Objective:To explore the association of adenosine-inosine editing (ATIE) in von hippel lindau (VHL) with human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 positive (Her-2 + ) breast cancer prognosis and mechanism. Methods:The cancer genome atlas database was used to sort the ATIE sites with effect on prognosis of Her-2 + breast cancer patients. A total of 81 related patients were randomly recruited between 2014 to 2019 from the Guangdong Women and Children’s Hospital, and were used to determine the editing level of associated ATIE sites by direct sequencing. The fluorescent quantitative polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting were used to test the expression of VHL in breast cancer tissues. The cell counting kit-8 was applied for determining the half inhibitory concentration of cell resistance (IC 50). Cox regression, t test and variance analysis, and Spearman rank correlation test were used for survival analysis, inter-group comparison, and correlation analysis, respectively. Results:Database analysis showed that ATIEs at 3996 position of VHL transcript (c.A3996I; HR=3.612, 95% CI=1.093-11.940, P<0.05), c. A3914I were significantly associated with prognosis of Her-2 + breast cancer patients ( HR=4.985, 95% CI=1.442-17.230, P<0.05). The c. A3996I was confirmed to be bona fide ATIE by direct sequencing, and the death rate in patients with hypo-editing of c. A3996I was higher than that in patients with hyper-editing ( HR=3.980, 95% CI=1.075-14.740, P<0.05). The cancer tissues from patients with stage 2- or 3-lymphatic metastasis exerted significantly lower editing of c. A3996I than those from patients with stage 1-lymphatic metastasis and without lymphatic metastasis [(9.923±5.741)% vs. (13.980±7.532)% and (17.820±9.424)%, F=5.140, P<0.01]. The editing level was also correlated with Ki67 level ( r=-0.282, P<0.05). Meanwhile, the editing level of c. A3996I was negatively correlated with mRNA and protein expression of VHL ( r=0.406, P<0.05; r=0.467, P<0.01). In cancer tissues with low editing level, there was a negative correlation between microRNA-143-5p and VHL expression ( r=-0.145, P<0.05), but such effect was not observed in cancer tissues with high editing level ( r=0.051, P>0.05). Meanwhile, VHL expression was decreased in trastuzumab-resistant breast cancer cells when compared to the control cells (0.540±0.116 vs. 1.011±0.195, t=4.156, P<0.01). Knock-down of VHL also decreased the sensitivity of trastuzumab in breast cancer cells (5.489 μg/ml vs. 22.120 μg/ml, F=22.440, P<0.01). Also VHL knock-down elevated the migration (1 634±204 vs. 1 140±252, t=3.049, P<0.05) of breast cancer cells. Conclusion:The c. A3996I editing significantly influences prognosis of patients with Her-2 + breast cancer by suppressing VHL expression and function.

目的 研究乳腺区段切除术治疗乳腺良性肿块对切口愈合的价值.方法 600例乳腺良性肿块患者,根据入院时间分为研究组与对照组,每组300例.对照组采用传统治疗不保留残腔治疗,研究组采用乳腺区段切除术保留残腔治疗.对比两组患者手术指征、生活质量评分及并发症发生情况.结果 研究组疼痛时间、切口恢复时间分别为(2.04±1.22)、(2.04±0.74)d,均短于对照组的(3.99±2.88)、(4.05±1.33)d,出血量(30.54±8.54)ml少于对照组的(36.04±9.28)ml,外形美观率99.33％ 高于对照组的96.67％,差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05).研究组并发症发生率为1.67％,低于对照组的7.00％,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).研究组生理职能、乐观情绪、社会功能、躯体活动评分均高于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 乳腺区段切除术对治疗乳腺良性肿块切口愈合时间短、出血量少、疼痛感小,同时,手术方法安全可靠,并发症少,有十分重要的现实应用意义.

Objective:To investigate the value of ultrasound breast imaging reporting and data system (BI-RADS) in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast.Methods:The clinical data of 57 patients with phyllodes tumors of the breast confirmed by surgery and pathology treated in Guangdong Women and Children Hospital from January 2015 to August 2021 were retrospectively analyzed, all female, aged (39.3±10.7) years, and the ultrasound images were classified by BI-RADS. Kappa value was used to analyze the consistency of classification results of doctors with different levels. The diameter, ultrasonic characteristics, and ultrasonic BI-RADS of benign, borderline, and malignant phyllodes tumors were compared. With the pathological results as the gold standard, the borderline and malignant tumors as the malignant group, and the benign tumors as the benign group, the diagnostic efficacy of BI-RADS for malignant tumors was calculated by the receiver operating characteristic curve (ROC). Results:The consistency of the classification of masses using BI-RADS by doctors with different levels was good ( Kappa=0.778, P<0.001). There were statistically significant differences in the age, diameter, shape, edge, internal echo, and BI-RADS classification among patients with different pathological types (all P<0.05), but there was no statistically significant difference in the blood flow of tumors ( P>0.05). The boundary value of BI-RADS classification in the diagnosis of malignant tumors was BI-RADS 4B. The areas under the curve of the diameter, shape, edge, internal echo, and BI-RADS in the diagnosis of malignant tumors were 0.760, 0.755, 0.672, 0.764, and 0.829, the sensitivities were 96.0%, 75.0%, 31.3%, 68.7%, and 65.6%, and the specificities were 53.1%, 76.0%, 96.0%, 84.0%, and 88.0%. Conclusions:Ultrasound BI-RADS can reduce the subjective differences among doctors at different levels, is conducive to the clinical promotion and standardized application. Compared with single ultrasound performance, ultrasound BI-RADS has higher diagnostic performance in the differential diagnosis of benign and malignant phyllodes tumors of the breast.

目的 观察比较布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂与沙美特罗替卡松气雾剂治疗咳嗽变异性哮喘(CVA)的有效性和安全性.方法 选取咳嗽变异性哮喘患者60例,采用随机数表法分为A组(给予布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂治疗)和B组(给予沙美特罗替卡松气雾剂治疗),每组各30例.比较两组患者咳嗽症状缓解有效率、夜间和日间咳嗽积分、1秒钟用力呼气量(FEV1)、用力肺活量(FVC)、呼气流速峰值(PEFR)和相关不良反应发生情况.结果 经治疗后,A组症状缓解有效率高于B组(P<0.05);夜间、日间咳嗽积分低于B组(P<0.05);肺功能改善情况优于B组(P<0.05);两组不良反应发生率差异不显著(P>0.05).结论 布地奈德福莫特罗粉吸入剂较沙美特罗替卡松气雾剂在缓解CVA患者咳嗽症状、改善肺通气功能方面疗效更为显著,且并不增加不良反应发生率,值得临床推广应用.

目的 探索真空辅助旋切系统活检对乳腺癌伴有乳腺多发肿块的诊治价值.方法 对29例乳腺癌伴有乳腺多发肿块的患者在超声引导下进行真空辅助旋切系统切除活检术,并进行回顾性分析,评价其在乳腺癌伴有多发肿块的诊治价值.结果 共有79个乳腺肿块完全切除,其中50个肿块为纤维腺瘤,29个肿块为乳腺癌.乳腺超声基础联合钼钯+MRI对乳腺癌的检出率高于单纯的乳腺超声及乳腺超声联合钼钯(P=0.008).乳腺癌的临床病理特点为90％病灶直径≤2 cm,48.2％为浸润性导管癌,44.8％为导管内癌,浸润性小叶癌、黏液腺癌各占3.5％,93.1％核分级为Ⅰ～Ⅱ级,79.3％为HR阳性,86.2％为HER2阴性,96.6％腋窝淋巴结阴性,TNM分期为0～Ⅱ期.中位随访64个月,无患者复发、转移.结论 真空辅助旋切系统可以对临床表现为乳腺多发肿块的患者进行切除活检.乳腺超声基础联合钼钯+MRI有助于提高伴有乳腺多发肿块患者的乳腺癌的检出率.此类乳腺癌患者TNM分期早,肿瘤生物学特性好,预后好.

目的 通过了解乳腺癌患者的生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子-1水平,探讨胰岛素样生长因子-1与乳腺癌的关系.方法 采用病例对照研究,以年龄进行1∶1配比乳腺癌患者和对照组各197例,分析两组一般情况、生长激素、胰岛素样生长因子-1水平与乳腺癌发生的关系.结果 生长激素水平比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05);50岁以下女性胰岛素样生长因子-1病例组与对照组比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.01),50岁以上组比较差异无统计学意义(P＞0.01);用1∶1匹配条件Logistic回归分析显示,β =0.137,OR=1.147(P ＜0.01).结论 胰岛素样生长因子-1水平增高是乳腺癌的危险因素,可作为乳腺癌筛查的指标之一.

目的 研究并分析益生菌对早产儿胃肠动力及免疫功能的影响.方法 80例早产儿,按照随机数字表法分为实验组和参照组,各40例.参照组早产儿实施常规人工喂养,实验组早产儿在参照组的基础上实施益生菌喂养.对比两组早产儿胃潴留、呕吐、腹胀的发生情况以及治疗前后CD3+、CD4+、CD8+、CD4/CD8+水平.结果 实验组早产儿胃潴留、呕吐、腹胀的发生率分别为2.50％(1/40)、5.00％(2/40)、5.00％(2/40),明显低于参照组的15.00％(6/40)、20.00％(8/40)、22.50％(9/40),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05).治疗前,两组早产儿的CD4+、CD3+、CD8+、CD4/CD8+水平对比差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗后,两组早产儿的CD4+、CD8+、CD4/CD8+水平对比差异均具有统计学意义(P<0.05),CD3+水平对比差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).结论 益生菌可有效的改善早产儿的胃肠动力和免疫功能,值得临床上借鉴和进一步普及.

目的 探讨老年乳腺癌的术后辅助化疗对预后的影响.方法 收集80例Ⅰ~Ⅲ期≥65岁乳腺癌患者的资料,其中接受辅助化疗有47例,未接受辅助化疗有33例,分析两组的临床病理特点和预后特征.结果 与未接受术后辅助化疗的患者比较,接受辅助化疗年龄轻的患者较多(P=0.005)、伴有合并症较少(P=0.040)、腋窝淋巴结转移率高(P<0.001)、ER/PR阴性率高(P=0.029)、接受放疗概率高(P=0.005);而在肿瘤组织学分级、肿瘤大小、HER2表达、手术方式、内分泌治疗无明显区别(P>0.05).中位随访期为73个月,辅助化疗组与未辅助化疗组相比,无病生存率(DFS)无明显区别(78.7%vs 90.9%,P=0.147),总生存率(OS)也无明显区别(83.0%vs 93.9%,P=0.098).结论 老年乳腺癌患者术后辅助化疗的获益不明显,但对于年纪较轻、伴有合并症较少且伴有腋窝淋巴结转移、ER/PR阴性等高风险因素的患者,应全面综合评估患者的耐受性和获益程度选择术后辅助化疗.

Objective To evaluate the hemostasis effect of balloon urinary catheter after vacuum-assisted breast biopsy (VABB).Methods From May.2016 to May.2017,270 patients undergoing VABB were randomized into study group (135 cases) and control group (135cases).Patients in the study group received VABB postoperative indwelling catheter balloon hemostasis,while patients in the control group received VABB postoperative conventional thoracic pressure bandage to stop bleeding.Postoperative bleeding and hematoma were recorded and compared between the two groups.Results The rates of postoperative bleeding and hematoma in the study group were significantly lower than that in the control group (6.7％ vs 16.3％,P＜0.05;8.9％ vs 24.4％,P＜0.05).Among patients with lesions ≤ 1.5 cm,the rates of postoperative bleeding and hematoma were 1.6％ and 4.7％ in the study group,and 6.5％ and 8.1％ in the control group.There was no significant difference between the two group (P＞0.05).Among patients with lesions ＞1.5 cm,the rates of postoperative bleeding and hematoma in the study group were significantly lower than those in the control group (11.3％ vs 24.7％,P＜0.05;12.7％ vs 32.9％,P＜0.05).Conclusion Hemostasis with balloon urinary catheter is a safe and effective method for postoperative bleeding and hematoma control after VABB.

目的 探讨乳腺癌的相关危险因素.方法 选取乳腺癌患者204例,健康体检者648例,调查乳腺癌患者与健康体检者的一般情况、病史、月经生育史及用药情况等,采用单因素和多因素Logistic回归分析进行统计分析.结果 多因素统计分析结果提示,职业、文化程度、痛经、定期乳腺检查、良性乳腺病史为乳腺癌的相关影响因素,其中职业为事业单位职员、文化程度高中及以下、定期乳腺检查为乳腺癌的保护因素.结论 女性乳腺癌的发生是受多种因素影响的结果,预防乳腺癌应从多因素、多途径考虑,做到早发现、早诊断、早治疗,从而提高女性健康水平及生活质量.

Objective To observe the clinical effect of Astragaloside on radioactive dermatitis of chest wall in breast cancer patients. Methods Sixty cases of breast cancer, who suffered from radiation dermatitis after chest wall radiotherapy, were divided into treatment group and control group. The wounds of the patients in the treatment group were plastered with Astragaloside. As controls, the wounds of the patients in the control group were plastered with 3% boric acid or 1% iodophor. Results The wound healing time of the control group was significantly longer than that of the treatment group, and the total effective rate of the treatment group was significantly higher than that of the control group ( =0.012). Conclusions Astragaloside can effec-tively cure the radioactive dermatitis in breast cancer patients and shorten the wound healing time.

Objective Resarech on the value of body mass index (BMI) predicting efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and prognostic in breast cancer.Methods Clinical data of 99 patients who received neoadjuvant chemotherapy Ⅱ B-Ⅲ C stage breast cancer patients was collected between January 2007 and December 2013 in Women and Children Hospital of Guangdong Province.Anaslysing the relation of BMI and efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy and prognosis.Results In the study, Clinaical complete ressiom was 12.1％ (12/99), partal ressiom was 68.7％ (68/99), stable disease or disease progression was 19.2％ (19/99), respone rate was 80.8％ (80/99), pathlogic complete ression was 9.1％ (9/99).BMI was significantly associated with response rate(P =0.039), but not with pathlogic complete ression (P =0.454).Univariate and multivariate analysis showed that BMI was not significantly associated with disease free survival and overall survival(P ＞ 0.05).Conclusions BMI was significantly associated with response rate, overweight or obese patients would prodict poorly efficacy of neoadjuvant chemotherapy.The relationg of BMI and prognosis of breast cancer who accepted neoadjuvant chemotherapy is not clear, for further study.

Objective To explore the correlation between clinicopathologic characteristics and non-sentinel lymph node ( nSLN ) metastasis in breast cancer patients with positive SLN. Methods We retrospectively analyzed the clinical data of totally 379 patients with dinical stage T1-2 N0 M0 breast cancer in Guangdong Women and Children’s Hospital from January 2007 to July 2013, who underwent axillary lymph node dissection ( ALND) after SLN biopgy. Among them, there were 125 patients with positive lymph nodes ( SLN+) , including 70 patients with non-SLN metastasis (nSLN+group) and 55 patients without non-SLN metastasis (nSLN-group) . χ2 test and Logistic stepwise regression were used to analyze the correlation between clinicopathologic characteristics and non-SLN metastasis. Results The metastatic axillary lymph nodes in the 44%(55/125) of SLN+ patients were all SLN. Univariate analysis showed that non-SLN metastasis was associatied with primary tumor size(Z=-2. 075,P=0. 038), extranodal metastasis(χ2=8. 545,P=0. 003), number of positive SLNs (χ2=4. 344,P= 0. 037), ER (χ2=4. 216,P=0. 040) and PR (χ2=6. 186,P=0. 013) status. Multivariate analysis showed that extranodal metastasis (OR=4. 114, 95%CI: 1. 550-10. 919, P=0. 005), number of positive SLNs≥2 (OR=2. 454, 95%CI: 1. 027-5. 867, P=0. 043) and PR(+) (OR=0. 370, 95%CI:0. 165-0. 832, P=0. 016) were independent influencing factors of non-SLN metastasis. Conclusion Breast cancer patients with extranodal metastasis, number of positive SLNs≥2 or PR(+) are more prone to non-SLN metastasis.

目的 对比分析乳腺肿块患者采用麦默通旋切术与传统手术治疗效果.方法 自2011年1月～2012年1月期间我院收治的乳腺肿块患者,根据随机数字表法随机分为两组(A组和B组),A组采用麦默通旋切术治疗,B组采用传统手术治疗.每组患者各210例.共420例入组,每组均210例.对比分析两组手术时间、术中出血量、术后瘢痕大小、术后愈合时间、术后镇痛以及术后并发症发生情况.结果 两组均完整切除乳腺肿块.与B组相比,A组手术时间短、术中出血量少、术后瘢痕小、术后愈合时间短(所有P＜0.05);并且A组术后镇痛次数也较B组少(P＜0.05).术后两组并发症发生率的差异无统计学差异.A组随访时间为3个月～32(17.49士3.27)个月,B组随访时间为3个月～29(16.83±3.41)个月,均未发现乳腺内残留病灶.结论 乳腺肿块患者采用麦默通旋切术治疗效果明显优于传统手术,手术时间短、术中出血量少、术后瘢痕小、愈合时间快,并发症少,镇痛效果好,故而临床应用安全可靠,值得进一步推广应用.

Objective To investigate diagnostic value of ultrasonography and molybdenum target mammography for early breast cancer patients. Methods A total of 72 early breast cancer patients as study subjects received ultrasonography, molybdenum target mammography, and combined detection of the two methods respectively. Diagnosis results by single detection and combined detection were observed for comparison of diagnostic value of the three detection methods. Results Ultrasonography and molybdenum target mammography had basically corresponding accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity. Their difference had no statistical significance (P>0.05). Combined detection had higher accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity than each single detection method, and their difference had statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion Ultrasonography and molybdenum target mammography contain important significance in diagnosis of early breast cancer patients. While the combination of ultrasonography and molybdenum target mammography can remarkably improve diagnosis rate of early breast cancer, and this method is suitable for long-term clinical application.

目的:探讨T1N0M0乳腺癌患者的临床病理特征与预后关系.方法:收集2003 01-01-2009-12-31广东省妇幼保健院乳腺病防治中心住院治疗的137例T1N0M0乳腺癌患者的资料,回顾性分析临床病理特征与预后的关系.结果:共收治934例Ⅰ～ⅢA期乳腺癌患者,其中T1N0M0乳腺癌137例,占14.7％.137例T1N0M0乳腺癌患者中有33例(24.1％)为T1mic,42例(30.7％)为T1a～T1b,62例(45.2％)为T1c.肿瘤大小与组织学分级(P=0.001)有关,与年龄(P=0.526)、ER/PR(P=0.371)、HER-2(P=0.624)、手术方式(P=0.479)和术后辅助化疗(P=0.066)无明显相关性.中位随访47个月,5例患者复发转移,其中1例患者死于肝转移,5年无病生存期(disease-free survival,DFS)为96.4％,5年总生存期(overall survival,OS)为99.3％.在单因素分析中,T1N0M0乳腺癌的5年DFS与肿瘤组织学分级(P=0.010)和ER/PR状态(P=0.043)有关,而与年龄(P=0.217)、肿瘤大小(P=0.880)、HER-2状态(P=0.769)、手术方式(P=0.477)和有无化疗(P=0.560)无关;在多因素分析中,仅肿瘤组织学分级是5年DFS的独立影响因素,P=0.045.组织学分级G1、G2和G3患者的5年DFS分别为100.0％、96.3％和84.2％,伴有组织学分级非G3患者的5年DFS(98.3％)优于伴有组织学分级G3(84.2％)的患者,P=0.005;G2 (96.3％)和G1(100.0％)患者5年DFS差异无统计学意义,P=0.109.结论:肿瘤组织学分级是T1N0M0乳腺癌的5年DFS独立影响因素,肿瘤组织学分级高的患者预后差.肿瘤组织学分级可为T1N0M0乳腺癌的辅助化疗决策提供参考依据.

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of MRI special use of breast and uhrasonography in axillary lymph node metastasis of early breast cancer.Methods Clinical data of 136 Ⅰ-Ⅲ A breast cancer patients accepted MRI examination before surgery had been retrospectively studied,analysing diagnostic value of MRI and ultrasonography in axillary lymph node metastasis of early breast cancer.Results The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy obtained by MRI were 83.3％,88.6％ and 86.3％.And these data of ultrasonography were 73.1％,76.7％ and 75.0％.The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy obtained MRI were better than that of ultrasonography.The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of ≥ 50 years old patients were 70.0％,77.8％ and 75.0％.And ＜ 50 years old patients were 85.7％,92.3％ and 88.9％.The sensitivity,specificity,and accuracy of ＜ 50 years old patients were better than ≥ 50 years old patients.Conclusions The MRI special use of breast have an important value in axillary lymph node metastasis of early breast cancer,especially to gounger than 50 years old patients.It can provide a scientific basis of the clinical accurate treatment for early breast cancer patients.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the clinical diagnosis of 163 cases of breast cancer with nipple discharge at age no younger than 30 years-old.We performed a retrospective analysis of all patients presenting with only nipple discharge or with nipple discharge and dominant mass or with nipple discharge and asymmetric thickening.Parameters evaluated included patient mammographic,ultrasonographic,mammary ductoscopic findings and other combined assessment.For the patients with only nipple discharge,the positive rate of MG,US and MD was 32.9%,16.5% and 69.6% respectively.For the patients with nipple discharge and dominant mass,it was 48.2%,42.9% and 83.9% respectively.For the patients with nipple discharge and Asymmetric thickening,it was 82.8%,37.9% and 79.3% respectively.There was no significant difference in MG alone and MG-US combination(P0.05) in all groups.There was statistically significant difference in MG alone and MG-MD combination at the groups of the patients with only nipple discharge and with nipple discharge and dominant mass(P=0.000),but there was no significant difference in MG alone and MG-MD combination at the group of the patients with nipple discharge and Asymmetric thickening(P=0.23).In conclusion,it implies that for the patients at age no younger than 30 years-old MG-MD combination can be considered valuable,and US can be considered supplementary method in the diagnosis of only nipple discharge or with dominant mass disease;MG alone can be considered valuable and MD and US can be considered supplementary method in the diagnosis of nipple discharge and Asymmetric thickening.

Objective To explore the diagnostic value of BI-RADS(breast imaging reporting and data system)in ultrosonography for palpable breast masses.Methods A total of 337female patients with palpable breast masses who were assessed by sonographic BI-RADS classification and underwent biopsy operation in our hospital were included in this study.Their pathology and sonography results were compared.The sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,positive predictive value(PPV),negative predictive value(NPV),positive likelihood ratio(+LR),negative likelihood ratio(-LR),Youden's index for the cases,and malignant rates for each lesion category were calculated.Chi-square test was used to compare the malignant rates of breast masses with benign sonographic descriptor and breast masses with malignant sonographic descriptor,and the distribution of benign and malignant cases in category 2and 3was analyzed in different age groups.Results The sensitivity,specificity,accuracy,PPV and NPV of BI-RADS category were 95.7%,82.4%,84.3%,46.9%,99.2%,respectively.Positive LR,negative LR and Youden's index were 5.44,0.05 and 0.78,respectively.In the 337cases the malignant rates for category 2,3,4,5 were 0(0/145),2.1%(2/96),26.6%(17/64)and 87.5%(28/32),respectively.The malignant rates of breast masses for each malignant descriptor were that irregular shape accounted for 57.1%(36/63),nonparallel orientation 63.6%(14/22),noncircumscribed margins 61.4%(43/70),posterior shadowing 63.3%(19/30),microcalcifications 75.0%(9/12),and complex internal echo 47.6%(40/84)。With respect to shape,orientation,margins,posterior acoustic features,microcalcifications and internal acoustic features,there were statistically significant differences between the malignant rates of breast masses with benign sonographic descriptor and breast masses with malignant sonographic descriptor(P<0.05).There was no significant difference in the distribution of benign and malignant cases in category 2and 3 between different age groups(P >0.05).Conclusions Sonographic BI-RADS classification is accurate for palpable breast masses,and it's convenient to the diagnosis and clinical management.

乳腺癌是女性最常见的恶性肿瘤之一.每年全世界约有130万人被诊断为乳腺癌,约有 40万人死于该病.在流行病学因素中,妊娠,特别是较早孕龄(24岁以前)的妊娠被认为可显著降低发生乳腺癌的风险,而实验发现妊娠期间由胎盘分泌的人绒毛膜促性腺激素(human chorionic gonadotropin,hCG)同样可以抑制乳腺癌的发生、发展.故学者们提出:可应用hCG模拟妊娠,从而抑制乳腺癌的发生、发展.