INTRODUCTION:In France, the average steady decline in tuberculosis (TB) incidence close to 5 % per year over the past half-century has been occasionally interrupted by disruptions related to external events. We describe the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on TB incidence, severity and treatment outcome. METHODS:We analysed the number of TB cases and treatment outcomes reported through the mandatory notification system through 2018-2023. We compared cases reported, notification rates and percentage of cases completing treatment before and after the occurrence of the COVID-19 pandemic. RESULTS:The TB rate and the mean weekly number of cases decreased from 7.6/100,000 to 6.8/100,000 (-10 %) (p=0.96) between 2019 and 2020. This decreasing trend continued, albeit more moderately, in 2021 (-7 %) and 2022 (-2 %). The trend shifted upward in 2023 (7.1/100,000, +15 % compared to 2022). The mean weekly number of reported cases significantly decreased between 2018 (n=97), 2019 (n=97) and 2020 (n= 88) (p<0.01) and significantly increased between 2022 (n=77) and 2023 (n=91) (p<0.01). There was no increase in the number of severe cases, multidrugresistant (MDR) cases or deaths in the years following the pandemic. The proportion of persons that completed treatment was 83.3 % for cases notified in 2022, a significant increase compared to the 79.7 % estimated for 2019 cases (p<0.01). However, less than half of the reported cases had information on treatment outcome. CONCLUSION:The important fall in TB incidence in France in 2020 is likely explained among other factors by the social and health measures that were implemented soon after the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. In 2023, the situation had reversed although no impact on severe and MDR cases and deaths was observed.

Nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) are emerging pathogens causing pulmonary and extrapulmonary diseases, including healthcare-related infections. Although water is one of the main infection sources, isolating NTM from water samples is rarely done due to the NTM fastidious growth and lack of a standardised method. We propose a standardised NTM detection protocol from tap water. We set a protocol for NTM cultivation, measured its repeatability (n = 20 experiments, 5 for each condition), reproducibility (n = 20, 5 for each condition), and performed an inter-laboratory comparison (n = 6) using sterile and tap water samples spiked with slowly growing (M. avium) and rapidly growing (M. chelonae) NTM, plus artificial contamination (Pseudomonas aeruginosa). We investigated water-related NTM infections using this protocol from 2014 to 2024. The protocol showed good repeatability, reproducibility, and recovery yield (range: 67-131 %) for quantifying NTM in artificial samples. The inter-laboratory agreement was 83 %. It was consistent with different growth media and temperatures. The addition of P. aeruginosa did not affect NTM recovery. We used the protocol in 12 investigations, involving 24 patients. NTM were detected in 11/12 investigations (92 %, 23 patients) with species being the same as patients' isolates in 6/11 (55 %, 18 patients). Water was identified as a source of infection in 5/12 (42 %) investigations involving 15/24 patients (62 %) based on matching genotypes. This study provides a protocol for detecting and quantifying NTM colonies in tap water, which allows identifying the source of clinical infections. With an increase in NTM infections, using this method in mycobacteriology and in environmental laboratories could be beneficial.

In recent years, novel β-lactam-inhibitor combinations (imipenem-relebactam (I/R), meropenem-vaborbactam (M/V), aztreonam-avibactam (A/A)) have been commercialized and some are not yet on the market (cefepime-zidebactam (C/Z)). The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of these β-lactam-β-lactamase inhibitors (BL/BLIs) combinations against a wide collection of French clinical multiresistant Enterobacterales isolates and to assess the performance of the E-test MIC method for I/R and M/V. BL/BLIs MICs were determined by broth microdilution on a collection of 200 ESBL-producing and 414 carbapenem-resistant clinical Enterobacterales (K. pneumoniae (271), E. coli (245), E. cloacae complex (48), other species (50)) including 292 carbapenemase-producing isolates. E-test method was evaluated for the determination of I/R and M/V MICs using 131 isolates from this collection. All the combinations were active against most ESBL-producing isolates (99-100 %), but C/Z and A/A MIC90 were lower than that of I/R and M/V (2mg/L and 2mg/L versus 8mg/L and 8mg/L). The M/V and I/R E-tests performances were close to those required by the FDA recommendations: Categorical agreement (CA) and Essential agreement (EA) ≥ 90 %, Major discrepancy (MD) and Very major discrepancy (VMD) < 3 %): 96.9 % (CA), 92.4 % (EA), 1.2 % (MD), 6.1 % (VMD) for I/R and 94.7 % (CA), 96.9 % (EA), 4.1 % (MD), 8.8 % (VMD) for M/V. This work confirmed the interest of C/Z and A/A combinations against carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales isolates compared with M/V and I/R. Additionally, the findings indicate that the E-test method can be used for the determination of M/V and I/R MIC for E. coli and K. pneumoniae strains.

High-dose isoniazid is recommended to treat multidrug-resistant tuberculosis (MDR TB). Among 958 MDR TB isolates identified in France during 2008-2022, 93.1% exhibited high-level isoniazid resistance, and molecular testing showed limited diagnostic accuracy in predicting resistance. Clinicians should reconsider using high-dose isoniazid in MDR TB treatment because of suboptimal effect and toxicity concerns.

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major public health issue that, combined with healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) threaten the quality and safety of hospital care. Monitoring AMR and HAIs is one of the cornerstones of preventing these phenomena with the use of indicators. Various monitoring networks and indicators exist for this type of surveillance, yet the landscape is cluttered with a confusing array of them, making it unclear why so many are used or how they were chosen. We provide a comprehensive overview of the diversity indicators employed in monitoring AMR and HAI from local to international networks. One challenge is the variation in case definitions between networks, which complicates direct comparisons. Standardized infection rates help adjust for confounding factors such as demographics (age, sex) and other infection-related risks, but obtaining such detailed data remains complex. Benchmarking hospital indicators involves comparing performance metrics with those of peer institutions, offering valuable insights to improve care quality, patient safety, and overall healthcare efficiency. However, to drive meaningful improvements, comprehensive feedback must be shared to guide targeted corrective actions. The emergence of health data warehouses (HDWs) and artificial intelligence (AI) provides new opportunities to refine and develop indicators, better addressing the challenges of contemporary healthcare monitoring.

Carbapenem resistance among gram-negative bacilli is a major threat worldwide, particularly in Vietnam. The study aimed to evaluate the magnitude of carbapenem resistance in gram-negative bacilli in intensive care units (ICU) in Vietnam and evaluate the impact of a screening and isolation strategy on their epidemiology. A before-after study was performed where patients were screened for digestive carriage of carbapenem-resistant and carbapenemase-producing gram-negative (CRGN) bacilli at ICU admission and weekly thereafter during a reference period and an intervention period. The intervention consisted of the implementation of isolation precautions for carriers throughout their ICU hospitalization. The proportion of CRGN digestive carriers at admission was 31.1

ADVANCES IN ANTIBIOTIC THERAPY FOR TUBERCULOSIS. Treatment of tuberculosis is experiencing significant advancements. For the first time, a therapeutic regimen based on rifapentine and moxifloxacin allows for a reduction of treatment duration of drug-susceptible tuberculosis from 6 to 4 months. Regarding multidrug-resistant tuberculosis, combinations of new antituberculosis drugs (bedaquiline, linezolid, delamanid/pretomanid, moxifloxacin) have the potential to reduce the treatment duration from 20 to 6 months. Additionally, considering the extent of anatomical involvement and bacterial burden allows for strategies that involve variable treatment durations based on the severity of the disease. The new tuberculosis treatments thus appear to be shorter and more personalized.

Purpose: Indicators for comparing and understanding differences in antimicrobial resistance (AMR) and healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) for benchmarking are essential to identify priorities for hospitals.Methods: This study measured the incidence of hospital-acquired or resistant Gramnegative bacilli bloodstream infections (GNB-BSIs) in a large public healthcare consortium in the Parisian region of France.Results: Within each hospital, there was a strong positive correlation between the incidence of GNB-BSIs due to resistant GNB and the incidence of hospital-acquired GNB-BSIs. Two scores measuring AMR and HAI rates by combining different GNB-BSI incidence rates were developed as indicators. These scores were highly variable within the hospital consortium. On multi-variate analysis, AMR and HAI scores were significantly associated with the proportion of surgical beds, staff absenteeism and the consumption of alcohol based hand rub, with the latter two characteristics being amenable to interventions. Carbapenem use was also linked to AMR, but this may be because carbapenems are the preferred drug for treating resistant infections.Conclusion: These results shed light on the incidence of HAIs and AMR in the study hospitals, and suggest possibilities for targeted interventions at healthcare facility level. 2023 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The Healthcare Infection Society. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

Background: Bacterial peritonitis (BP) in patients with gastrointestinal (GI) cancer has been poorly described, and its prevalence is unknown. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate in patients with both GI cancer and ascites the prevalence of BP, associated features, mechanisms, prognosis, and the diagnostic performance of neutrophil count in ascites. Design: A retrospective, multicenter, observational study. Methods: All patients with GI cancer and ascites who underwent at least one paracentesis sample analyzed for bacteriology over a 1-year period were included. BP was defined by a positive ascites culture combined with clinical and/or biological signs compatible with infection. Secondary BP was defined as BP related to a direct intra-abdominal infectious source. Results: Five hundred fifty-seven ascites from 208 patients included were analyzed. Twenty-eight patients had at least one episode of BP and the annual prevalence rate of BP was 14%. Among the 28 patients with BP, 19 (65%) patients had proven secondary BP and 17 (59%) patients had multi-microbial BP, mainly due to Enterobacterales . A neutrophil count greater than 110/mm 3 in ascites had negative and positive predictive values of 96% and 39%, respectively, for the diagnosis of BP. The median survival of patients with BP was 10 days (interquartile range 6–40) after the diagnosis. Conclusion: BP is not rare in patients with GI cancer and is associated with a poor short-term prognosis. When a patient with GI cancer is diagnosed with BP, a secondary cause should be sought. Further studies are needed to better define the best management of these patients.

IntroductionLe Céfiderocol (FDC) et l'association Ceftazidime-avibactam/Aztréonam (CZA-ATM) sont des options thérapeutiques contre les bacilles gram-négatif producteurs de métallo-bêta-lactamase (BGN-MBL). L'objectif de cette étude était de comparer l'efficacité du FDC, de CZA-ATM et de la meilleure alternative disponible (BAT) dans ces infections.Matériels et méthodesEtude observationnelle rétrospective monocentrique, conduite dans un hôpital universitaire. Tous les patients adultes traités pour une infection à BGN-MBL entre le 1er janvier 2016 et le 31 décembre 2022 ont été inclus. Le critère de jugement principal était l'échec clinique à J30 défini comme un critère composite regroupant la mortalité ou la récidive de l'infection au même site. La survenue du critère de jugement a été comparé en utilisant un modèle de Cox multivarié. Les variables incluses dans le modèle comprenaient le traitement antibiotique ainsi que toutes les variables associées à l'échec clinique en analyse univariée. Une sélection de variables a été réalisée en utilisant le critère d'information d'Akaike (AIC). Etant donné qu'aucune infection à Pseudomonas aeruginosa n'a été traitée par CZA-ATM, la comparaison du CZA-ATM au FDC et au BAT a été restreinte aux patients infectés par des Enterobacterales.RésultatsCent-treize patients ont été inclus : 86 (76%) avaient une infection à Enterobacterales et 27 (23%) à P. aeruginosa (71 NDM, 36 VIM et 6 autres). Les infections les plus fréquentes étaient : pneumonies associées à la ventilation mécanique (31, 27%), infections urinaires (22, 19%) et bactériémies primaires (14, 12%). Soixante-cinq patients (57%) présentaient un sepsis (qSofa ≥2) ou un choc septique au diagnostic. Trente-cinq patients (31 %) ont été traités par CZA-ATM, 22 (19 %) par FDC et 56 (49 %) par BAT dont 20 traitements comportant la colistine. La durée médiane de traitement était de 10 [IQR 8-15] jours. A J30, 45 patients (40 %) avaient présenté un échec clinique, dont 31 décès (27 %). Comparés au BAT, le taux d'échec clinique à J30 des patients traités par CZA-ATM ou FDC ne différait pas significativement. Les effets indésirables ont conduit à l'arrêt du traitement chez 6 patients traités par BAT (12 %), 3 (8,6 %) par CZA-ATM, aucun par FDC (p=0,240). Après ajustement sur la ventilation mécanique, les patients traités par CZA-ATM pour une infection à Enterobacterales (n=35) avaient un risque plus faible d'échec clinique à J30 que ceux traités par FDC (n=10) (HR ajusté 0,16 [IC95% 0,04-0,73]).ConclusionChez les patients traités pour une infection à BGN-MBL, l'efficacité clinique clinique de CZA-ATM ou FDC n'était pas significativement différente de la BAT. En cas d'infection à Enterobacterales, notre étude suggère une meilleure efficacité du CZA-ATM par rapport au FDC.Ces résultats doivent être confirmés par des études prospectives de plus grande envergure.Liens d'intérêts déclarés :A.B : Rétributions et co-investigateur d'essai clinique industriel pour SHIONOGI et SANOFI

Introduction: Due to its bacteriological spectrum and efficacy in skin and soft tissue infections, ceftobip-role may be of interest for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cannula-related infection. It is unknown whether ceftobiprole pharmacokinetics (PK) are changed by ECMO.Methods: A retrospective monocentric cohort study was performed of 35 patients with suspected ECMO-related cannula infections (28 on ECMO, seven after ECMO removal), who received ceftobiprole as empiric treatment and had ceftobiprole blood levels measured at trough, peak and CT50 (50% of the dosing in-terval). Ceftobiprole blood levels of the 28 patients on ECMO were compared with those of the seven patients without ECMO. Factors associated with low ceftobiprole trough levels were also explored.Results: Among the 35 patients included, 29 had a confirmed cannula-related infection and 48 pathogens were isolated. Ceftobiprole MIC was determined in 29 of these 48, and 23 (79%) were susceptible to ceftobiprole. Ceftobiprole blood levels (at trough, peak and CT50) were similar in ECMO and non-ECMO patients. Moreover, in patients whose pathogens responsible for infection were susceptible to ceftobip-role, 94% had a ceftobiprole trough level above the MIC. Ceftobiprole blood levels were decreased in patients with acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) and in those with increased renal clearance (defined as creatinine clearance > 130 mL/min), independent of ECMO. No other factor was associated with modification of ceftobiprole PK/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD).Conclusions: The ceftobiprole PK/PD was no different in patients during ECMO or after its withdrawal. Factors associated with decreased ceftobiprole blood levels were patients requiring RRT and those with increased renal clearance.(c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd and International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

Persons fleeing Ukraine since February 2022 have potentially higher risk of tuberculosis (TB) vs all European Union countries. Interest of active TB screening among this population is debated and not widely adopted. In this screening intervention by a network of TB centres in France, the number needed to screen (NNS) was 862 to find one case. This experience shows that this strategy may be relevant for TB control in situations of massive displacement, similar to that following the Russian invasion.

L’ulcère de Buruli ou infection à Mycobacterium ulcerans est une maladie bactérienne tropicale négligée selon les termes de l’Organisation mondiale de la santé (OMS). Les principales zones d’endémie sont en Afrique subsaharienne, en Australie et au Japon. Cette maladie est caractérisée par la présence d’une ou plusieurs lésions cutanées sous forme de nodules, papules puis de lésions ulcérées qui peuvent être étendues et délabrantes. La bactérie responsable, M. ulcerans, appartient à la famille des mycobactéries, mais a la particularité d’héberger un plasmide qui porte les gènes de pathogénicité codant pour une toxine lipidique qui a des propriétés cytotoxiques, immunosuppressives et analgésiantes. Le traitement qui était basé sur la chirurgie a évolué ces 20 dernières années vers un traitement antibiotique totalement oral de 8 semaines associant rifampicine et clarithromycine ou fluoroquinolone. Ce traitement médicamenteux doit être associé avec une prise en charge soigneuse des plaies et de la rééducation, la chirurgie gardant des indications reconstructrices. Le réservoir est environnemental (zones humides) et animal mais le mode de contamination à l’homme reste inconnu. Les défis actuels sont multiples. Une méthode de diagnostic rapide réalisable dans les centres de santé des pays endémiques permettrait un diagnostic au stade pré-ulcéré. Le raccourcissement du traitement antibiotique semble envisageable grâce à de nouveaux schémas thérapeutiques ou de nouveaux antibiotiques. Finalement, le développement de moyens de prévention comme une meilleure prise en charge des plaies avant contamination, une meilleure compréhension des modes d’infection de l’homme, et le développement d’un vaccin, sont urgemment nécessaires pour améliorer le sort des malades et circonscrire les épidémies.

INTRODUCTION:Due to its bacteriological spectrum and efficacy in skin and soft tissue infections, ceftobiprole may be of interest for extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO) cannula-related infection. It is unknown whether ceftobiprole pharmacokinetics (PK) are changed by ECMO. METHODS:A retrospective monocentric cohort study was performed of 35 patients with suspected ECMO-related cannula infections (28 on ECMO, seven after ECMO removal), who received ceftobiprole as empiric treatment and had ceftobiprole blood levels measured at trough, peak and CT50 (50% of the dosing interval). Ceftobiprole blood levels of the 28 patients on ECMO were compared with those of the seven patients without ECMO. Factors associated with low ceftobiprole trough levels were also explored. RESULTS:Among the 35 patients included, 29 had a confirmed cannula-related infection and 48 pathogens were isolated. Ceftobiprole MIC was determined in 29 of these 48, and 23 (79%) were susceptible to ceftobiprole. Ceftobiprole blood levels (at trough, peak and CT50) were similar in ECMO and non-ECMO patients. Moreover, in patients whose pathogens responsible for infection were susceptible to ceftobiprole, 94% had a ceftobiprole trough level above the MIC. Ceftobiprole blood levels were decreased in patients with acute renal failure requiring renal replacement therapy (RRT) and in those with increased renal clearance (defined as creatinine clearance > 130 mL/min), independent of ECMO. No other factor was associated with modification of ceftobiprole PK/pharmacodynamics (PK/PD). CONCLUSIONS:The ceftobiprole PK/PD was no different in patients during ECMO or after its withdrawal. Factors associated with decreased ceftobiprole blood levels were patients requiring RRT and those with increased renal clearance.

Background: The optimal treatment regimen for infections caused by wild-type AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales remains controversial. This study compared the outcomes of bloodstream infections (BSI) and pneumonia according to the type of definitive antibiotic therapy: third-generation cephalosporin (3GC), piperacillin +/- tazobactam, cefepime or carbapenem.Methods: All cases of BSI and pneumonia caused by wild-type AmpC beta-lactamase-producing Enter-obacterales over 2 years in eight university hospitals were reviewed. Patients who received definitive therapy consisting of either a 3GC (3GC group), piperacillin +/- tazobactam (piperacillin group), or ce-fepime or a carbapenem (reference group) were included in this study. The primary endpoint was 30-day all-cause mortality. The secondary endpoint was treatment failure due to infection by emerging AmpC-overproducing strains. Propensity-score-based models were used to balance confounding factors between groups.Results: In total, 575 patients were included in this study: 302 (52%) with pneumonia and 273 (48%) with BSI. Half ( n = 271, 47%) received cefepime or a carbapenem as definitive therapy, 120 (21%) received a 3GC, and 184 (32%) received piperacillin +/- tazobactam. Compared with the reference group, 30-day mortality was similar in the 3GC [adjusted hazard ratio (aHR) 0.86, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0.57-1.31)] and piperacillin (aHR 1.20, 95% CI 0.86-1.66) groups. The likelihood of treatment failure was higher in the 3GC (aHR 6.81, 95% CI 3.76-12.4) and piperacillin (aHR 3.13, 95% CI 1.69-5.80) groups. The results were similar when stratifying the analysis on pneumonia or BSI.Conclusion: Treatment of included BSI or pneumonia caused by wild-type AmpC /3-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales with 3GC or piperacillin +/- tazobactam was not associated with higher mortality, but was associated with increased risk of AmpC overproduction leading to treatment failure compared with cefepime or a carbapenem.(c) 2023 Elsevier Ltd and International Society of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy. All rights reserved.

BACKGROUND:Treatment of multidrug-resistant (MDR) tuberculosis with linezolid is characterized by high rates of adverse events. Evidence on therapeutic drug monitoring to predict drug toxicity is scarce. This study aimed to evaluate the association of linezolid trough concentrations with severe toxicity. METHODS:We retrospectively assessed consecutive patients started on linezolid for MDR tuberculosis between 2011 and 2017. The primary outcome was severe mitochondrial toxicity (SMT) due to linezolid, defined as neurotoxicity or myelotoxicity leading to drug discontinuation. The impact of plasma linezolid trough concentrations >2 mg/L was assessed in multivariate Cox proportional hazards models including time-varying covariates. RESULTS:SMT occurred in 57 of 146 included patients (39%) at an incidence rate of 0.38 per person-year (95% confidence interval, .30-.49). A maximum linezolid trough concentration >2 mg/L was detected in 52 patients (35.6%), while the mean trough concentration was >2 mg/L in 22 (15%). The adjusted hazard ratio for SMT was 2.35 (95% confidence interval, 1.26-4.38; P = .01) in patients with a mean trough concentration >2 mg/L and 2.63 (1.55-4.47; P < .01) for SMT after the first detection of a trough concentration >2 mg/L. In an exploratory analysis, higher maximum trough concentrations were dose-dependently associated with toxicity, while lowering elevated trough concentrations did not restore baseline risk. CONCLUSIONS:Linezolid trough concentrations >2 mg/L are strongly associated with the development of severe treatment-emergent toxicity in patients treated for MDR tuberculosis. Pending further prospective evidence, an individual risk-benefit assessment on the continuation of linezolid treatment is warranted in any patient with trough concentrations >2 mg/L.

Buruli ulcer or infection to Mycobacterium ulcerans is a neglected tropical bacterial disease according to World Heath Organisation. The main endemic areas are in sub-Saharan Africa, Australia, and Japan. The disease is characterized by the presence of one or more skin lesions such as nodules, or papules and then ulcerated lesions, which can be extensive and deteriorating. The responsible micro-organism is M. ulcerans, a mycobacteria species that has the particularity of harboring a plasmid. The latter carries pathogenicity genes coding for a lipid toxin that has cytotoxic, immunosuppressive, and analgesic properties. The treatment, which was earlier based on surgery has evolved over the last 20 years towards a fully oral antibiotic treatment with 8 weeks of rifampicin and clarithromycin or fluoroquinolone. This antibiotic regimen must be associated with careful wounds management and rehabilitation. Surgery is keeping mainly reconstructive indications. The bacterial reservoir is environmental (wetlands) and animal but the mode of contamination to humans remains unknown. The current challenges are numerous. A rapid diagnostic method that can be performed in health centers of endemic countries would allow a diagnosis at the pre-ulcerated stage. The shortening of antibiotic regimen seems possible, thanks to new therapeutic schemes or new antibiotics. Finally, better prevention is urgently needed to improve the fate of patients and contain epidemics. It should be based on better management of wounds before M. ulcerans contamination, on better understanding of the modes of human infection, and on the development of a vaccine.(c) 2023 l'Academie nationale de medecine. Published by Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.

Journal Article Rapid selection of a cefiderocol-resistant Escherichia coli producing NDM-5 associated with a single amino acid substitution in the CirA siderophore receptor Get access Agnès B Jousset, Agnès B Jousset Team 'Resist' UMR1184 'Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB)', INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceAssociated French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceBacteriology-Hygiene Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Corentin Poignon, Corentin Poignon Team 'Resist' UMR1184 'Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB)', INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Seher Yilmaz, Seher Yilmaz Bacteriology-Hygiene, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Alexandre Bleibtreu, Alexandre Bleibtreu Sorbonne Université, INSERM, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Équipe 2, Paris, FranceService de Maladies Infectieuses et Tropicales, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, AP-HP. Sorbonne Université, Paris, France https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5145-4174 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Cécile Emeraud, Cécile Emeraud Team 'Resist' UMR1184 'Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB)', INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceAssociated French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceBacteriology-Hygiene Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Delphine Girlich, Delphine Girlich Team 'Resist' UMR1184 'Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB)', INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Thierry Naas, Thierry Naas Team 'Resist' UMR1184 'Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB)', INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceAssociated French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceBacteriology-Hygiene Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9937-9572 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Jérôme Robert, Jérôme Robert Bacteriology-Hygiene, AP-HP Sorbonne Université, Hôpital Pitié-Salpêtrière, Paris, FranceSorbonne Université, INSERM, U1135, Centre d'Immunologie et des Maladies Infectieuses, Cimi-Paris, Équipe 2, Paris, France Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Rémy A Bonnin, Rémy A Bonnin Team 'Resist' UMR1184 'Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB)', INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceAssociated French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2307-3232 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Laurent Dortet Laurent Dortet Team 'Resist' UMR1184 'Immunology of Viral, Auto-Immune, Hematological and Bacterial diseases (IMVA-HB)', INSERM, Université Paris-Saclay, CEA, LabEx LERMIT, Faculty of Medicine, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceAssociated French National Reference Center for Antibiotic Resistance: Carbapenemase-Producing Enterobacteriaceae, Bicêtre Hospital, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, FranceBacteriology-Hygiene Unit, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, AP-HP Paris-Saclay, Hôpital Bicêtre, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France Corresponding author. E-mail: laurent.dortet@aphp.fr https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6596-7384 Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic PubMed Google Scholar Journal of Antimicrobial Chemotherapy, Volume 78, Issue 4, April 2023, Pages 1125–1127, https://doi.org/10.1093/jac/dkad004 Published: 02 March 2023