Podosphaera xanthii is the causative agent of powdery mildew (PM), which causes severe damage to cucurbits such as luffa (Luffa cylindrica). This is a serious problem for agriculture due to fungicide resistance. Biocontrol by beneficial microorganisms has progressively become an effective strategy for integrated disease management, and there has been an increased search for biocontrol agents. Research has revealed the potential of the silicon (Si) solubilizing endophytic fungi Trichoderma koningii (SxS1) and Aspergillus clavatus (SxL3) isolated from Solanum xanthocarpum as efficient biocontrol agents against P. xanthii. The results revealed that the Si-solubilizing endophytic fungi T. koningii (SxS1) and A. clavatus (SxL3) are effective biocontrol against the PM pathogen (P. xanthii) of luffa. The symbiotic association promotes growth by regulating growth-promoting hormonal and metabolic contents. In addition to growth promotion, the SxS1 and SxL3 also suppressed PM pathogen (P. xanthii) infection in luffa plants. SxS1 and SxL3 efficiently absorbed Si and modulated the metabolic, hormonal, enzymatic, and molecular responses, thus providing multiplex defense against the PM pathogen (P. xanthii) of luffa. This biocontrol is most likely accomplished through the synthesis of Si-conjugated bioactive metabolites, which have yet to be investigated. These findings can also serve as a great starting point for the creation of effective fungicides and biogenic production.

Soil salinity is a major abiotic stress that disrupts plant physiological and biochemical processes, resulting in reduced growth and productivity. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the individual and combined effects of the seaweed (C. flabellatum) aqueous extract and the endophytic fungus (A. japonicus) on the vegetative growth, reproductive performance, nutrient dynamics, and stress tolerance of B. napus under salinity. Single and combined administrations of C. flabellatum algal aqueous extract (4

Background: Drought stress severely reduces maize growth and yield by disrupting water balance, increasing oxidative damage, and altering plant hormone levels. Endophytic fungi can improve plant stress tolerance, but their mechanisms of action in maize remain poorly understood. Moreover, Fusarium verticillioides is best known as a plant-associated fungus, and its beneficial role in maize under drought has not been well studied. Objective: This study aimed to evaluate, for the first time, the drought stress alleviating potential of a newly isolated Fusarium verticillioides strain (EuC-R1) and its cross-host colonization from Eucalyptus camaldulensis to maize. Methods: Maize plants were inoculated with EuC-R1 and grown under drought conditions. Plant growth, water status, photosynthetic pigments, metabolites, antioxidant activity, plant hormones, root and stomatal features, and drought-responsive gene expression were evaluated. Results: The EuC-R1 strain successfully colonized with maize roots and significantly improved growth, chlorophyll content and ratio, osmotic adjustment, and water-use efficiency under drought stress. Inoculated plants reduced cellular damage and lower stress hormone levels, enhanced antioxidant activity, improved root development and balanced stomatal regulation. Furthermore, expression of stress-defense genes (ZmAPX, ZmSOD4, ZmPOD3, and ZmCAT) was strongly induced in maize plants inoculated with EuC-R1, and the highest expression levels were found in the root and the shoot tissues when plants were treated with a combination of drought and EuC-R1. Conclusion: The results show that Fusarium verticillioides (EuC-R1) is a useful endophyte that increases maize drought tolerance through coordinated physiological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms. This strain has good potential as a bio-inoculant to enhance maize productivity under drought conditions.

This study investigates the isolation and characterization of multi-trait growth-promoting fungal endophytes from Phoenix dactylifera (date palm) roots and evaluates their potential as biofertilizers. Six distinct fungi were isolated, and their metabolic profiles were analyzed. Among these, DT-2, identified as Fusarium proliferatum, exhibited superior production of secondary metabolites, including 45.86 µg/mL indole acetic acid (IAA), 260.3 µg/mL flavonoids, 179.6 µg/mL phenolics, and 15.4 µg/mL proline. Inoculation of wheat seeds with DT-2 enhanced seed germination, root and shoot growth, and increased fresh weights (root: 1.73 g; shoot: 5.90 g). Additionally, DT-2 demonstrated the highest levels of secondary metabolites and photosynthetic pigments among the isolates. DT-2 was also found to enhance wheat's drought stress tolerance significantly. Under PEG-induced stress, DT-2-inoculated plants showed increased levels of beneficial hormones and antioxidants, demonstrating DT-2’s capacity to boost wheat resilience against drought by modulating key metabolic pathways. These findings highlight the potential of multi-trait plant growth-promoting Fusarium proliferatum as an effective biofertilizer, promoting plant growth and improving crop performance under drought stress conditions.

Plant survival under salinity conditions can be nourished by applying biocatalyst (algal-fungal consortia) as biotechnological tool to improve plant salinity resistance and use of saline land and water to address food security. Colpomina Sinousa and endophytic fungi Aspergillus flavus were used as a long-term solution to enhance the growth and physiological output of Brassica napus plants grown at 125 mM NaCl. A. flavus was used at the rate of (60 ml per seedling) with 4 % C. Sinousa aqueous extract (CAE) application on 35, 70 and 100 days after sowing. Salinity reduced chlorophyll a and b, RWC, LWL, IAA, GA3, water potential, osmotic potential, potassium, calcium, magnesium, K+/Na+, Ca2+/Na+ and Mg2+/Na+ ratios, while increased salicylic acid, H2O2, lipid peroxidation, proline, phenols, flavonoids, terpenoids, carbohydrates, lipids, protein, lycopene, beta carotene, tannins, and ascorbate peroxidase, ABA, salicylic acid, ascorbic acid and sodium compared to non-saline media. Interestingly, application of A. flavus and C. Sinousa in combination enhanced growth, improved biochemical attributes and essential nutrients uptake with decline in sodium accumulation that increased yield under normal and saline stress. It can be concluded that the application of A. flavus and C. Sinousa as new formulation of bio-stimulants causes pronounced improvement in vegetative and reproductive yield and improved salt tolerance of B. napus. Using theses biostimulant is a sustainable approach as plant biofertilizers and bio enhancer to increase crop productivity specially in saline environment.

Abiotic stress factors, such as salinity and heavy metals (HM), significantly reduce okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L.) yield, an important vegetable crop cultivated globally. The symbiotic relationship between endophytic fungi and plants enhances plant growth and helps plants overcome such stresses. This study was designed to isolate and examine endophytic fungi from Ziziphus lotus roots for their growth-promoting potential under salt (250 mM NaCl) and cadmium (100 ppm Cd) stress. The growth of okra was significantly enhanced by inoculation with Aspergillus fumigatus (SOA), resulting in a 28.9% increase in plant height (33.24 cm vs. 25.79 cm in the control) and improved biomass, chlorophyll content, and phytohormone regulation. Chlorophyll A content rose by 108.4% in SOA-treated plants (4.894 mg/g FW) relative to control (2.348 mg/g FW), while shoot dry weight increased more than threefold (4.365 g vs. 1.42 g in control). Abscisic acid (ABA) content decreased in SOA-treated plants, indicating a reduced stress response, whereas enhanced gibberellic acid (GA) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) content promoted growth. Biochemical analysis revealed higher accumulation of lipids, sugars, phenols, and flavonoids, resulting in improved stress adaptation. Oxidative damage was reduced through high antioxidant enzyme activities (CAT and POD). SOA modulated cadmium uptake, thereby reducing heavy metal toxicity. These findings showed that endophytic fungi have the potential to enhance plants' resilience and provide a promising controlled-environment approach to enhance crop productivity in metal- and salt-contaminated soils.

BackgroundWheat stripe rust, caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst), is a major pathogenic threat, particularly in regions with favorable moist conditions during the growing season, resulting in significant commercial losses. This study investigates the variations in wheat plant responses to pathogen stress and the potential biocontrol effects of fungal endophytes against stripe rust. Due to the challenges associated with culturing the obligate biotrophic basidiomycete fungi on artificial media, there is a dire need for eco-friendly, economical, and safe biocontrol alternatives.MethodsWe explored the biocontrol potential of two indigenous fungal endophytes, Curvularia lunata (DT-4) and Aspergillus fumigatus (DT-8), against wheat stripe rust in two susceptible wheat varieties.ResultsOur results revealed that both fungal strains significantly improved wheat grain germination and secondary metabolites induction in two wheat varieties. The Morocco variety showed enhanced seed germination (63.6 % DT-4, 72.7% DT-8), plant growth (48.9% DT-4, 55.6% DT-8), and seedling fresh weight (126% DT-4, 110% DT-8), highlighting their potential as biocontrol agents. Treated wheat plants with DT-4 and DT-8 consortia after infection with strip rust (Puccinia striiformis) suspension (SR-S) exhibited enhanced resistance to stripe rust, evidenced by increased antioxidant enzyme activities SOD, CAT, and POD (54.5, 54.6, 112.7%), reduced lipid peroxidation (42.1%), and decreased disease severity (80%). Similarly, wheat grain of TD-1 variety treated with fungus culture filtrate showed maximum germination for seeds (38.5% DT-4, 53.8% DT-8), plant growth (54.5% DT-4, 31.8% DT-8), and seedling fresh weight (125% DT-4, DT-8). A significant increase is observed in the antioxidant enzyme activities SOD, CAT, and POD (59.2, 71.9, 104.6%), reduction in lipid peroxidation (32.8%), and decreased disease severity (80%).ConclusionThese findings suggest that Aspergillus fumigatus and Curvularia lunata induce the anti-pathogenic metabolites, defense-related protein, antioxidant enzymes, resistance genes, salicylic acid (SA), and jasmonic acid (JA) biosynthesis. Together, these responses enhance the overall defensive capacity of wheat against stripe rust, providing a sustainable and ecologically friendly alternative to synthetic fungicides for controlling wheat stripe rust.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Fagonia bruguieri var. laxa Boiss., also known as Dhamansa or Dhamaran, is a well-known xerophyte traditionally used for managing pain, inflammation, fever, and related disease conditions. AIMS OF THE STUDY:This study was designed to assess the chemical profile of hydromethanolic (70%) extract of F. bruguieri (HMEFB), its analgesic, anti-inflammatory, and antipyretic properties, and the possible mechanisms involved, using rats and mice as experimental animals. MATERIALS AND METHODS:HMEFB was subjected to chemical profiling using polyphenolic quantification and HPLC analysis. An oral toxicity test in mice assessed the extract for safety and toxicity. The central analgesic effect of HMEFB was evaluated in rats subjected to hot plate and tail immersion tests. Formalin and capsaicin tests were carried out to further support the evidence of analgesic action. The test of acetic acid-induced writhing was performed in mice to estimate the peripheral analgesic potential. The anti-inflammatory effect was studied by the carrageenan-induced paw edema model, while, an antipyretic study was conducted following the yeast-induced pyrexia method. Moreover, inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins were estimated in the blood samples of animals from various groups to assess the possible mechanism involved in the anti-inflammatory potential of the extract. RESULTS:The chemical profiling of HMEFB revealed the presence of functionally important polyphenols. The oral toxicity test revealed the safety up to the dose of 5 mg/kg b.w. The extract was found to have significant analgesic activity at the doses of 300 and 500 mg/kg in hot plate, tail immersion, capsaicin, and formalin tests. Furthermore, HMEFB significantly reversed the acetic acid-induced writhing compared to the control group. Similarly, HMEFB showed a dose-dependent effect against carrageenan-induced paw edema. While, in the yeast-induced pyrexia model, HMEFB showed a decrease in rectal temperature at 300 and 500 mg/kg. The extract significantly modulated the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and prostaglandins in different treated groups. CONCLUSION:The results reinforce the folkloric use of F. bruguieri in pain and inflammation by verifying its analgesic and anti-inflammatory activities both via central and peripheral anti-nociceptive mechanisms which authenticate the use of this plant species as a suitable alternative for the alleviation of pain and inflammatory disorders.

Salinity is a major problem for food security and sustainable development in the world. Applying effective seaweeds and pyridoxine mixture offer a potential in the form of bio-stimulants for improving plant growth and ecophysiological output. This study was designed to compare impact of Sargassum wightii extract (2 and 4 %) and pyridoxine 0.04 % and their mixture for the first time on Abelmoschus esculentus plants under 125 mM NaCl to enhance its salt tolerance and biomass production. Plant growing with the S. wightii extract (2 and 4 %) and pyridoxine 0.04 % mixture stimulated the growth parameters around (28 to 107 %) compared to their sole effects. Spraying of S. wightii aqueous extract (2 and 4 %) and pyridoxine (0.04 %) alone and in combination improved the relative water contents (57 % in control, 16-78 % in salinity) and essential minerals uptake (26-40 %) while reduced (40 %) sodium levels for optimum ion homeostasis especially in salinity. Plants treated with S. wightii extract and pyridoxin mixture enhanced antioxidant enzyme activities but hydrogen peroxide, catalase and abscisic acid, were reduced. Application of S. wightii (4 %) with pyridoxine (0.04 %) worked as natural biostimulants for amelioration of salt stress and biomass production of okra.

The current study aims to authenticate the traditional usage of Fagonia bruguieri var. laxa in eczema, ulcers, and gastrointestinal diseases. Fagonia bruguieri var. laxa. was collected, washed, dried, and ground, and its 70

Saline environments for plants have a negative impact on their biochemical, molecular, and physiological features, resulting in a loss in plant growth and yield in most parts of the world. Hormonal imbalance, ionic toxicity, ROS production, impaired nutrient mobilization, and osmotic stress all contribute to plant growth loss. The symbiotic connection of several endophytes with their host plants has improved plant tolerance to various abiotic challenges in recent years. So, the current study aimed to see how Aspergillus japonicus and salinity affected growth parameters, plant biochemistry, antioxidant enzyme status, endogenous IAA, and various anion and cation concentrations in okra. According to the findings, applying salt lowered numerous growth properties, including Chlorophyll a and b, total chlorophyll, and endogenous IAA. Enhanced values of a/b (chlorophyll), total carotenoids, total proteins, total carbs, total lipids, total proline, total phenol, total flavonoids, total tannin, lipid peroxidation, catalase, and ascorbate peroxidase were seen at similar salt levels. In okra (Sanaf green), salt application resulted in salt accumulation and higher levels of Cl, Na, Ca/K, and Na/K ratio, while low contents of K, P, Mg, Ca, O, N, and C were found. The results of this study show that using Aspergillus japonicus promotes plant resistance to saltwater environments, as evidenced by the fact that using the fungal strain increased the values of many growth parameters, metabolites, anti-oxidant enzyme activity, and endogenous IAA. In the same way, using Aspergillus japonicus lowered the amount of lipid peroxidation in the okra plant. The accumulation of salts in okra after application of Aspergillus japonicus resulted in an increase in Ca, Mg, N, C, K, Cl, O, and P values, as well as a decrease in the Ca/K and Na/K ratios, Cl, and Na values. According to the findings, salt stress causes stunted development and altered biochemistry in okra, while the presence of Aspergillus japonicus aids in plant salt tolerance. As a result, this strain is an excellent candidate for testing as a biostimulant/biofertilizer to improve the growth of essential crops in Pakistan's salt-affected areas.

The article aims to analyze the effects of thermophoretic and Brownian motion on steady three-dimensional magnetohydrodynamics with fully developed natural convective hybrid nanofluid flow past a bidirectionally extending sheet. We assumed the water-based copper and aluminum nanoparticles suspension under the influence of the rotational effect, nonlinear chemical reaction, thermal radiations, viscous dissipation, and heat source. The flow field is modeled with the help of the basic equations. Furthermore, the problem is reduced to ordinary differential equations (ODEs) with the similarity variables. The reduced system of ODEs is solved with the semianalytical method (homotopy analysis method). The results for the state variables are displayed through graphs tables for various pertinent parameters. The thermal profile falls with the higher values of the Brownian and thermophoresis parameters, while the concentration profile shows an opposite trend with the increasing values of the Brownian parameter. Also, the slip parameter decreases both the thermal and concentration profiles as well as the surface drag. The velocity profiles along both directions fall with the higher magnetic strength and porosity parameters. The heat source and radiations parameter enhances the thermal profile with increasing values. The study also recommends the opposite trends for the axial and transverse velocities with increasing value of the stretching ratio factor. The proposed method convergence is present through [Formula: see text] curves for the regions [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text] The skin friction and Nusselt number are displayed through tables numerically for various values of volume fraction and other important parameters.

This article presents a numerical analysis of the water-based hybrid nanofluid comprehending CuO and Fe3O4 nanoparticles between two rotating disks. The bottom and top disks each revolve around their respective axes of rotation. The two disks are positioned apart from one another. Along with Brownian motion and thermophoresis, it is intended that the flow will be electrically conducting, thermally radiative, and chemically reactive. The heat and mass transportation are also given attention in this study since they are crucial for industry, engineering, and everyday life which include hydraulic engines, electric motors, and generators. Using the bvp4c MATLAB function, the numerical solution of the modeled problem is ascertained. The results of the current numerical solution are compared with results from published research, confirming the accuracy of our model. The results of the present analysis are presented through figures and tables. Outcomes of this analysis show that stretching factor of the lower disk upsurges the axial velocity while the radial velocity exhibits dual behavior due to the stretching factor of the lower disk. Also, the stretching factor of the upper disk reduces the axial velocity while the radial velocity exhibits dual behavior due to the stretching factor of the upper disk. The tangential velocity distribution augments with the increasing rotation parameter. In comparison to nanofluid, hybrid nanofluid has stronger effects of the embedded factors on its Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at the lower disk, whereas at the upper disk, nanofluid has more effects of the embedded factors on its Nusselt and Sherwood numbers. This research might have an impact on various gadgets, including those that use air conditioning, chemicals and electronics. It is anticipated that the findings of this study will complement previously published work as well as provide information on engineering and industrial applications.

This study aims to investigate the Joule effect, thermal radiation, and Coriolis effects in unsteady magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) micropolar flow over a 3-D unstable sheet. A magnetic field is typically applied to the surface; additionally, it is assumed that the fluid is conducting electricity. Other micro-rotations are also considered. The physical issue is resolved with the help of the fundamental equations, and the issue's complexity is reduced with the use of similarity variables. In the present approach, the homotopy analysis method (HAM) is employed. The heat, skin's friction factor, temperature, micro movements, and velocity associated with the emerging parameters and transfer rates are considered. The boundary layer thickness is increased as the parameter of vorticity increases. When the magnitude of the magnetic field increases, the skin friction coefficient decreases. The state variables are approximated up to six decimal places numerically. The numerical values of −f″(0) and −θ′(0) are computed to higher decimal places and compared with the available literature to validate the results. The outcomes obtained are compared with the available literature; the results here are corroborated, and the performance of the HAM is demonstrated.

IntroductionTemporary and extended drought stress accelerates phytohormones and reactive oxygen species (ROS) in plants, however, the fate of the plants under stress is mostly determined by the metabolic and molecular reprogramming, which can be modulated by the application of habitat-adapted fungi that triggers resistance to stress upon symbiotic association.MethodsThe present research exhibited the exploitation of the newly isolated, drought habitat-adapted fungal endophytic consortium of SAB (Aspergillus oryzae) and CBW (Aspergillus fumigatus), on maize under drought stress. SAB and CBW primarily hosted the root tissues of Conyza bonariensis L., which have not been reported earlier, and sufficiently produced growth-promoting metabolites and antioxidants.ResultsSAB and CBW adeptly inhabited the maize roots. They promoted biomass, primary metabolites, osmolytes (protein, sugar, lipids, proline, phenolics, flavonoids), and IAA production while reducing tannins, ABA, and H2O2 contents and increasing antioxidant enzyme activities. In addition, the enhanced adventitious root development at the root/stem interface, and elongated main root development optimum stomatal activity of SAB- and CBW-inoculated maize plants were observed under drought stress. SAB and CBW modulated the expression of the ZmBSK1, ZmAPX, and ZmCAT1 genes in the maize shoot and root tissues under drought stress vs. control, signifying an essential regulatory function for SAB/CBW-induced drought stress tolerance via phytohormonal signaling pathway leading to the antioxidant upregulation.DiscussionThese findings imply that the exogenous administration of the SAB/CBW consortium might be a rather efficient strategy that contributes to optimizing the physio-hormonal attributes and antioxidant potential to alleviate the drought stress in maize.

An electrically conducting and magnetically influenced three-dimensional flow of modified nanofluid between two rotating disks is investigated in this study. Nanometer-size particles of two distinct materials (Al2O3, Ag) suspended in water in the hybrid nanofluid are considered. The Joule heating effects, mixed convection, chemical factor, and exponential heating are considered in this study. The physical problem under these assumptions is transformed into a system of equations. To convert partial differential equations (PDEs) into systems of ordinary differential equations (ODEs), the suitable similarity variables are introduced. The reduced system is numerically solved using bvp4c, a well-known higher-order algorithm. The effects of significant variables on the profiles of velocity, temperature, and concentration are depicted graphically. We have chosen the pertinent parameters in the specific intervals; [Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text], [Formula: see text][Formula: see text][Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The interactions between a number of significant factors, including skin friction and Nusselt and Sherwood numbers at the higher and lower disks, are shown in tables. The results demonstrate that the local skin fraction decreases as the mixed convection factor is increased, which physically increases the heat transmission rate between the two discs. Furthermore, as the magnetic field and radiation number rise, the rate of heat transfer at the lower and top discs decreases. The numerical results in the form of a table are compared with the available literature, and our results beat the previously published work. The results described here are desirable choices for thermal uses such as automotive cooling systems, solar thermal systems, engineering, medical areas, heat sinks, or current energy storage since they have demonstrated higher thermal characteristics and stability than simple nanofluids (NFs). In Table 6, a comparative numerical study is presented for the various of state variables with the available literature, where the present study is validated.

Drought stress negatively impacts agricultural crop yields. By using mineral fertilizers and chemical regulators to encourage plant development and growth, its impact can be mitigated. The current study revealed that exogenous silicon (Si) (potassium silicate; K 2 Si 2 O 5 at 1000 ppm) and molybdenum (Mo) (ammonium molybdate; (NH 4 ) 6 Mo 7 O 2 4 center dot 4H 2 O at 100 ppm) improved drought tolerance in quinoa ( Chenopodium quinoa Willd). The research was conducted in a randomized complete block design with three biological replicates. The treatments comprised T0 (control, water spray), T4 (drought stress), and T1, T2, T3, T5, T6, and T7, i.e., foliar applications of silicon and molybdenum solutions individually and in combination. Results revealed that drought stress predominantly affected the quinoa yield by decreasing the growth, physiological, biochemical, metabolic, hormonal, antioxidant, and ionic attributes. On the contrary, the supplementation of Si and Mo enhanced the growth attributes (shoot, panicle, and root length, No. of leaves per plant, shoot and panicle fresh/dry weight, root fresh/dry weight, No. of seeds and seeds fresh weight per plant), physiological traits (relative water content, chlorophyll, and carotenoids content), biochemical characteristics (total soluble sugars, protein and lipid content), metabolic attributes (total phenolic, fl avonoids, tannins, lycopene, carotene), hormonal contents (indoleacetic acid (IAA), gibberellic acid (GA), salicylic acid (SA)), enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidants (catalase, peroxidase and ascorbic acid), and ionic content (potassium (K), (calcium) Ca, (magnesium) Mg, Si and Mo). Under drought stress, Si and Mo reduced electrolyte leakage, abscisic acid (ABA) content, H 2 O 2 production, and sodium uptake. In addition, combined Si and Mo supplementation elevated the expression of the sucrose non-fermenting 1 (SNF1 )-associated protein kinase 2 ( SnRK2 ) ( CqSNRK2.10 ) gene in quinoa under drought stress vs . control, signifying an essential regulatory function for Si and Mo-induced drought stress tolerance. These results imply that the exogenous administration of Si and Mo in combination might be an ef fi cient method to alleviate drought stress on quinoa.

ETHNOPHARMACOLOGICAL RELEVANCE:Raphanus sativus L. is a well-known medicinal plant with traditional therapeutic applications in various common ailments including inflammation and asthma.AIMS OF THE STUDY:This study aimed to evaluate the chemical composition and anti-asthmatic potential of the hydro-methanolic extract of the leaves of R. sativus L. (Rs.Cr) using various in vitro and in vivo investigations.MATERIALS AND METHODS:The Rs.Cr was subjected to preliminary phytochemical analysis and HPLC profiling. The safety was assessed through oral acute toxicity tests in mice. The antiasthmatic effect of the extract was studied using milk-induced leukocytosis and ovalbumin (OVA)-induced allergic asthma models established in mice. While mast cell degranulation and passive paw anaphylaxis models were established in rats. Moreover, effect of the extract was studied on various oxidative and inflammatory makers. The antioxidant effect of the extract was also studied by in vitro DPPH method.RESULTS:The HPLC profiling of Rs.Cr showed the presence of important polyphenols in a considerable quantity. In toxicity evaluation, Rs.Cr showed no sign of morbidity or mortality with LD50 < 2000 mg/kg. The extract revealed significant mast cell disruption in a dose-dependent manner compared to the intoxicated group. Similarly, treatment with Rs.Cr and dexamethasone significantly (p < 0.001) reduced paw edema volume. Subcutaneous injection of milk at a dose of 4 mL/kg, after 24 h of its administration, showed an increase in the leukocyte count in the intoxicated group. Similarly, mice treated with dexamethasone and Rs.Cr respectively showed a significant decrease in leukocytes and eosinophils count in the ovalbumin-induced allergic asthma model. The extract presented a significant (p˂0.001) alleviative effect on the levels of SOD and GSH, MDA, IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13 in a dose-dependent manner as compared to the intoxicated group. Furthermore, the histological evaluation also revealed a notable decrease in inflammatory and goblet cell count with reduced mucus production.CONCLUSION:The current study highlights mechanism-based novel insights into the anti-asthmatic potential of R. sativus that also strongly supports its traditional use in asthma.

Due to the synergetic effects of several types of nanomaterials, the primary goal of the hybrid nanofluid is to enhance the energy transport capabilities over a base fluid. Hybrid nanofluids have a wide range of applications in the industrial, technical, and medical industries, including solar heating systems, food processing, microchannel heat sinks (MCHS), and medicines. In this article, the researchers have investigated the water-based hybrid nanofluid flow comprising silver and alumina nanoparticles past a spinning disk. The effect of Brownian motion, activation energy, magnetic field, and thermophoresis are taken into account. The PDEs are transformed into ODEs by means of suitable correspondence transformations. The modeled equations are solved by using a semi-analytical method known as HAM. Graphical representations of the nanofluid and hybrid nanofluid profiles are used. The current findings are contrasted with those that have already been published and are confirmed to be remarkably comparable. The outcomes showed that the radial and tangential velocities of the nanofluids and hybrid nanofluid reduced as the magnetic factor augmented. Nanofluids and hybrid nanofluid surface drag is increased by magnetic factor. Hybrid nanofluid exhibits higher growth due to the magnetic factor than nanofluids do. The heat transmission rates of nanofluids and hybrid nanoliquid have grown as a result of the thermophoresis factor and nanoparticle volume fractions. In comparison to nanofluids, the hybrid nanofluid also possesses a better thermal conductivity.