Organic solar cells (OSCs) have emerged as a promising technology for flexible electronics, building-integrated photovoltaics (BIPV), and the internet of things due to their flexibility, cost-effectiveness, and high efficiency under low-light conditions. However, numerous issues in preparation processing arise from solute nonuniform distribution, interlayer interference, and insufficient phase separation, limiting its development from laboratory-scale fabrication to large-scale production. To address these challenges, non-contact inkjet printing has garnered substantial attention for its high precision and scalability. Hence, this review presents an overview of the fundamental working principles of inkjet printing technology and delves into the core issues faced during its application in OSCs. We have summarized and discussed the most commonly used and effective solution strategies from the perspectives of the photoactive layer, transport layer, electrodes layer, and even fully inkjet-printed devices. Finally, we provide a brief outlook on the challenges and opportunities of inkjet printing technology for OSCs.

Carbon-based hole transport layer (HTL)-free perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) show great promise due to simple fabrication and cost-effectiveness. However, using TiO2 as the sole carrier transport layer causes defects at the buried interface with perovskite, affecting photogenerated carrier extraction and transfer. This study introduces aminothiophenol (ATP) as a buried interface additive to passivate defects and stabilize CsPbI3 films. Simulations and experiments confirm ATP anchors on TiO2 via & horbar;SH to passivate oxygen vacancies, while & horbar;NH2 and & horbar;SH synergistically passivate lead vacancies and uncoordinated Pb2+. Furthermore, this modification improves energy-level alignment, electron extraction, perovskite crystallinity, and carrier lifetimes. Consequently, the optimized 3-ATP-modified device achieves a PCE of 19.81%, among the highest reported for all-inorganic C-PSCs and retains over 90% of its initial PCE after 1000 h in ambient air with <20% humidity.

Silicone rubber (SR) has attracted considerable attention as a flexible ablative material due to its excellent heat resistance and thermal insulation properties. However, its low mechanical strength and tendency to swell and pulverize under ablation conditions inhibit the formation of a robust char layer, limiting applications in extreme high-temperature environments. In this work, we designed a series of cross-linkers based on allyl phenolic resin (APR) and constructed a rigid-flexible balance APR-PDMS micro/nano bicontinuous char-forming network within the SR matrix, synergistically enhancing both mechanical properties and char-forming ability. The modified SR (PTRs) achieved a tensile strength of up to 4.88 MPa (a 597 % increase over SR) along with a char yield of 16 %, compared to 0 % for SR. At high temperatures, the APR-PDMS network spontaneously forms a robust and thermally insulating micro/nano-porous char layer induced by cyclic siloxane gases generated during pyrolysis, with a thermal conductivity as low as 0.0418 W/(m & sdot;K). The linear and mass ablation rates of PTRsbased composites were as low as 0.152 mm/s and 0.074 g/s, respectively, representing reductions of 34.5 % and 18.9 % compared to SR-based ablative materials. This work provides an innovative design strategy for developing high-performance flexible SR-based ablative materials.

All-inorganic, hole-transport-material-free (HTM-free), carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) have garnered significant attention due to their exceptional stability and low cost. However, their performance and commercial potential are still constrained by issues such as poor interfacial contact, insufficient crystallinity, and energy level misalignment. In this work, we tackle these challenges via a molecular engineering strategy by introducing tetrakis(4-ethynylphenyl) methane (TEPM) as a multifunctional additive. The alkynyl moiety (C equivalent to C) in TEPM coordinates with Pb2+ ions in perovskite precursors, thereby synergistically slowing crystallization kinetics to regulate crystal growth and passivate deep-level defects. As a result, the CsPbI3 films exhibit larger grain sizes, improved crystallinity, and lower defect densities. Devices modified with TEPM achieved a record power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 20.01% (certified 19.58%). Additionally, unencapsulated devices retained 87.6% of their initial efficiency after 1080 h under ambient conditions (25 degrees C, 30% relative humidity), and maintained 94.0% of their initial efficiency after 730 h of continuous AM 1.5G illumination in air.

Metal halide perovskite solar cells have achieved notable progress over the past 15 years. However, due to their ionic nature, they are vulnerable under an electric bias. This issue limits their application in solar modules under partial shade, which often occurs in real-world operation. Here we developed a van der Waals antimony oxide (Sb2O3) interlayer at the perovskite/electron transport layer interface using scalable thermal evaporation. Thanks to its two-dimensional molecular crystal structure, the interlayer forms an atomically compact physical barrier that effectively passivates trap states, suppresses interfacial ion migration and enhances electrical robustness. Devices featuring the Sb2O3 interlayer achieved a certified power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 27.3% and demonstrated a high reverse-bias resistance of -22.3 V. We demonstrate solar modules with an area of 62.37 cm2 and a certified PCE of 23.1%. They retained 96.4% of their initial PCE after 1,000 h of maximum power point tracking at a temperature of 65 +/- 5 degrees C. The modules also maintained 91.2% of their initial PCE after 1,510 h of a shading test at 65 +/- 5 degrees C. Our strategy provides an effective approach for enhancing the reverse-bias stability of perovskite solar cells and paves the way for their practical application in photovoltaic modules.

Achieving precise kinetic control over photopolymerization remains a central challenge for fabricating high-performance holographic polymer-liquid crystal composites (HPDLCs). Herein, we report a dual-radical system that leverages the synergy between an initiating thiyl radical and an inhibitor-type ketyl radical, both generated in situ from a photoactive chromophore pair, 2,5-bis[4-(diethylamino)benzylidene]cyclopentanone (BDEA) and 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (MBO). In this system, the ketyl radical acts as a chain-terminating species that quenches undesired chain propagation in destructive interference regions, thereby amplifying the gelation time disparity between bright and dark zones and facilitating phase separation. Strikingly, the addition of biimidazole (HABI) converts the ketyl radical into a new initiating species, which diminishes the gelation-time disparity and suppresses phase separation. External inhibitors such as xanthone (XAN) fail to replicate this modulatory function, underscoring the indispensable role of internally coordinated radical interactions. This cooperative radical mechanism not only enables high-fidelity, full-color holographic patterning, but also establishes a conceptual framework for kinetic modulation through internal radical interplay.

The energy conversion efficiency of a single-junction photovoltaic device is mainly constrained by its bandgap setting a theoretical upper bound known as Shockley-Queisser (S-Q) limit. In this work, carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) are harnessed to transcend the S-Q limit through a synergistic integration of photovoltaic and photothermal conversion for water splitting: the above-bandgap photons are converted into electrical energy, while the below-bandgap photons are all transformed into thermal energy through the carbon composite electrode. Correlative investigations into photovoltaic performance under varying solar driven heat-accumulation conditions, irradiance spectra, and incident light intensity reveal that C-PSCs exhibit lower temperature coefficients and higher full-spectrum solar energy utilization than conventional silicon cells. Furthermore, we calculated the S-Q efficiency limits under varying temperatures, irradiation spectra, and bandgap configurations, thereby offering critical insights for optimizing graded utilization of full solar spectrum. By integrating C-PSCs with water-splitting electrolytic cells, a graded utilization of full solar spectrum through both photovoltaic and photothermal conversion within the single-junction device is achieved. This integration elevates the solar-to-hydrogen (STH) efficiency from 11.30% to 12.98%, representing an enhancement of 14.86%, and achieves a remarkable STH-to-power conversion efficiency (PCE) ratio of up to 71.0%, highlighting its profound transformative potential.

Superhydrophobic coatings have garnered significant attention in the aerospace industry due to their unique functionalities. However, most reported coatings are restricted by poor thermal stability (typically below 400 degrees C), complex fabrication processes, or reliance on fluorinated raw materials, which limit their practical applications. This study employs a fluorine-free water-based acrylic/organosilicon composite resin and dualscale SiO2/ZrO2 particles to prepare a high-temperature-resistant superhydrophobic coating. The coating exhibits a water contact angle (WCA) of 156.1 degrees and a sliding angle (SA) of 6.9 degrees. Additionally, it maintains good hydrophobicity even after being treated at 500 degrees C for 1 h. In addition, the coating demonstrates excellent multifunctional durability, including resistance to 200 abrasion cycles, electrolyte corrosion, acid-base solutions, and common organic solvents. Benefiting from its environmentally friendly composition and simple spraycoating process, this work provides a scalable strategy for fabricating robust superhydrophobic coatings tailored for demanding aerospace environments.

Inorganic CsPbI3 perovskite, known for its high chemical stability and near-ideal bandgap, offers a promising solution to the instability of organic-inorganic hybrid perovskites that limit perovskite solar cells (PSCs) longevity. However, the conventional intermediate phase (dimethylammonium lead iodide, DMAPbI3) templating method suffers from inefficient phase conversion, hindering high-performance PSC development. To overcome this limitation, we engineered the crystallographic orientation of DMAPbI3 to promote rapid volatilization of DMAI and accelerating the transformation. Through in situ anchoring of Pb2+-complexing groups (-F < -Cl < -SO4) on TiO2 substrates during chemical bath deposition, we direct the preferential in-plane growth of Pb-rich (100) planes of DMAPbI3, enhancing its [100] orientation. Crucially, stronger complexing groups yield higher orientation degrees, accelerating thermal conversion into highly oriented CsPbI3 perovskite with higher purity and better optoelectronic properties. This strategy enables carbon-based, hole-transport-layer-free CsPbI3 PSCs to achieve a record 20.72% efficiency (certified as 20.35%). Unencapsulated device retains > 85% of their initial efficiency after 1156 h of continuous maximum power point tracking under 1-sun illumination.

Ga-doped zinc oxide (GZO) has attracted considerable interest for applications in electronic transport owing to its superior electrical properties. In this study, we report a low-temperature (<100 °C) aqueous open-system route for the in-situ synthesis of GZO powders. The efficient substitutional doping of Ga3+ into the ZnO lattice is achieved via a formation, in-situ transformation and dissolution–reprecipitation pathway of ε-Zn(OH)2 or ZnGa-layered double hydroxide (ZnGa-LDH) intermediates, which simultaneously endows the products with unique flower-like or bundle-like morphologies. Chemical equilibrium calculations and time-dependent experiments reveal that the ionic species Zn(NH3)42+ and Ga(OH)4-, formed in the aqueous solution under high ammonia concentration, serve as reactive monomers that facilitate the formation and transformation of the intermediate phases. Electrical measurements combined with UV-Vis-NIR, EPR, and PL spectroscopic analyses indicate that Ga doping introduces shallow donor-type defects alongside zinc vacancy-related acceptor defects into the ZnO lattice, narrowing the optical bandgap and enhancing the electrical conductivity of the resulting powders. The GZO powder with a nominal doping ratio of 5% exhibits the lowest resistivity (Surface resistivity measured by the four-probe method is 3.43×104 Ω/□). This work provides a new pathway for the controllable preparation of functional conductive oxide powders.

ABSTRACT High‐security anticounterfeiting materials require the crosstalk‐free integration of multiple optical functionalities within a single plastic platform. Holographic patterning offers exceptional information density and angular selectivity, while its performance is fundamentally limited by refractive‐index modulation. Here, we rationally construct a polyurethane elastomer (IPUU) at the molecular design level by incorporating highly extensible polyether soft segments and alicyclic hard segments with suppressed π‐electron delocalization, which enlarges the molecular volume, reduces the polarizability density, and yields an intrinsically low refractive index of 1.42. Benefiting from the pronounced refractive‐index contrast established between the low‐index matrix and the high‐index monomer during photopolymerization, the resulting IPUU‐based holographic plastic achieves a diffraction efficiency as high as 96%. Meanwhile, the introduction of multiple acylsemicarbazide and urethane moieties constructs a dense yet reversible hydrogen‐bonding network, imparting excellent elasticity, shape‐memory behavior, and thermally activated self‐healing capability, while also providing a favorable microscopic environment for reactant migration and network reconfiguration during photopolymerization. Notably, fluorescent patterns can be independently encoded within the same transparent film, enabling the orthogonal integration of holographic and fluorescent information. This work establishes a correlation between molecular polarizability density and macroscopic holographic performance, and provides a versatile strategy for multifunctional anticounterfeiting plastics with high optical performance and mechanical robustness.

To address the technical bottleneck that conventional polyurethane elastomers struggle to achieve high mechanical strength, excellent toughness, and multifunctionality simultaneously, a novel polyurethane elastomer (PU-MDH) was designed and fabricated in this study. The elastomer was successfully synthesized via a facile twostep polymerization procedure using polycarbonate diol (PCDL), isophorone diisocyanate (IPDI), and malonic acid dihydrazide (MDH) as raw materials. To optimize the internal hydrogen-bonding structure of the polymer and realize a rational distribution of hydrogen-bonding sites, multiple acyl semicarbazide (ASCZ) and carbamate groups were introduced through structural design. Two ASCZ moieties effectively facilitate hydrogen-bond stacking and promote the formation of densely and uniformly distributed hard domains. A synergistic effect arises from the strong hydrogen-bond network within the hard microdomains and moderate intermolecular interactions among soft segments, which significantly improves the comprehensive mechanical properties of the elastomer. The prepared PU-MDH possesses multiple excellent properties: its tensile strength can reach 72 MPa, its visible light transmittance exceeds 90%, and it simultaneously exhibits significant intrinsic fluorescent properties and a good shape memory effect. Based on the light scattering effect at the crack interface, a fluorescence visualization monitoring method for the damage-repair process was established. Taking advantage of these performance merits, this study further explored the application potential of PU-MDH in the fields of flexible sensors and nanogenerators. In addition, relying on the non-covalent crosslinking interactions within the material, PU-MDH can be conveniently recycled and reused. This research provides a new pathway for the preparation of high-strength, recyclable, and multifunctional polyurethane elastomers while also offering material support for the research and development of related advanced flexible devices.

Marine biofouling negatively impacts marine industries and ship navigation. However, current coatings are based on a single antifouling mechanism, which is insufficient to cope with the complex and ever-changing marine environment. Herein, multifunctional antifouling coatings were developed using a material system containing perfluoropolyether and caprolactone chains. First, an acrylic resin containing perfluoropolyether side chains was synthesized as a liquid-repellent component and then a degradable cross-linked network was constructed by bridging polycaprolactone chains. Surprisingly, polycaprolactone chains not only effectively improved the tensile strength but also provided flexibility to the resin. Thus, the coating exhibited satisfactory mechanical stability and low roughness (4.06 nm) during dynamic polishing. It is worth noting that the cross-linked network with a low surface energy (SE) (22.0 mJm-2) effectively inhibited the adhesion of marine fouling organisms. Moreover, the hydrolysis of ester groups promoted the formation of a self-renewing surface, and the synergistic effect of the low SE and degradability of the coating ensured excellent and long-lasting antifouling performance of the coating. The coating reduced the adhesions of Vibrio alginolyticus, Nitzschia sp., and Navicula sp. by 99.99, 84.6, and 91.0%, respectively, compared with their adhesions to a commercially available self-polishing coating (B3000). Thus, the degradable low-SE antifouling coating produced using the proposed strategy can be potentially applied to various maritime industries.

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have garnered significant attention as promising contenders in the photovoltaic industry, owing to their compelling combination of low cost, high power conversion efficiency (PCE), and tunable bandgap properties. Among these, carbon-based PSCs (C-PSCs) have presented a unique industrial potential in addressing the "efficiency-lifetime-cost" challenge due to its high stability and low cost. However, the high-defect density and severe interface energy loss, which caused by the deposition process compatibility during the expansion of small-scale devices to large-scale devices, greatly limit the development of large-scale C-PSCs. Hence, this review systematically examines recent progress in large-scale C-PSCs and modules, mainly focusing on scalable fabrication techniques and performance enhancement strategies in both high-temperature carbon electrode (HT-CE) and low-temperature carbon electrode (LT-CE) photovoltaic devices. Furthermore, the encapsulation technologies and cost of C-PSCs are also discussed and analyzed. Finally, this work gives a brief outlook on the commercialization challenges and opportunities of large-scale C-PSCs.

Visible‐light‐driven photopolymerization is a promising approach for fabricating high‐quality volume holographic gratings, with applications spanning high‐density data storage, augmented reality displays, and diffractive optical elements. However, a major limitation in this field is the aggregation‐caused quenching (ACQ) of organic dye‐based photosensitizers, which reduces their solid‐state emission efficiency and hinders energy transfer to co‐initiators. To overcome this challenge, a supramolecular strategy, integrated with density functional theory (DFT) calculations, is employed for the rapid screening and precise identification of the most compatible cyclodextrin host molecules. Methyl‐ β ‐cyclodextrin (Me‐ β ‐CD) is identified as the optimal host and utilized to encapsulate the dye 2,4‐Bis(4‐(diethylamino)benzylidene)cyclobutanone (C4) by a hydrothermal method. The resulting inclusion complex, stabilized by hydrogen bonding and van der Waals forces interactions, exhibit a twofold increase in fluorescence quantum yield, reaching 32% and significantly enhanced diffraction efficiency. This work highlights a novel strategy combining supramolecular chemistry to overcome ACQ and optimize photopolymerization systems, paving the way for advanced functional photopolymers in optical applications.

Synthesizing highly compatible photosensitizer provides new directions for constructing high-efficiency photoinitiation systems (PSs). Here, a 2,4-Bis(4-(diethylamino)benzylidene)cyclobutanone (C4) was synthesized and used to form a three-component PSs (C4/HABI/MBO) with a biimidazole (HABI), 2-mercaptobenzoxazole (MBO). The photosensitizer has a more efficient energy transfer properties attributed to the higher fluorescence emission capacity, narrower energy band gap, lower free energy of electron transfer (ΔGet) and improved matching with photoinitiator. Meanwhile, a double-cycle reaction mechanism is proposed, in which the improved matching seems to encourage this cycle to occur. As a result, the C4/HABI/MBO photoinitiation system well improved the diffraction efficiency of photopolymers up to 96% and demonstrated promising performance in recording and reproducing reflection holograms, which provide a new research idea for designing photoinitiation system.

Compared to single‐junction perovskite solar cells (PSCs), all‐perovskite tandem solar cells (PTSCs) offer higher power conversion efficiencies (PCEs). However, the substantial open‐circuit voltage ( V OC ) loss of wide‐bandgap (WBG) perovskite sub‐cells limits the efficiency due to the interface defect and halide segregation. In this study, 6‐hydroxy‐2‐naphthalenecarboxylic acid (HNA) is employed to construct cross‐linked network by the H‐bond and conjugated interaction to engineer the interface and suppress halide segregation. Enhanced Photoluminescence (PL) intensity and reduced quai‐Fermi level splitting (QFLS) loss indicate that the unique molecular conformation of HNA facilitates the process of the dense crosslinked film, which greatly enhances the passivation effect. Meanwhile, the strong π‐π interactions accelerate the charge transport at the WBG perovskite/C 60 interface, effectively suppressing the non‐radiative recombination. The 1.78 eV WBG PSCs achieve a V OC of 1.35 V and a PCE of 19.92% and deliver T 80 = 1100 h by maximum power point track (MPPT). In combination with narrow‐bandgap (NBG) sub‐cells, PTSCs exhibit a V OC of 2.13 V, a PCE of 28.25%, and T 80 of 500 h. This work provides a self‐assembled interlayer strategy to develop highly efficient and stable WBG sub‐cells for PTSCs.

Perovskite photovoltaics exhibit impressive power conversion efficiency (PCE) and cost-effective manufacturing, developing as the most promising photovoltaic technology for commercialization beyond silicon. However, stability and end-of-life hazards remain significant challenges. Module recycling and remanufacturing could reduce costs and minimize Lead contamination risk. This study proposes a Recycling and Remanufacturing (R&R) strategy for perovskite-based PV technologies and evaluates their commercial viability by calculating the levelized cost of energy (LCOE). Our findings indicate that when the PCE and lifetime of PSC modules reach 20% and 7 years (31% and 8 years for 2-terminal; 30% and 8 years for 4-terminal perovskite-silicon tandems), respectively, it can achieve an LCOE of 7.75 Cents/kWh, making it commercially competitive with silicon technology. The R&R strategy also minimizes the utilization of hazardous Pb, easing postprocessing pollution. These findings highlight the R&R strategy as a viable end-of-life solution for perovskite technology, which could accelerate its commercialization.

Anti‐fouling coatings are an effeective strategy for combating biofouling in the marine industry. However, traditional anti‐fouling coatings have the disadvantages of high toxicity and unstable polymer degradation rates, which impact on the environment and economy. Herein, a self‐polishing, anti‐fouling coating without heavy‐metal biocides and with dual anti‐fouling mechanisms is prepared. By grafting N‐(4‐hydroxy‐3‐methoxybenzyl), which is a repellent effect on fouling organisms, onto an acrylic resin and introducing polydimethylsiloxane chains to reduce surface energy, the adhesion of Staphylococcus aureus , Vibrio alginolyticus and Nitzschia sp . on the coating surface is reduced by ≈90.2%, >99.9% and ≈89.8%, respectively. To ensure that the coating can form a self‐renewing surface under seawater scouring, degradable polycaprolactone chain is used to bridge the acrylic resin; thus, the mechanical properties of the coating are improved. This study provides a solution to the problem of biofouling in the marine industry, biomedicine, and other fields.

The operational stability of perovskite solar modules (PSMs) is inferior to that of smaller-sized devices, posing a critical challenge to advance their practical applications. Printable carbon electrodes are highly stable and cost-effective, representing a promising strategy to address the stability issue when used as rear contacts in fully printable PSMs. However, the power conversion efficiency (PCE) of carbon-electrode PSMs still lags behind their metal-electrode counterparts. Here we develop a scalable vapour post-treatment process based on molecules with small sizes and low boiling point that effectively minimize non-radiative recombination and facilitate charge extraction. We demonstrate fully printed carbon-electrode PSMs with about 50 cm2 of active area and a PCE of 20.41% (19.26% certified). Our strategy significantly improves the stability of modules, with negligible PCE decay after tracking at the maximum power point for 1,020 h under 1-sun illumination at 65 degrees C. The unencapsulated carbon-electrode PSMs retain over 84% of the initial PCE under the damp heat test (85 degrees C and 85% relative humidity) for 2,280 h. We believe our treatment strategy will sustain the development of carbon-electrode PSMs towards commercial upscaling.