Covid-19 küresel salgın süreci eğitim alanında değişimleri beraberinde getirmiştir. Salgın sürecinin eğitim alanında getirdiği değişimler, özel eğitim süreçlerini, özel gereksinimli bireyleri ve özel gereksinimli bireylerle çalışan özel eğitim alan öğretmenlerini de birçok yönden etkilemiştir. Bu araştırma, özel eğitim ve rehabilitasyon merkezinde çalışan özel eğitim alan mezunu öğretmenlerin Covid-19 küresel salgın sürecinde deneyimlerinin belirlenmesi amacıyla gerçekleştirilmiştir. Araştırma, nitel araştırma yöntemlerinden olgu bilim modeline göre tasarlanmıştır. Araştırma alan mezunu altı özel eğitim öğretmeni ile odak grup görüşmesi tekniğiyle gerçekleştirilmiş ve görüşmeden elde edilen verilerin analizi sürecinde içerik analizi tekniği kullanılmıştır. Bulgularda, özel eğitim ve rehabilitasyon merkezinde çalışan özel eğitim alan mezunu öğretmenlerinin Covid-19 küresel salgın sürecinin özel ve mesleki yaşamlarında ve rehabilitasyon merkezlerindeki çalışma koşullarında değişikliklere yol açtığını ifade etmişlerdir. Bu süreçte mesleki, psikolojik ve maddi açıdan desteğe ihtiyaç duyduklarını belirtirken, aynı zamanda öğretmenler çalışma koşullarının ve özlük haklarının iyileştirilmesi gibi konularda önerilerde bulunmuşlardır.

BACKGROUND:To study out types and incidence of the complications and reveal the risk factors that affect anatomical and visual success of pneumatic retinopexy with a high number of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment cases. METHODS:Eight hundred and fifty eyes of the 837 patients who admitted at a tertiary center, between January 2015 and January 2022 for the diagnosis of rhegmatogenous retinal detachment, then underwent pneumatic retinopexy and had at least sixth month follow-up, were included in the study. The multivariate logistic regression model was created to investigate the factors affecting anatomical and visual success. RESULTS:The anatomical success rate was 53.4% with the first pneumatic retinopexy and 99.8% after subsequent procedures. Visual acuity of >0.4 logMAR (<20/50 Snellen), proliferative vitreoretinopathy, and macular involvement was determined as significant preoperative risk factors for single operation and visual success in all univariate and multivariate analyses. In addition, pseudophakic/aphakic lens status was associated with single operation failure in all analyses. Besides, in all analyzes for single operation and visual success, new or missed tears, proliferative vitreoretinopathy, delayed subretinal fluid, macular hole, and subretinal gas were identified as significant postoperative risk factors. Among these, new or missed tears was determined as the most common complication with a rate of 24%. CONCLUSION:There are many risk factors influencing the success of pneumatic retinopexy. These factors and complications should always be considered, before applying this rapid, effective, inexpensive, and minimally invasive method.

Erken çocukluk dönemi çocukların gelecekteki yaşantılarında büyük bir rol oynadığı yadsınamaz bir gerçektir. Özellikle özel gereksinimli çocukların bu dönemde desteklenmelerinin gelecekteki yaşantılarını kaliteli ve bağımsız sürdürmelerini sağladığı bilinmektedir. Bu bağlamda çocukların sahip olduğu yetersizliklerin, erken dönemde fark edilerek uygun müdahalelerde bulunulması gerekmektedir. Bu dönemde gerçekleştirilen değerlendirme ve tanılamaya yönelik çeşitli araştırmalar bulunmaktadır. Bu araştırmanın amacı, alan yazında yer alan erken çocukluk döneminde değerlendirme ve tanılamaya yönelik yapılmış araştırmaların katılımcı özellikleri, uygulamacıları ve yöntemsel özellikler vb. çeşitli kriterlere yönelik incelenmesidir. Belirlenen kriterler doğrultusunda 17 araştırma incelenmiştir. Araştırmaların çoğunlukla yetersizlik türlerinin erken belirtilerinin saptanması, tarama ve gelişimi izleme üzerine yapıldığı görülmüştür. Araştırmanın sonunda gelecekteki araştırmalara yönelik çeşitli önerilere yer verilmiştir.

Objectives:The objectives of the study were to evaluate the vascular and stromal structure of the choroid in patients with inactive thyroid associated orbitopathy (TAO) by measuring choroidal vascularity index (CVI) and choroidal thickness (CT) using enhanced depth imaging (EDI) optical coherence tomography (OCT).Methods:The choroidal image was taken with EDI mode spectral domain (SD)-OCT. All scans were taken between 9.30 am and 11.30 am to avoid the diurnal variation of CT and CVI. To calculate CVI, macular SD-OCT scans were binarized using the publicly available software ImageJ and luminal area and total choroidal area (TCA) were measured. CVI was calculated as the proportion of LA to TCA. Furthermore, the relation between CVI and axial length, gender, and age was evaluated.Results:This study included 78 individuals with a mean age of 51.4±7.3 years. Group 1 consisted of 44 patients with inactive stage TAO, and Group 2 consisted of 34 healthy controls. Subfoveal CT was 338.92±73.93 µm in Group 1 and 303.97±40.35 µm in Group 2 (p=0.174). The CVI significantly differed between the two groups, which was higher in group 1 (p=0.000).Conclusion:Although CT was not different between groups, CVI which is the indicator of the vascular status of the choroid, was higher in patients with TAO in the inactive stage compared with healthy control subjects.

Preferring the teaching profession and the attitudes toward it are directly related to the profession's expectations.Expectations are important factors determining whether an attitude will turn into a behavior.Since the expectation is directly related to teachers' qualification, it is vital to determine pre-service teachers' expectations from the teaching profession.Therefore, the purpose of this study is to determine the expectations of preservice teachers in the department of teaching individuals with intellectual disabilities in terms of (a) social, (b) economic, (c) professional development, and (d) legislative and executive regulations.

Purpose. - To compare the anterior segment optical coherence tomography (AS-OCT) measurements of eyes with pigment dispersion syndrome (PDS) and ocular hypertension (OHT) before and after neodymium:yttrium-aluminum-garnet (Nd:YAG) laser peripheral iridotomy (LPI). Methods. - A total of 23 eyes of 23 patients with PDS and OHT with features of PDS were included in this retrospective study. All of the eyes with PDS and OHT were examined by ASOCT before and after Nd:YAG LPI. Anterior chamber depth, angle opening distance 500, angle opening distance 750, trabecular iris space 500, trabecular iris space 750 and scleral spur angle, iris bowing and iris shape were measured with AS-OCT by the same examiner. Results. - The differences in all parameters before and after Nd:YAG LPI were statistically significant. Iris configuration was concave in all eyes prior to iridotomy. After Nd:YAG laser iridotomy, the iris configuration became convex in 7 eyes, flat in 9 eyes and remained concave in 7 eyes. Conclusion. - Nd:YAG laser peripheral iridotomy is an effective method for reversing the iris concavity and iris bowing in pigment dispersion syndrome. (C) 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Purpose: To assess the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of idiopathic epiretinal membrane (iERM) using the neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR), platelet-to-lymphocyte ratio (PLR), and mean platelet volume (MPV) as indicators of inflammation and to compare these parameter levels between iERM and control subjects. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the medical records of 36 patients who underwent vitrectomy-ERM peeling and 39 patients who had cataract surgery. We obtained blood samples from all individuals who participated in the study to investigate these parameters. Results: Seventy-five subjects were included in this study: 36 in the iERM group and 39 in the control group. The mean neutrophil and MPV levels were significantly higher in iERM subjects than in control subjects. The mean lymphocyte level was lower in the iERM group. The mean NLR, PLR, and MPV levels were higher in iERM subjects than in control subjects. Conclusion: The higher NLR, PLR, and MPV levels found in patients with iERM may indicate that subclinical systemic inflammation may associate with iERM.

An amendment to this paper has been published and can be accessed via a link at the top of the paper.

Purpose. - The objective of this study is to quantitatively analyse the foyeal microvasculature in eyes with Fuchs' Uveitic Syndrome (FUS), or Fuchs' Heterochromic Iridocyclitis (FHI), by Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). Methods. - Thirty patients with FUS and 30 healthy volunteer patients (control group) were enrolled in the study. Vascular density (VD) in the superior and deep capillary plexuses (SCP, DCP) were reported and compared between eyes with FUS (FU), fellow eyes (FE) and the control group. Results. - Foveal VD and parafoveal VDs in all quadrants of the SCP were significantly lower in the FU group than the FE group and normal eyes (P < 0.05). Foveal VDs in the DCP were similar between the three groups (P> 0.05); however, parafoveal VDs in all quadrants of the DCP were significantly lower in the FU group than in the FE and control eyes (P < 0.05). Foveal and parafoveal VDs in both the SCP and DCP were similar between fellow eyes and the control group. Conclusion. - Fuchs' Uveitic Syndrome (Fuchs' Heterochromic Iridocyclitis) affects not only the anterior uvea and vitreous but also the retinal microvasculature. Analysis by OCT-A may enable us to understand the extent of this disease. (C) 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Purpose: To evaluate retinal microvasculature and blood flow during Behcet's uveitis (BU) remission via optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A), and compare the results with those from healthy eyes. Methods: A total of 35 eyes of 35 BU patients presenting during the remission period of BU involving the posterior segment were enrolled, as were 30 normal eyes of 30 age and sex-matched healthy participants. Optical coherence tomography angiograms were analyzed. Foveal avascular zone (FAZ), vessel densities, and flow areas were calculated and compared. Results: Thirty-five eyes of 35 BU patients and 30 normal eyes of 30 age and sex-matched subjects were included in the study. The superficial FAZ was slightly higher in the BU group than in the control group (p = 0.01), but deep FAZ was substantially higher (p < 0.001). Deep foveal and parafoveal vessel densities were significantly lower in BU eyes (p < 0.05). Flow areas in superficial and deep plexuses were lower in BU eyes (p < 0.05), however choroidal flow was similar (p > 0.05). Conclusion: BU can cause permanent damage especially in the deep capillary plexus and OCT-A provides a detailed view of the retinal microvasculature which helps us to visualize vascular damage in these patients. Further studies with longer follow-up periods are needed to define the role of OCT-A in the decision of treatment efficacy with different agents.

PURPOSE:To compare macular layer thicknesses between early glaucoma, ocular hypertension, and healthy eyes and to evaluate the accuracy of spectralis optical coherence tomography (OCT) segmentation software in discriminating early glaucoma from ocular hypertension and healthy eyes. METHODS:OCT scans were performed using the standard macular and peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (pRNFL) protocols on the Spectralis-OCT. The following macular thickness parameters were compared in the inner and outer circles of the Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study: total macular thickness (MT), retinal nerve fiber layer (mRNFL), ganglion cell layer (mGCL), inner plexiform layer (mIPL), inner nuclear layer (mINL), outer plexiform layer (mOPL), outer nuclear layer (mONL) and ganglion cell complex (mGCC: sum of mRNFL, mGCL, and mIPL). Sectors and layers with the best area under the receiver operating characteristic curve (AUC) were determined and compared between groups. RESULTS:Of a total of 200 eyes included in this study, 64 eyes had primary open angle glaucoma, 69 had ocular hypertension, and 67 were healthy. Peripapillary RNFL was significantly thinner in the early glaucoma group (P<0.05). For the macular variables, there was a significant reduction in the MT, mGCC, mRNFL, mGCL, and mIPL thicknesses in the early glaucoma group; while there were no statistically significant differences between the ocular hypertension and control groups (P>0.05). For distinguishing early glaucoma from normal eyes, AUCs for mGCC, mGCL, and mRNFL were similar to the pRNFL; and for early glaucoma and ocular hypertension, AUCs for mGCC, mGCL mRNF and mIPL were comparable to the pRNFL. CONCLUSION:Macular segmentation can assist in the early diagnosis of glaucoma as a complementary study to pRNFL analysis.

Bu çalışmanın amacı, özel eğitim öğretmen adaylarının Öğretmenlik Uygulaması dersine ve dersin yürütüldüğü uygulama okullarına ilişkin beklentilerinin belirlenmesidir. Çalışmada durum çalışması deseni kullanılmıştır. Çalışmaya, zihin engeliler öğretmenliği programına devam eden ve Öğretmenlik Uygulaması I dersini alan 75 özel eğitim öğretmen adayı katılmıştır. Veriler, açık-uçlu sorulardan oluşmuş, yarı-yapılandırılmış bir görüşme formu kullanılarak toplanmıştır. Verilerin analizinde içerik analiz kullanılmıştır. Değerlendiriciler arası güvenirlik ortalama %97 bulunmuştur. Bulgular, öğretmen adaylarının Öğretmenlik Uygulaması dersiyle ilgili beklentilerinin, dersin amacı, içeriği, işlenişi ve değerlendirmesiyle tutarlı olduğunu ortaya koymaktadır. Öğretmen adaylarının dersin öğretim elemanından hem mesleki hem de kişisel beklentileri olduğu görülmektedir. Öğretmen adayları ayrıca, dersin yürütüldüğü uygulama okullarına ilişkin hem fiziksel hem de sosyal beklentilere; uygulama okulundaki personele ilişkin ise hem mesleki hem de kişisel beklentilere sahiptir. Çalışmanın bulguları, uygulamalara ve ileriki araştırmalara ilişkin öneriler açısından tartışılmıştır.

Choroidal granuloma is rarely seen as the first sign of tuberculosis(TB). Here we report a case of a 34-year old male with a choroidal mass which was associated with serous retinal detachment on EDI-OCT and the "contact sign" between the neurosensory retina and the retinal pigment epithelium. We analysed the macular microvascular features of tuberculoma with Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography(OCTA). After 3 months of antituberculosis treatment, we observed the shrinkage of granuloma with permanent changes of macular microvasculature in deep capillary plexus and choriocapillaris. In conclusion, OCT-A may provide useful information about the retinal microvascular involvement in patients with choroidal tuberculoma.

School adjustment throughout the early years of formal schooling has been examined on scientific studies for various reasons. Because it predicts certain parts of school success in later years, school adjustment has been suggested to become a focus of research. Although there are numerous factors affecting school adjustment, these factors appear to be categorised as being related to child, family and school or programme. This study examines the relationship between the severity levels of autism in preschool children and their social interaction behaviours characteristic to autism, and their school adjustment. For this purpose, data gathered from a total of 40 students, 6 girls and 34 boys. The age range of the children was 44 to 78 months. Findings reveal that severity levels of disability and social interaction behaviours that are characteristic to ASD predict the school adjustment of preschool children with ASD by 54% in the category of Classroom Participation and by 44% negatively and significantly in the category of Positive Orientation. The findings were discussed based on the literature findings.

The aim of this study was to identify factors associated with failed vision improvement and recurrence following occlusion therapy for anisometropic amblyopia in children aged 7–9 years.

Preventing antisocial behaviors appearing at an early age-before they become chronic-through effective early intervention programs, has become an important issue in recent years. In Turkey, the increase in the number of children at risk of antisocial behavior makes it necessary to get these behaviors under control at an early age through some effective and systematic programs. Nevertheless, in Turkey, the number of studies on this subject is limited. Therefore, this study aims to explore the effectiveness of the preschool version of the First Step to Success (FSS) early intervention program on antisocial behaviors and social skills of Turkish children aged 36-72 months, who are at risk of antisocial behaviors. The study comprises a pretest-posttest experimental design with a control group. At the end of the study, the total problem and externalized problem behaviors of children in the experimental group decreased significantly. However, the program implementation did not result in a significant difference between experimental and control groups in terms of social skills. Regarding social validity findings, the majority of teachers and parents were happy with the program.

This study aims to describe the views of teachers, parents, and FSS-PSV counselors on the Preschool Version of First Step to Success Early Intervention Program (FSS-PSV) in preventing antisocial behaviors; in addition, the implementation process and contributions from the program will also be outlined. The study was conducted in six different preschools in Eskisehir, Turkey. Participants of the study were 11 preschool teachers, 11 parents, and six FSS-PSV counselors. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews. Descriptive analysis was used in analyzing the data. As a result, children who were identified as target students of the FSS-PSV program revealed having antisocial/problem behaviors. These behaviors particularly involved physical aggression and incompetency in social skills. The majority of teachers and parents stated that those behaviors stemmed from family-related reasons. To cope with antisocial/problem behaviors, the teachers preferred to talk to a student about his/her behavior, use the in- and out-of-class break technique, and reward positive behaviors. Parents preferred talking to the child or punishing them. Qualitative findings of this study support the findings of studies on the effectiveness of FSS-PSV through quantitative methods in literature. Similarly, most of the participants in this study provided positive feedback on FSS-PSV, and changes were observed concerning the antisocial/problem behaviors of the children.

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of thyroid eye disease (TED) on the measurement of corneal biomechanical properties and the relationship between these parameters and disease manifestations. A total of 54 eyes of 27 individuals with TED and 52 eyes of 30 healthy control participants were enrolled. Thyroid ophthalmopathy activity was defined using the VISA (vision, inflammation, strabismus, and appearance/exposure) classification for TED. The intraocular pressure (IOP) measurement with Goldmann applanation tonometer (GAT), axial length (AL), keratometry, and central corneal thickness (CCT) measurements were taken from each patient. Corneal biomechanical properties, including corneal hysteresis (CH) and corneal resistance factor (CRF) and noncontact IOP measurements, Goldmann-correlated IOP (IOPg) and corneal-compensated IOP (IOPcc) were measured with the Ocular Response Analyzer (ORA) using the standard technique. Parameters such as best corrected visual acuity, axial length, central corneal thickness, and corneal curvature were not statistically significant between the two groups (p > 0.05). IOP measured with GAT was higher in participants with TED (p < 0.001). The CH of TED patients was significantly lower than that of the control group. There was no significant difference in the corneal resistance factor between groups. However, IOPg and IOPcc were significantly higher in TED patients. CH and VISA grading of TED patients showed a negative correlation (p = 0.007). In conclusion, TED affects the corneal biomechanical properties by decreasing CH. IOP with GAT and IOPg is found to be increased in these patients. As the severity of TED increases, CH decreases in these patients.

PURPOSE: To evaluate the long-term visual results of Acufocus ACI-7000 (now Kamra) intracorneal inlay implantation in presbyopic phakic patients.SETTING: Beyoglu Eye Training and Research Hospital, Istanbul, Turkey.DESIGN: Clinical trial.METHODS: This study comprised patients with emmetropic or post-laser in situ keratomileusis (LASIK) presbyopia. Patients had an uncorrected near visual acuity (UNVA) of 20/40 or worse, correctable to 20/25 or better at distance. The inlay was implanted on the stromal bed after the LASIK flap was relifted or a flap created. The inlay was centered on the presurgical position of the first Purkinje reflex. The main outcome measures were distance and near vision and the complication rate.RESULTS: The study enrolled 39 patients aged 45 to 60 years. At the 4-year follow-up, all patients (N = 22) had 2 or more lines of improvement in UNVA with no significant loss in distance vision. The mean final UNVA was 20/20 (Jaeger [J1]); 96% of patients could read J3 or better. The uncorrected distance acuity was 20/40 or better in all eyes. Five patients had cataract progression, and 2 had a change in refractive status. No eye with an intracorneal inlay had intraoperative complications during cataract extraction. Four inlays were explanted during the study. There were no severe corneal complications that affected final vision.CONCLUSION: Intracorneal inlay implantation was an effective, safe, and reversible procedure for the long-term surgical treatment of presbyopia.