于难降解有机污染物的研究进展;阐述了目前零价铁(ZVI)技术的典型材料类别、各ZVI联用技术的技术特点和作用机理,指出了零价铁材料在降解环境RO中的良好去除效果;根据目前研究中所暴露出的问题,认为未来研究应注重对实验反应过程及机理的探究;继续从材料的改性、制备方法的创新以及不同技术联用出发,解决材料钝化问题,提高材料强度、延长材料寿命,降低处理成本;研发新工艺的同时,应充分考虑新ZVI材料对环境的影响,制备高效、绿色的环保材料.

In this study, a new alternative activator, biochar (BC) pyrolyzed by waste biomass-lychee branch, was applied in persulfate (PS)-based remediation for bisphenol A (BPA) in soils. Radical species, solution pH, dose of PS and BC were studied to evaluate the performance of PS activation by BC to degrade BPA in aqueous solution. The results show that BC can efficiently activate PS to generate sulfate radicals and hydroxyl radicals to degrade BPA high efficiently. The increase of PS and BC dosage can increase BPA removal rate, and a lower pH is benefit for the BPA degradation in aqueous solution. In addition, the degradation intermediates of BPA were characterized and the degradation pathways were proposed. Furthermore, the PS/BC system is most efficient for BPA degradation compared with other oxidants. For soil spiked with 31.93 mg kg(-1) BPA, BC can also activate PS and degrade BPA effectively. The increase of BC and PS dose cannot always increase BPA degradation because of the competition of readily oxidizable matter introduced by BC itself and/or quenching of sulfate radicals. During BPA degradation in soil, the pH value drops less than those in literatures on PS oxidation of organic contaminants in soil by other activation methods, which can alleviate soil acidification in the remediation process. The results of this study suggest a novel technique for potential application in in-situ remediation of organic contaminated sites.

Lightweight power battery modules with outstanding thermal performance are urgently required given the rapid development of electric vehicles. This study proposes a composite phase change material coupled with forced convection as an integrated thermal management system (ITMS) with the aim to control the temperature’s rising tendency and maintain the temperature distribution uniformly within an appropriate range among the battery modules. The thermal behavior effects of airflow rates on the thermal management system were investigated in detail by combining experiments and numerical simulations. Comparisons were conducted between an air cooling system with an optimum flow rate and the ITMS. Experimental results revealed that the cooling effect of the ITMS was better than that of the forced cooling system at a 3 m/s airflow rate. The maximum temperature in the designed battery module was limited to 63.2°C. The maximum temperature difference was limited to 4.8°C at a 4 C discharge rate. This research indicates that the ITMS is an effective and optimized approach to control and balance the temperature among battery modules, thereby providing engineers with design optimization strategies for similar systems.

Pyrrhotite-sulfur autotrophic denitrification (PSAD) system, using mixture of pyrrhotite and sulfur particle as electron donor, was studied through batch, column and pilot experiments. Treating synthetic secondary effluent at HRT 3 h, the PSAD system obtained the effluent with NO3--N 0.28 ± 0.14 mg·L-1 and without PO43--P to be detected. Thiobacillus was the most abundant autotrophic denitrification bacteria; autotrophic, heterotrophic and sulfate-reducing bacteria coexisted in the PSAD system; phosphate was mainly removed in forms of graftonite, dufrenite, ardealite. The H+ produced in the SAD could accelerate the PAD through promoting pyrrhotite dissolution, and iron ions produced in the PAD could accelerate the SAD through Fe3+/Fe2+ shuttle. Because of the synergistic effects between the pyrrhotite and sulfur, the PSAD system removed nitrate and phosphate deeply and efficiently. It is a promising way to meet the stringent nitrogen and phosphorus discharge standards and to recover phosphorus resources from wastewater.

The ageing of biochar and organic pollutant itself in soils can both influence the retention of organic pollutant in field soils. In this study, column experiments were adopted to determine the effect of ageing process on bisphenol A (BPA) sorption and retention in two typical Chinese agricultural soils with lychee branch biochar added. The effect of biochar ageing on soil organic matter (SOM) was specially investigated. Experimental results showed that the addition of biochar significantly increased the condensation and rigid of SOM, which could further increase with biochar ageing in soils. As a result, the addition of biochar significantly increased BPA sorption capacity (5.86 times and 3.30 times) and retention rate (13.60 times and 4.47 times) in fluvo-aquic soil and phaeozem respectively, while BPA sorption capacity and retention rate decreased obviously after biochar ageing in the two soils for 2 months as compared with the freshly incorporated biochar treatments, which may be attributed to the surface coverage and/or pore blockage of some sorption sites owning to DOC. With biochar incorporated, 2 months of BPA ageing increased BPA retention rate by about 4.50 times in both soils as compared with BPA newly spiked treatments. The results of this study could provide important parameters for prediction and control of organic pollutants such as BPA in soils.

Filler plays an important role in biological sewage treatment technology. In the purification of urban sewage river, the single sponge iron filler is easy to harden. The combination of sponge iron and ceramsite can hinder the hardening and improve the removal efficiency. In this paper, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction (XRD) were used to characterize the fillers. The removal efficiency experiments were carried out through the self-designed biological aerated filter (BAF) reactor with sponge iron and ceramsite mixed fillers, and the microorganisms attached to the surface of the biological fillers were qualitatively and quantitatively identified through 16S rDNA. The results indicate that the presence of Fe3O4, Fe2O3, Fe3C, and Fe2CO3 in sponge iron determines that sponge iron has strong reducibility and provides electrons for efficient denitrification. NaAlSi3O8 in ceramsite filler plays a significant role in phosphorus adsorption. In #3, #4, and #5 reactors (the mass ratios of sponge iron and ceramsite were 1 : 1, 3 : 1, and 1 : 3, resp.), the removal efficiencies of mixed fillers are good on chemical oxygen demand (COD), total phosphorus (TP), and nitrogen (N), and the more the ceramsite fillers in the reactors are, the higher the microbial abundance and diversity are. The mixture of sponge iron and ceramsite can be used to purify urban sewage river. A scientific basis to purify the polluted water body of urban rivers in situ is thus provided.

污水生物处理系统的性能和稳定性与微生物群落结构和动态密切相关.通过深入了解活性污泥中微生物群落结构及其影响因素,有助于提高污水厂污染物的去除效果.在不同污水活性污泥处理系统中细菌群落主要以变形菌、绿弯菌、放线菌、厚壁菌和拟杆菌为功能菌群;活性污泥中寄居的大多数真菌来自于子囊菌门,还有少量担子菌门;古菌以产甲烷菌为主;而病毒中分布最广的噬菌体和致病性病毒是最主要的关注点.本文通过对相关文献分析及总结,综述了进水组成、不同处理工艺、参数(理化参数和运行参数)、地理位置和气候条件等环境因子对活性污泥中细菌、真菌、古菌以及病毒群落组成的影响,尽可能全面地介绍污水厂微生物群落多样性及其对环境因子的响应.同时,对未来研究方向进行探讨,以期能够为活性污泥中功能微生物的应用及调控提供理论和应用基础.

Ternary power batteries, as the mainstream power sources of electric vehicles, are liable to inducing thermal runaway (TR) with respect to their sensitivity to abusive conditions. Among various abuse conditions, the overcharge of a battery has been considered as the most common and severe case giving rise to thermal safety accidents. In this study, an overcharged battery and a normal battery, both using ternary/graphite electrodes, were investigated and analyzed synergistically through thermal behaviors and electrochemical characteristics. Initially, a series of electrochemical parameters including charge and discharge voltage plateaus, discharged capacity and time at different discharge rates, and internal resistances were carried out. Then, the heat generation behaviors between normal and overcharged batteries were evaluated. Furtherly, the interconnectedness with the electrochemical capacity degradation and heat generation aggravation of the ternary battery after overcharge was analyzed. Besides, the essential causes of the deterioration of electrochemical properties and severe heat behaviors resulting from overcharge were intensively analyzed via microscopic perspectives. In addition, the electrochemical characteristics fading of abused ternary battery triggered by overcharge were investigated, especially under higher temperature (55 degrees C) and ultralow temperature (-20 degrees C) conditions. Therefore, for an overcharged battery, this research not only elaborates the essential causa of the degraded electrochemical and anabatic thermal performance from a materials and thermal science perspective but also provides a foundation for further promoting the safety properties of commercialized power batteries with ternary chemical systems.

为研究曝气生态滤池滤料表面物种多样性及其净水机理,通过高通量测序和生物信息分析对曝气生态滤池(EAF)中2种填料的不同DO区域微生物丰度和多样性进行研究和分析.结果表明,在EAF运行过程中,变形菌门所占比例均在71％以上,具有绝对优势,优势菌群的大量增殖使装置具有较高的TN去除率(67％),其中好氧区海绵铁表面样本优势菌群比例最高,达到77.49％,表明海绵铁在曝气条件下更适合优势菌群变形菌门的繁殖;Alpha多样性分析发现EAF内填料表面生物膜中微生物菌落丰度均高于空白样,表明EAF较自然环境更适合微生物生长;Beta多样性分析发现装置由于曝气使优势菌群变形菌门在填料表面大量繁殖,限制了其他菌种繁殖,虽然生物多样性略有降低,但随着优势菌群大量增殖从而提升了对TN的去除能力.

以CaO、MgO和白云石石灰(D-Lime)为晶种对模拟厌氧消化上清液进行磷回收试验,研究晶种投加量对磷去除效率的影响,分析试验反应动力学和产物表面形态.结果 表明:磷浓度为0.645 mmol/L(ρ(P)=20 mg/L)、n(N)/n(P)为8∶1、pH为7.80的模拟水中,投加一定量的CaO、MgO和D-Lime进行磷回收试验,磷的去除率在95％以上,试验反应过程符合准一级反应动力学.针对消化上清液中的高浓度常见离子CO23-,当c(CO32-)≥10 mmol/L时,其对CaO除磷具有明显抑制作用,而对D-Lime和MgO抑制作用有限.此外,投加晶种中含有Mg2+时会生成磷酸铵镁晶体(magnesium ammonium phosphate,MAP).

Cd and Pb are common toxic contaminants prevailing in agricultural soils contaminated by mining activities. In this study, biochar was used to stabilize Cd and Pb contaminated soil for safe with three crops rotation condition within one year. Field experiments were carried out to investigate the effect of Litchi branch biochar (BC), pyrolyzed at 600 °C and applied at 4 rates [(0 t ha−1 (T0), 10 t ha−1 (T1), 20 t ha−1 (T2) and 30 t ha−1 (T3)]) on remediation of Cd and Pb in agricultural soil near Dabaoshan Mine in South China under a cucumber–sweet potato–rape rotation. The results showed that the application of BC can significantly increase the pH, cation exchange capacity and soil organic matter. After cultivation of crops, the pH values decrease gradually, with the biggest drop of 0.45 pH units in T3 treatment after rape cultivation. BC application increased the yield of three crops up to onefold to twofold in T3 treatment as compared to the control. The uptake of Cd and Pb in all three crops decreases with the increase in BC doses, which is mainly related to the decrease in bioavailable metals in their respective soil treatments. Under 1-year crops rotation, the remediation ability of BC still remains, while Cd and Pb can exhibit different risk to different crops. The data of this study can provide scientific suggestions for the selection of suitable crops and proper BC amount in remediation of heavy metal contaminated soil.

A new method based on low temperature partitioning extraction (LTPE) with gas chromatography triple quadrupole tandem mass spectrometry (GC-MS/MS) detection was proposed and applied to analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in primary school students' urine. Both urinary hydroxy PAHs (OH-PAHs) and atmospheric PAHs were determined to discuss the relationship of air pollution and children internal exposure. The analytical results showed that in the total of 50 children's urine samples, 10 of 16 urinary PAHs were detected in all samples, and the concentrations of detected PAHs congener ranged from N.D. to 2418 ng/L, with the highest level of naphthalene (Nap). There were significant correlations between phenanthrene (Phe) and all the other PAHs congeners; and when the concentrations of PAHs in the air at higher levels, urinary Nap was correlated with more urinary PAHs congeners and positively correlated with hydroxy naphthalene. Furthermore, there existed a consistent time trend between the medium concentration of Nap, acenaphthene (Ace) in the urine samples and in the air samples. This study associated the PAHs air pollution with children internal exposure, and together with previously reported studies it could associate the PAHs air pollution with human health effect.

Simple synthesis of a swellable porous β-cyclodextrin-based polymer in the aqueous phase for the rapid removal of organic micro-pollutants from water.