Hymexazol is the most often utilised bactericide in agriculture when it comes to production. To achieve efficient remediation of hymexazol pollution, cotton (C) and acrylic (A) discarded clothes were carbonized to prepare carbonized fibers (Cf). Dodecyl dimethyl betaine (DB) and chitosan (CH) were used to modify Cf, then alginate was secondly modified on the DB, and CH modified Cf to prepare multi-modified Cf. The adsorption isotherms of hymexazol were fitted by the Henry and the Freundlich models, and the correlation demonstrates that hymexazol’s adsorption follows both theories. The distribution coefficient and capacity parameter of hymexazol on different modified CCfs are higher than those on the ACfs. The adsorption effect of modified CCfs was better than that of modified ACFs. The optimum adsorption conditions were 30°C, pH 3, and ionic strength of 0.1 mol L−1, and the adsorption process was a spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-increasing reaction. Chemisorption mainly controlled the adsorption rate of hymexazol, and pH and mean pore size of modified Cf were the key factors in determining the adsorption capacity and affinity, respectively.

Chromium (Cr(VI)) is often released from various industries in excess in developing countries, which constitutes non-compliance with environmental regulations. This metal is hazardous for the aquatic ecosystem and is responsible for toxicity, carcinogenicity, and mutagenicity in humans. Adsorption is an effective and relatively inexpensive approach for treating the excess Cr(VI) compared to conventional methods. Commercially available adsorbents cannot be considered economical yet for industrial applications, which has alternatively resulted in the use of natural adsorbents. The current study focuses on Cr(VI) removal using low-cost natural adsorbents and discusses the different conditions used for such treatments. Previous studies have shown the following order of average Cr(VI) removal using different adsorbents: leaves > bark > agriculture > dry shell > tea = fungi > yeast > algae > sawdust > bacteria. Moreover, acid modification has been reported to offer the best results. The adsorption data are best fitted to both the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms. Hence, the abovementioned low-cost natural biomasses hold promising potential for Cr(VI) removal from wastewater, whose removal efficiency can be improved by adopting economical and effective pretreatment techniques. Literature also shows that leaves are more efficient and economical for Cr(VI) removal without pretreatment from among the various available bulk biomasses. The present review is expected to provide guidance for low-cost treatment of Cr(VI) at the industrial scale.

Highly efficient modification of soil can enhance the stabilization of heavy metal ions. To explore the stabilization capacity of heavy metals in karst soil modified with plant decomposition solution (DS), DS with different decomposition times and concentrations from three plants was used to amend yellow–brown soil (YBS) from the karst area. The morphological properties of various modified YBSs were examinedusing scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The isothermal adsorption characteristics of Pb(II) and Cu(II) by different modified YBSs were investigated via the batch method, and the effects of temperature, pH, and ionic strength on Pb(II) and Cu(II) adsorption were compared. The results showed that the isothermal adsorption of Pb(II) and Cu(II) by the modified YBSs conformed to the Langmuir and Freudlich models, and the Langmuir model was more suitable to describe the adsorption process of Pb(II) and Cu(II). The maximum adsorption capacity (qm) of Pb(II) and Cu(II) were 120.28–192.24 and 352.48–487.48 mmol kg−1, respectively. The qm values of both Pb(II) and Cu(II) first increased and then decreased as the modification ratio of the decomposition solution (DS) increased, with the peak value observed at a modification ratio of 20

Antibiotics is one of the four types of new pollutants which are widely concerned in the world. To investigate the performance and economy of antibiotic adsorption by a composite made of clay, plant decomposed liquid (DL), and chemical modifier, bentonite (B) and kaolin (K) were modified by the DL of Alternanthera philoxeroides to prepare biological clays. Then, dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS), polyacrylamide (PAM), and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (EA) were compositely modified on the biological clay to prepare different chemical-biological clays. The thermodynamic and kinetic characteristics of oxytetracycline (OTC) and chlortetracycline (CTC) adsorption were investigated by batch treatment. The adsorption changes in antibiotics on the modified clays under various pH levels, ionic strengths, and temperatures were compared, and the economy of antibiotic adsorption by different modified clays was analyzed. The maximal adsorption capacity (qm) values for OTC and CTC were 82.48-301.08 and 63.00-258.26 mmol/kg, respectively, ranking in the order of PAM- > BS- > EA-modified biological clays. The qm values of antibiotics by different modified Bs were higher than those by different modified Ks. In the pH range of 3-7 and temperature range of 10 degrees C-30 degrees C, high temperature and pH were conducive to antibiotic adsorption, which was determined as a spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-increasing process. The amount of antibiotic adsorption initially increased and then decreased with the increase in ionic strength, with the maximum adsorption observed at 0.1 mol/L ionic strength. The adsorption of antibiotics by different modified clays conformed to the pseudo-first-order kinetic equation. The economy (qm/price) of different modified clays for antibiotic adsorption ranged between 29.55 and 169.66 mg/& YEN;, and the PAM-modified biological clays showed the highest economy. The modified Bs had higher economy in antibiotic adsorption than the modified Ks.

In studying the heavy metal adsorption effect of decomposed liquid (Dl) on yellow loam clay (C), biomass-Dl (BmDl) and biochar-Dl (BcDl) from Ficus microcarpa leaves were used to modify C. The different Dl-modified Cs (Dl-Cs) were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. A batch method was used to study the adsorption kinetics and thermodynamics of Pb(II) and Cd(II), as well as the effects of decomposition time, modification ratio, pH, temperature, and ionic strength on the adsorption process. Results of microscopic morphology indicated that Dl was modified on the C surface, and it changed the surface properties. The adsorption isotherms of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by different Dl-Cs conformed to the Langmuir and Freundlich model, with the maximum adsorption capacity (qm) q m ) maintained at 65.64-163.89 mmol/kg (BmDl-Cs) and 77.68-235.63 mmol/kg (BcDl-Cs). Under the same conditions, the peak value of q m was reached at decomposition time of 14 days and 50 % of Dl modification. pH = 6, ionic strength of 0.1 mol/L, and 30 degree celsius were the optimum conditions for the adsorption of Pb(II) and Cd(II) by different Dl-Cs. Pb(II) and Cd(II) adsorption was a spontaneous, endothermic, and entropy-increasing process, and pseudo-first-order kinetic equation was suitable to characterize adsorption.

Objectives: Microbes inoculated with organic and inorganic amendments influence the nutrient pool in soil. Herein, this study aimed to investigate the potential of a harmonized tripartite approach to improve nutrient accessibility, uptake, and wheat productivity in nutrient-deficient soil. Methods: The tripartite components consisted of Trichoderma harzianum (TRI), compost (Comp), and inorganic phosphorus (P) sources, including rock phosphate (RP) and single super phosphate (SSP). Under field conditions, the experiment was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three replications. The main plot treatments consist of two compost application rates: 0 and 10 tons ha-1. Subplot treatments included the application of TRI and inorganic phosphorus sources at the rates of 5 and 90 kg ha-1 for RP and SSP, respectively. Results: The findings demonstrated that the harmonized tripartite treatments significantly regulated nutrient accessibility, uptake, and wheat productivity, with promising effects observed in combinations such as TRI + SSP + Comp and TRI + RP + Comp. TRI + RP + Comp positively influenced plant height, spike length, and biomass, while TRI + SSP + Comp led to increased grain yield (4325 +/- 54 kg ha-1) compared to control (2765 +/- 33 kg ha-1). Moreover, TRI + SSP + Comp significantly improved soil organic matter from 1.20 +/- 0.03 % (control) to 2.28 +/- 0.11 % and P concentration from 3.95 mg kg-1 to 13.60 +/- 0.11 mg kg-1. Notably, TRI + Comp treatment maximized the accessibility of micronutrients, including copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn), and showed the higher availability of iron (Fe) with a sole TRI application. Furthermore, TRI + RP + Comp significantly increased the uptake of P, Cu, Fe, Zn, and Mn by 510 %, 106 %, 111 %, 63 %, and 137 %, respectively. Multivariate and cluster analyses further confirmed the strong positive relationship among most variables, highlighting the efficacy of the harmonized treatments without any negative associations. Conclusion: These findings accentuated the potential of a harmonized tripartite approach to significantly improve soil fertility, nutrient uptake, and productivity in wheat crops under nutrient-deficient soil.

In recent years, there have been an attempt to develop safe and environmental friendly solvents to replace conventional solvents, and use for extraction bioactive compounds from natural sources. A current investigation involved the preparation of green, methanolic, and ultrasonic extracts of S. sclarea, and compared their phenolic profiling using HPLC–DAD, antibacterial, antioxidant, and enzyme inhibition activities. The HPLC–DAD analysis revealed that Rosmarinic acid was the main content in all extracts, with Ellagic acid only present in the green extract. The green extract exhibited superior anti-biofilm activity against S. Aureus and E. Faecalis compared to the other extracts at MIC concentration. Furthermore, the green extract also displayed the highest inhibition of swarming motility in P. Aeruginosa with inhibition range 68.0 ± 2.1 (MIC) to 19.5 ± 0.6 (MIC/4). and better enzyme inhibitory activity against BChE (with IC50 = 131.6 ± 0.98 µg/mL) and AChE (with inhibition 47.00 ± 1.50%) compared to the other extracts; while, the ultrasonic extract showed strong inhibition of violacein production by C. Violaceum with a inhibition range 05.5 ± 0.1 (MIC/32) to 100 ± 0.00 (MIC), followed by the green extract with a inhibition range 15.0 ± 0.5 (MIC/8) to 100 ± 0.00 (MIC), additionally, the ultrasonic and methanoic extracts showed significant activity against urease enzyme with (IC50 = 171.6 ± 0.95 µg/mL and IC5 0 = 187.5 ± 1.32 µg/mL) respectively. Both the green and methanolic extracts showed considerable antioxidant activities, as β-carotene-linoleic acid (IC50 = 5.61 ± 0.47 µg/mL and 5.37 ± 0.27 µg/mL), DPPH· (IC50 = 19.20 ± 0.70 µg/mL and 16.31 ± 0.23 µg/mL), ABTS·+(IC50 = 8.64 ± 0.63 µg/mL and 6.50 ± 0.45 µg/mL) and CUPRAC (A0.5 = 17.22 ± 0.36 µg/mL and 12.28 ± 0.12 µg/mL) respectively, likewise the green extract performing better in metal chelating compared to the other extracts. The green extraction is reported as a cost effective and solvent free method for extracting natural products that produces compounds free of toxic chemicals. This could be the method to be used in the industries as a renewable method.

Tire wear particles and nickel have detrimental effects on plant health by causing blockage and altering nutrient hemotasis, ultimately reducing plant yield.

To explore the adsorption effect of composite-modified zeolite (Ze) on heavy metal and bactericide, Ze was single-modified with the extract (E) from Eupatorium adenophorum Spreng. Dodecyl dimethyl betaine (BS), ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (ED), and sodium alginate (SA) were compositely modified on E-modified Ze (E-Ze) to form BS-modified E-Ze (BS/E-Ze), ED-modified E-Ze (ED/E-Ze), and SA-modified E-Ze (SA/E-Ze), respectively. The adsorption isothermal and kinetics of Cd(II) and fenaminosulf by different composite-modified Zes were studied, and the effects of pH, temperature, and ionic strength on the adsorption process were compared. The outcomes indicated that composite-modified Zes' adsorption process of Cd(II) and fenaminosulf was suitable for describing by Langmuir and Freundlich models, respectively. The adsorption capacity of Cd(II) and fenaminosulf by different composite-modified Zes all ranged in the order of BS/E-Ze > ED/E-Ze > SA/E-Ze > E-Ze > Ze. With the increasing modification ratio of the composite modifier, the adsorption effect of Cd(II) first increased and then decreased, whereas the adsorption effect of fenaminosulf increased. The adsorption amount on different composite-modified Zes decreased for Cd(II) and increased first and then reduced for fenaminosulf with the increase in ionic strength. Increasing pH and temperature were beneficial to Cd(II) adsorption but not conducive to fenaminosulf adsorption. The adsorption process was spontaneous, endothermic for Cd(II), exothermic for fenaminosulf, and entropy-increasing reaction, and the Cd(II) and fenaminosulf adsorption rate was controlled by chemical and physical reaction, respectively.

Nitrogen deficiency is a primary factor contributing to reduced crop production in arid and semiarid regions. Addressing this issue requires optimizing soil-plant nitrogen dynamics. In this field experiment, we investigated the impact of organic (farmyard manure) and inorganic (urea) nitrogen sources, both with and without biostimulant (Bioaab), on soil-plant nitrogen dynamics and sustainable maize (Zea mays L.) production in nitrogen-deficient soil. Five different combinations of farmyard manure (FYM) and urea—0:100, 25:75, 50:50, 75:25, and 100:0—were developed and applied with and without Bioaab in a randomized complete block design with a factorial arrangement in triplicate. Organic (FYM) and inorganic (urea) nitrogen sources, whether combined with Bioaab or not, significantly (p < 0.05) improved soil-plant nitrogen content and maize yield. The addition of FYM, whether Bioaab was present or not, had no significant (p > 0.05) impact on yield parameters. In contrast, the application of Bioaab enhanced soil-plant nitrogen dynamics, as indicated by increased plant total nitrogen (1.37%) and total nitrogen uptake (95.7 kg ha− 1) by maize plants, resulting in significantly higher yield compared to non-Bioaab treated plots. However, non-Bioaab treated pots surprisingly recorded maximum soil total nitrogen content (0.057%). Moreover, the plot treated with Bioaab recorded the maximum biomass production (7.99 tons ha− 1), number of grains (2.873 tons ha− 1), and soil organic matter content (1.20%). In conclusion, the use of inorganic fertilizer with a biostimulant (Bioaab) is crucial for improving crop yield and nitrogen release.

The occurrence of elevated levels of arsenic in water sources is a global health concern and necessitates implementing sustainable removal technologies. The utilization of biochar composite for treating arsenic contaminated water has been reported as a promising technique in recent years. In the present study, corncob biochar was magnetically modified and amended with zirconium (CCB@Fe3O4-Zr with Zr to Fe3O4 molar ratio of 1:1, and 1:5) for the purposively removal of As(III) and As(V) from aqueous solutions. Characterization analyses and factors affecting the adsorption, such as adsorbent dose, initial As(III) and As(V) concentration, pH, temperature, contact time, and co-existing anions were investigated. Results demonstrated that the removal of As(III) and As(V) were about 81 and 99

To investigate the effects of chitosan (CS) and sodium alginate (SA) on heavy metal ions adsorption by natural plant extract (Pe), different proportions (0%, 10%, 20%, and 50%) of CS and SA were used to modify Pe to prepare CS- and SA-modified Pe (CS-Pe and SA-Pe). The different CS-Pes and SA-Pes were analyzed by different spectroscopic test instruments. The adsorption properties and differences of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ under various temperatures, pH, and ionic strengths were studied. Results displayed that (1) characterization showed that CS and SA attached to the Pe surface and altered the morphology of Pe surface. The adsorption of Cu2+, Pb2+, and Cd2+ by different CS-Pes and SA-Pes was better suited to Langmuir model than that to Freundlich model, maintaining the maximum adsorption capacity at 378.01–833.83 (Cu2+), 218.66–531.04 (Pb2+), and 221.46–384.93 (Cd2+) mmol/kg. (2) Higher pH and temperature facilitated the pollutants adsorption by CS-Pes and SA-Pes, which followed a chemisorption mechanism. Heavy metal ions adsorption rose initially and then reduced with increasing ionic strength (peak value at 0.1mol/L). Thermodynamic parameters presented that the pollutants adsorption was a spontaneous, primarily chemical, and multi-mechanism reaction. (3) Heavy metal ions adsorption by SA-Pes maintained approximately 60%–72% of the raw material by triple regeneration. The economy (qm/price) of different modified Pes for heavy metal ions adsorption ranged from 0.97 to 6.41mmol/¥, and SA-Pe showed the highest economy.

In recent years, green solvents have been developed and suggested to be an alternative to conventional solvents. In a current study, the green solvent was prepared at various molar proportions to extract of S. sclarea. Similarly methanolic and ultrasonic extracts the S. sclarea were prepared and subjected to study HPLC profiling antibacterial, antioxidant and enzyme inhibition activities. The phenolic composition identified by HPLC-DAD showed rosmarinic acid as the main content in all extracts, while ellagic acid was found only in the green extract. The green extract had better anti- biofilm activity in comparison to the methanolic and ultrasonic extracts agains S. aureus and E. faecalis at MIC concentration. Among the tested extracts, the ultrasonic extract showed strong inhibition of violacein production by C. violaceum with a inhibition range 05.5±0.1(MIC/32) to100±0.00(MIC), followed by green extract with a inhibition range 15.0±0.5(MIC/8) to 100±0.00(MIC). The green extract had the highest inhibition of swarming motility P. aeruginosa with inhibition 68.0±2.1(MIC) to 19.5±0.6(MIC/4). The green extract also exhibited better enzyme inhibitory activity against BChE with IC50=131.6±0.98µg/mL and against AChE with inhibition 47.00±1.50% better than methanolic and ultrasonic extracts. In contrast ultrasonic and methanoic extracts showed significant activity against urease enzyme with (IC50=171.6±0.95µg/mL and IC50=187.5±1.32µg/mL) respectively. Both green and methanolic extracts showed considerable antioxidant activities as β-carotene-linoleic acid(IC50=5.61±0.47µg/mL and 5.37±0.27µg/mL), DPPH• (IC50=19.20±0.70 µg/mL and 16.31±0.23µg/mL), ABTS•+(IC50=8.64±0.63µg/mL and 6.50±0.45µg/mL) and CUPRAC (A0.5=17.22±0.36 µg/mL and 12.28±0.12 µg/mL) respectively. However, the green extract showed activity better than methanolic and ultrasonic extract in metal chelating

The experiment was conducted to assess the influence of municipal solid waste compost on microbial activity of soil after harvesting of maize crop and to determine the effect of municipal solid waste compost on N mineralization. A field experiment to test the effect of solid waste compost on fertility, microbial biomass and nitrogen (N) mineralization was conducted at Agriculture Research Institute Tarnab, Peshawar during spring 2017. A maize crop was selected as test crop for this experiment. The experiment was carried out in a Randomized Complete Block (RCBD) design with three replications. Maize variety (Azam) was sown in March 2017. Plot size was 5 × 3 m. Municipal solid waste compost was applied as treatment in each plot with different rates. The data showed maximum N mineralization (7.6 µg g-1 soil) at the treatment T2 where only NPK dose was applied while minimum N was mineralized at treatment T1 control where no NPK and MSW compost was applied, Then the application of MSW compost influenced N mineralization at large extent (6.4 µg g-1 soil) in treatment T4 where MSW compost was applied at 12 t ha-1 followed by the treatment T6 (6.1 µg g-1 soil) where MSW compost was applied at 24 t ha-1. Applying MSW compost influence microbial activities and increase soil organic carbon.

Continued industrialization around the world has resulted in major threats to agricultural soil. Soil contaminated with heavy metals is a primary challenge for crop production. Their complete removal from the soil is needed. However, the use of plant growth-promoting microbes might mitigate the adverse effects of HMs in crop plants and can be used as a bioremediation tool. In the present study, the tolerance of different endophytic fungi against two different concentrations of cadmium and chromium was investigated. For the purpose, isolated endophytes were screened on Oryza sativa L. seedlings. The results revealed that out of 29 fungal isolates, 4 strains inhibited the plant growth, while remaining were growth-promoting. Of the growth-promoting strains, best results were shown by endophytes, Ch-01 (Aspergillus flavus) and Ch-06 (Aspergillus violaceofirscus), isolated from chilli and Cu-02 (Aspergillus fumigatus), Cu-10 (Aspergillus awamori) and Cu-17 (Aspergillus niger), isolated from Cucurbita. Their association with 0. saliva not only showed an enhancement in growth attributes under Cd and Cr stress, but also resulted in a declined accumulation of Cd and Cr content in 0. saliva seedlings. From the results, it is concluded that A. flavus, A. violaceofuscus, A. fumigatus, A. awamori and A. niger are plant growth-promoting and HMs resistant endophytes, which can significantly improve plant growth in Cd and Cr polluted soils. Hence, these endophytes can be used as biofertilizer in fields affected by heavy metals.

The two leading political parties of Pakistan, the Pakistan Peoples Party and Pakistan Muslim League (N)'s leaders, had passed some bitter political experiences. Both the parties also learnt a lesson from their respective exiles by President Musharraf and agreed to conclude the Charter of Democracy (CoD) in 2006 in London to strengthen the culture of democracy in Pakistan. However, the demise of Benazir Bhutto in 2007 paved the way for the PPP's newleadership, Asif Ali Zardari, to rule the country after the victory in the2008 General Elections. This paper attempts to highlight the main pledges of CoD and analyze its manifestations in the Zardari era from2008 to 2013. The paper also points out how Zardari, to a certain extent, competently used the CoD to complete the tenure of PPP. In response, the main party in CoD also honored the principle of charter and played a constructive role as a major opposition party in the Parliament of Pakistan during the Zardari era.

Integrated nutrient management (INM) got substantial attention to decrease reliance on synthetic fertilizer applications in agricultural soils. However, the concept of INM in nutrient-deficient alkaline calcareous soil of the semi-arid climate is not sufficient. This study investigated the effect of single and facile combinations of poultry manure (PM) and compound fertilizer NPK on soil physicochemical parameters, NPK availability, and its uptake by spring maize in alkaline-calcareous soil. A field experiment in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replicates and with three rates of PM (0, 5, and 10 t ha−1) and three rates of compound fertilizer NPK (0, 25, 50, and 75

The marble industry is growing in Pakistan, and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province is the largest producer of marble tiles in Pakistan. Marble production consumes a considerable amount of water during its life cycle stages and impacts various environmental compartments, such as air, water, and soil; therefore, this study aimed to quantify the environmental impacts, water footprint, and cumulative energy demand of one-tonne marble tile manufactured in a small industrial estate Mardan (SIEM), Pakistan, and provide recommendations to improve its environmental impact profile. The study covers water consumption, energy use, and associated environmental impacts of raw materials and processes through different stages of the marble life-cycle during 2017–2018. The cradle-to-gate (extraction to factory gate or store house) life cycle assessment approach was followed in this study. The functional unit for the current study was one tonne of finished marble tile produced. Primary data from the field surveys and secondary data were modeled using the water scarcity index (WSI), CML 2000 v.2.05 methodology, and the cumulative energy demand indicator present by default in SimaPro v.8.3 software. The total water footprint required for one tonne of finished marble tile was 3.62 cubic meters per tonne (m3/t), with electricity consumed at processing units contributing to environmental burdens the most. Similarly, electricity consumed (at processing units and during polishing) and transportation of finished marble tile to the local market were responsible for global warming potential (388 kg CO2 eq/tonne tile), human toxicity (84.34 kg 1,4-DB-eq/tonne), freshwater aquatic ecotoxicity (94.97kg 1,4-DB eq/tonne) and abiotic depletion (7.1 × 10−5 kg Sb eq/tonne). The results of our study follow other marble tile LCA studies conducted globally (such as in Turkey and Italy), which also reported a high contribution to GWP, AP, EP, and HT due to electricity and fossil fuels consumption. The total cumulative energy demand (CED) was calculated as 5863.40 MJ (Mega Joule), with most energy usage associated with non-renewable fossil fuel sources. The results indicated that reducing electricity (using standard automatic machinery) and waste materials, especially paper and plastic wastes, can reduce environmental impacts. Most of the surveyed industrial units did not have wastewater treatment and recycling plants, and wastewater directly flows to nearby freshwater bodies and terrestrial ecosystems. These wastewaters should be adequately treated before being discharged into freshwater aquatic bodies. Environmental impacts must be improved by using the latest automatic machinery, reducing waste materials generation, reducing the distance between processing units and the market, and installing wastewater recycling plants.