Firmaların ihracat performansları Türkiye ekonomisi açısından kilit bir role sahiptir. Diğer taraftan küresel olarak yaşanan çevresel sorunlar, firmaların faaliyetlerini gerçekleştirirken çevre üzerindeki olumsuz etkilerini azaltmalarının önemini açıkça ortaya çıkarmıştır. Bu noktadan hareketle bu araştırma, firmalarda çevresel bağlılığın temel bir strateji haline getirilmesinin önemine dikkat çekmeyi ve çevresel bağlılığın ihracat performansı üzerindeki etkisini ölçmeyi amaçlamaktadır. Bu kapsamda Dünya Bankası İşletme Anketleri (Türkiye -2019) çalışmasına katılan Türk üretim firmalarının; özellikle çevresel veya küresel iklim değişikliği ile ilgili sorunlara ilişkin stratejik amaçlarının bulunmasının, bu sorunlardan sorumlu bir yöneticiye sahip olmalarının, çevreyle ilgili uluslararası bir kalite sertifikasına sahip olmalarının, enerji tüketiminin ve karbon salınımının azaltılmasına yönelik amaçlarının bulunmasının ve çevrenin korunmasına ve iklim değişikliğine yönelik aldıkları önlemlerin ihracat performansları üzerindeki etkileri incelenmiştir. Araştırma için gerekli olan veri seti Dünya Bankası İşletme Anketleri (Türkiye – 2019) çalışmasından sağlanmış ve elde edilen veriler regresyon yöntemi ile analiz edilmiştir. Analiz sonuçları; uluslararası bir kalite sertifikasına sahip olunmasının ve firmanın çevrenin korunmasına ve iklim değişikliğine yönelik aldığı önlemlerin ihracat performansını olumlu yönde etkilediğine işaret etmektedir. Gerek sürdürülebilir kalkınma açısından doğal çevrenin önemi gerekse de ihracatın firmaların ve ülke ekonomimizin büyümesi açısından oynadığı kritik rol dikkate alındığında; çalışma ile edilen sonuçların hem firmalar hem de politika belirleyiciler açısından faydalı bilgiler ortaya koyması beklenmektedir.

This study examines racial disparities in violent arrest outcomes, challenging conventional methods through a nuanced analysis of Cincinnati Police Department data. Acknowledging the intricate nature of racial disparity, the study categorizes explanations into types of place, types of person, and a combination of both, emphasizing the impact of neighborhood characteristics on crime distribution and police deployment. By introducing alternative scenarios, such as spuriousness, directed policing, and the geo-concentration of racial groups, the study underscores the complexity of racial disparity calculations. Employing a case study approach, the analysis of violent arrest outcomes reveals approximately 40 percent of the observed variation attributed to neighborhood-level characteristics, with concentrated disadvantage neutralizing the influence of race on arrest rates. Contrary to expectations, the study challenges the notion of unintentional racism, suggesting that neighborhood factors play a more significant role than the racial composition in explaining arrests. Policymakers are urged to focus on comprehensive community development initiatives addressing socioeconomic inequalities and support the development of robust racial disparity indices. The study calls for nuanced explorations of unintentional racism and future research addressing potential limitations, aiming to enhance understanding of the complexities surrounding racial disparities in arrests.

This chapter explores personality theories as they relate to criminal behavior. According to these theories, criminal behavior is linked to the presence of certain personality traits or a specific criminal personality. Psychologists link personality to criminal behavior by examining an offender’s specific traits or certain clusters of traits that drive them toward the criminal behavior. This chapter focuses on personality theories that attempt to explain the major traits of criminal propensity, including undercontrolled vs. overcontrolled personality traits, Eysenck’s Extraversion, Neuroticism, and Psychoticism dimensions, and Tellegen’s Positive Emotionality, Negative Emotionality, and Constraint. Empirical evidence for each theory is presented, and the relevance of personality to criminal behavior is discussed.

Drug overdose is a pressing public health concern in the United States, resulting in a significant number of fatalities each year. In this study, we employ the Journey to Crime (JTC) framework borrowed from the field of environmental criminology to examine the association between drug sales locations and overdose death locations. In this research, our objective is to elucidate the trajectory of overdose victims to overdose locations, aiming to enhance the distribution of overdose services and interventions. To the best of our knowledge, no previous studies have applied the JTC framework to investigate drug overdose deaths. By scrutinizing data obtained from the Hamilton County, OH Coroners, and the Cincinnati Police Department, we endeavor to explore the plausible correlation between overdose deaths and drug sales locations. Our findings underscore the necessity of implementing a comprehensive strategy to curtail overdose deaths. This strategy should encompass various facets, including targeted efforts to reduce the accessibility of illicit drugs, the enhancement of responses to overdose incidents through a collaborative multidisciplinary approach, and the availability of data to inform evidence-based strategies and facilitate outcome evaluation. By shedding light on the relationship between drug sales locations and overdose death locations through the utilization of the JTC framework, this study contributes valuable insights to the field of drug overdose prevention. It emphasizes the significance of adopting multifaceted approaches to address this public health crisis effectively. Ultimately, our research aims to inform the development of evidence-based interventions and policies that can mitigate the occurrence and impact of drug overdoses in our communities.

The forced migration of individuals and groups in the world has increased substantially amid extensive regional and international conflicts. A prime example is the continuing civil war in Syria, during which Turkey has become the host country for more Syrian refugees than any other country in the region. Research on fear of crime has focused mainly on fear of crime in general rather than on fear of crime being committed by specific groups of individuals with a shared identity. The current study used survey data to investigate the extent to which the general crime fear among Turkish citizens differs from their fear that Syrian refugees in the country may commit a crime. Consistent with theoretical assumptions of subgroup threats, the overall results of the study show that Turkish citizens’ relational discomfort with Syrians, their perception that Syrian refugees pose a security threat, and their encounters with Syrian refugees in their neighborhoods are significantly associated with the manifestation of fear of general and group-specific crime. Fear of both types of crime was higher among females, which is consistent with previous research; however, contrary to previous research, young people rather than elderly people were more fearful of crime.

In this study, the carbon footprint of Yildiz Technical University (YTU), Davutpa & scedil;a Campus was calculated to draw attention to the sustainable use of resources, what needs to be done against global climate change, and to reveal the responsibilities of universities in this regard and the importance of their contributions. This study was carried out to emphasize the need for higher education institutions to lead in reducing the carbon footprint in every living area in our country. IPCC and DEFRA methods were used to calculate the carbon footprint. The emission values obtained for 2019 and 2020 were 15244.4 and 7213.3 t of CO2, 2 , respectively. The largest component of emissions is electricity consumption, followed by transportation. The obtained values are similar to the results of the studies conducted on other university campuses. The reason for the low emission value in 2020 is the application of the online education system due to the pandemic. The precautions to be taken to reduce the carbon footprint are stated and suggestions are made. YTU, which has already adopted a new environmental policy, is rapidly advancing towards becoming a sustainable campus. In line with the sustainable campus vision, the carbon footprint is expected to decrease significantly.

Research has focused extensively on the situational, legal, and extralegal factors of racial disparity in police practices (i.e., stops, citations, arrests). However, little quantitative analysis exists on the micro-space factors that also could lead to racial disparity in these outcomes. The primary purpose of this study is to understand whether (1) the level of African-American density and crime concentration at block groups are associated with racial disparity in police arrests, and (2) the level of crime concentration moderates the relationship between the level of African-American density and racial disparity. The results showed that African-American density was significantly and negatively related to racial disparity in police arrests. However, the level of crime concentration did not affect the racial disparity and did not moderate the relationship between African-American density and racial disparity.

COVID-19 has caused many radical changes in our daily life. The main purpose of this study is to examine the impact of the pandemic on household behavior and waste changes in the largest city of Turkey, Istanbul. Research data were collected from 946 participants in the period May to December 2020 through an online survey, and frequency and logistic regression analyses were conducted. Frequency analysis of the data showed that mask, glove, disposable bag usage, cooking at home, online shopping, home delivery, dishwasher and washing machine usage increased, while ordering food from outside decreased. In line with these behavioral changes, we found that medical, food, disposable bag and plastic wastes generated by the sampled households increased as well. We then conducted logistic regression analysis to examine the correlation between changes in household behavior and waste disposal and the income and size of households during this pandemic period. The empirical findings highlight the importance of developing special management strategies for medical, food and plastic wastes and for households with different socio-economic backgrounds to reduce the unsustainable environmental impact of COVID-19.

Abstract:Over the last several decades, many terrorist groups, such as Al-Qaeda, have overwhelmingly used radical Islamic rhetoric to justify their violent acts, even when they carry out suicide attacks against non-combatant targets. A primary source of inspiration for these terrorist groups is the intellectual work of prominent Islamic scholar Sayyid Qutb and his seminal book "Milestones". In this article, we examine the thoughts that Qutb espouses in the book and analyze whether he proposed a terrorist modus operandi to achieve political or religious ends. Our analysis indicates that while militant and terrorist groups may use "Milestones" as a powerful theoretical basis for recruiting and mobilizing new members, his work, in no way supports or condones indiscriminate violence against non-combatants, which is one of the basic components of terrorism.

Hot spots policing has become a robust evidence-based strategy to address the problem of crime in U.S. cities. Today, a growing number of police departments report that they use hot spots policing to some extent in their daily operations. However, to our knowledge, only one study has been conducted to determine whether police departments have implement the strategy effectively. In our study, we used crime and stop-question-and-frisk (SQF) data from the New York Police Department (NYPD) and an innovative analytical strategy to assess (1) whether the NYPD makes significant use of hot spots policing, and (2) if yes, how much hot spots policing the department performs. Our findings showed that the NYPD uses hot spots policing in about 40%–45% of its violent crime hot spots. The implications of the study are discussed.

Companies attempt to find ways of improving environmental performance and financial performance simultaneously while maintaining a balance between their actions and consequences for climate change. The primary objective of this study is to investigate the impacts of carbon and energy aspects on corporate financial performance using available dataset for Turkish listed companies. Financial performance is measured by both an accounting-based indicator, return on assets (ROA) and a market-based indicator, Tobin's q. The main finding stemmed from the estimated panel data regressions is twofold. The first one implies that carbon performance has a positive impact on ROA, which is a sign of the possibility of simultaneous improvement in both environmental performance and profitability. Our second main finding is that carbon performance and energy performance do not affect Tobin's q revealing that the market does not respond either positively or negatively to environmental performance of firms in Turkey.

Ulkeler arasi sinirlarin kalktigi ve global para ve sermaye piyasalarinin olustugu gunumuz ekonomi dunyasinda finansal raporlama ve dolayisiyla muhasebe bu piyasalarin etkinligine etki edebilecek gucte olan onemli araclardan biridir. Bu nedenle muhasebeci ve denetmenler kisaca muhasebe meslek mensuplari faaliyetlerini durustluk ve nesnellik icinde kamu menfaatini gozeterek yurutmekle ve ahlaki olmayan davranislardan kacinmakla yukumludurler. Istanbul’da uc buyuk universitenin isletme bolumlerinde okuyan 504 universite ogrencisi uzerinde yapilan bu calismada amac, muhasebe meslek etiginin onemini ortaya koymak ve bu onem vurgusuyla ogrencilerin algilari cercevesinde, etik disi davranislarla olan iliskisini irdeleyebilmektir. Yapilan analizler neticesinde ortaya cikan sonuca gore, meslek etiginin onemi ve muhasebe mesleginde etik algisi, alt boyutlari ve etik disi davranislar ile ters yonde iliskili bulunmus ve ogrencilerin bazi demografik ozelliklerine gore de etik disi davranislarinin farklilik gosterdigi gorulmustur.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to analyze the impact of logistics performance on the carbon (CO2) emissions of Balkan countries. Design/methodology/approach Fixed-effects panel regression analysis is used to estimate the causal relationship between CO2 emissions and logistic performances of Balkan countries. Logistics performance is measured by logistics performance index (LPI) which was published by the World Bank in 2007, 2010, 2012, 2014 and 2016 and used for ranking countries by means of their logistics performance. LPI is based on six main indicators: customs procedures, logistics costs and the quality of the infrastructure for overland and maritime transport. As a measure of carbon emissions of sampled countries, the natural logarithm of carbon dioxide emission per capita is used in this study. Findings The results obtained reveal that there is a positive and significant relationship between logistics performance and CO2 performances of the sampled Balkan countries. Research limitations/implications This study is based on only 11 Balkan countries. In this sense, the data used in the analysis is limited. Originality/value Considering the important geostrategic position of the Balkan region, logistics sector has an important role for the development of the countries in that region. In this sense, the findings of this study may provide useful insights for policymakers to achieve sustainable economic development. Furthermore, as far as the authors know, this is the first study that focuses on the relationship between logistics performance and carbon emissions of Balkan countries.

Long years of studies on IQ and delinquency have generated competing explanations. In this study, to test these competing explanations, we revisited Wolfang et al.'s (1973) birth cohort dataset of 9,944 boys whose ages ranged between 10 and 18 years old We conducted a Structural Equation Model (SQM) by using an SPSS AMOS software. This model enabled us to see the strength of the direct and indirect relationship between endogenous and exogenous variables as well as total effects on delinquency. Overall results suggest that environmental variables significantly affect the relationship between IQ and delinquency through schooling time. To be more specific, the direct impact of IQ level on offense is weak and ignorable, and indirect effects through schooling length and socioeconomic status are insignificant.

Today, maps are important components of public safety. Collecting geographic information data enables any public safety agency to smartly allocate their limited resources to those places where the public safety needs are the greatest. However, the current address geocoding applications are generally static, requiring specifically assigned personnel to geocode the addresses using a geographic information system (GIS) software. Real-time geocoding services like Google Maps are an alternative to these static systems by offering real-time geocoding capabilities; however, these closed systems usually come with a price that many agencies cannot afford. Given this context, we developed a public safety geocoding system using available open-source data and systems to enable any public safety agency to continuously enjoy the power of geographic information systems for their smart decision-making process. The proposed model is not limited to public safety and can be used for any purpose where people are used to using Google Maps Geocoding API or other commercial geocoding services.

Geography and time are the two constraints on illegal acts. The extant research on terrorism suggests that terrorists make an expected cost-benefit analysis, and thus make bounded, rational choices regarding their attacks. They carry out attacks that are likely to benefit their organizational goals, and they commit attacks choosing the easiest way with the least effort. This assumption leads to the conclusion that their attacks are likely to be clustered over space and time, and hence predictable. The purpose of this study is to examine whether the attacks of the PKK—a separatist terrorist organization—form microcycles in Turkey. In this study, we use the Global Terrorism Database (GTD) to examine 1261 terrorist attacks of which locations are known and attributed to the PKK. Our research findings suggest significant evidence to conclude that a pattern exists over both space and time regarding distribution of the terrorist attacks. Results from our logistic regression model demonstrate that non-lethal attacks or those occurring in Istanbul or Ankara are more likely to be contagious. We argue that our research findings and policy implications could be useful to create more effective terrorism prevention strategies and policies.

The main purpose of this study is to examine the Turkish firms' opinions on climate change related risk and opportunity drivers and their potential impacts. The research is based on the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) Turkey climate change survey reports. In 2017, 58 companies from Turkey participated in CDP survey. 42 of these companies were listed on the Borsa Istanbul (BIST) 100 index and 41 companies made their responses public. In this framework, it is aimed to examine how Turkish firms evaluated climate change related risks and opportunities and their impacts. The results of the study present a portrait of current corporate governance approaches related to climate change and contribute to climate change management literature.

Purpose- The aim of this study is to examine the status of assuring practices of GHG disclosures of Turkish companies, using the data available from the Carbon Disclosure Project (CDP) Turkey surveys for the period of 2015-2017. More specifically, it is aimed to determine the number of companies that assured their GHG emission disclosures, the scope of assurance, the types of assurance providers, the assurance level and the standards employed for the assurance of GHG disclosures. Methodology- The sample of the study is obtained from the CDP Database. In this study, we selected Turkish companies that answered the CDP questionnaire between the years of 2015 and 2017. Findings- The number of the total submitted CDP reports and the assured reports have an upward trend during the sample period. Nevertheless, it is observed that the number of reports having assurance services increased rapidly in those years. This shows that verified information has been more demanded by stakeholders. Conclusion- The increasing trend in the number of companies assuring their GHG disclosures presents opportunities for audit firms and other assurance service providers.