Indoor organic photovoltaics (IOPVs) are an emerging LED light recycling technology with promising applications such as indoor off-grid ecosystem for the Internet of Things. However, efficient and stable IOPVs based on giant dimeric acceptors (GDAs) are rarely reported due to the dearth of GDAs with hypsochromic absorption (absorption onset < 850 nm) and good crystallinity. Herein, two hypsochromic GDAs are proposed with different fluorination degrees, namely DY4FO-V and DY6FO-V, and process a systematic study of hypsochromic acceptor materials from the small molecule to dimers and polymer. Interestingly, both hypsochromic GDAs possess better crystallinity, thus faster carrier transport and suppress recombination than small-molecule and polymer acceptor-based devices. With extra fluorination, PM6:DY6FO-V exhibits higher external quantum efficiency response and tighter packing compared with PM6:DY4FO-V. As a result, PM6:DY6FO-V delivers a champion efficiency over 29% under a LED illumination of 2000 lux (2600 k), positioning it the highest values for GDA-based IOPVs. Meanwhile, the high glass transition temperature of DY6FO-V endowed corresponding devices with great photostability and enhanced mechanical stability in flexible devices, demonstrating the feasibility of practical applications of the DY6FO-V-based IOPVs. This research underscores the huge potential of developing hypsochromic GDAs for highly efficient IOPVs with superior stability.

Perovskite halides are promising materials for bifunctional devices that can achieve both photovoltaic energy generation and energy storage. Here, a lead-free all-inorganic double-perovskite halide, 3D Cs2NaBiI6, has been investigated as both electrode and photoelectrode active layer in a Li-ion battery. This nontoxic, environmentally friendly material shows impressive lithium storage capacity performance, as compared to previous perovskite photoelectrodes, such as Cs3Bi2I9. Li-ion batteries using this material, in a standard coin cell configuration, achieved a champion first charge specific capacity of 450 mAhg-1 and 150 mAhg-1 after 90 cycles, with devices functioning well beyond 500 cycles. Furthermore, bifunctional performance with energy harvesting and energy storage properties was achieved by fabricating photobatteries (PHBATs) in a modified coin cell. PHBATs using Cs2NaBiI6 represent the first double perovskite to be used in this application and achieved a "first charge" light conversion efficiency (LCE) of 0.27%, higher than most photoelectrode materials reported to date and with better stability than previously studied bismuth perovskites.

Ion implantation is widely utilised for the modification of inorganic semiconductors; however, the technique has not been extensively applied to lead halide perovskites. In this report, we demonstrate the modification of the optical properties of caesium lead bromide (CsPbBr3) thin films via noble gas ion implantation. We observed that the photoluminescence (PL) lifetimes of CsPbBr3 thin films can be doubled by low fluences (<1 x 10(14) atcm(-2)) of ion implantation with an acceleration voltage of 20 keV. We attribute this phenomenon to ion beam induced shallow minority charge carrier trapping induced by nuclear stopping, dominant by heavy noble gases (Ar, Xe). Simultaneously, the PL quantum yield (PLQY) is altered during noble gas ion implantation inversely correlates with the electronic stopping power of the implanted element, hence Ar implantation reduces the PLQY, while Ne even causes a PLQY enhancement. These results thus provide a guide to separate the effect of nuclear and electronic damage during ion implantation into halide perovskites.

Interfacial energy alignment and defect passivation are critical for advancing the efficiency and stability of inverted perovskite solar cells. Herein, we report a molecular design strategy using methoxybenzoylhydrazines (MBHs) as synergistic bifunctional modulators to simultaneously modulate interfacial energetics and passivate defects. By systematically varying the number and position of the methoxy substituents on the phenyl ring, we elucidate how structural motifs govern the dipole strength, coordination behavior, and interfacial compatibility. Interestingly, increasing the number of electron-donating groups does not guarantee a larger dipole moment, highlighting the pivotal role of the substituent arrangement and intramolecular conjugation. Devices with MBHs achieve a champion power conversion efficiency of 25.8% with excellent operational stability, retaining over 93% efficiency after 1500 h at 85 °C under maximum power point tracking. These findings demonstrate how substituent-directed dipole engineering and multidentate interactions can be harnessed to overcome key interfacial challenges in perovskite photovoltaics.

Quantum information science has garnered significant attention due to its potential in solving problems that are beyond the capabilities of classical computations based on integrated circuits. At the heart of quantum information science is the quantum bit or qubit, which is used to carry information. Achieving large-scale and high-fidelity quantum bits requires the optimization of materials with trap-free characteristics and long coherence times. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates for building qubits due to their inherent quantum confinement effect, enabling the manipulation and addressing of individual spins within nanostructures. In this comprehensive review, we focus on quantum bits based on nanomaterials, including 0D quantum dots, 1D nanotubes and nanowires, and 2D nanoplatelets and nanolayers. Our review aims to bridge the gap between nanotechnology and quantum information science, with a particular emphasis on material science aspects such as material selection, properties, and synthesis. By providing insights into these areas, we contribute to the understanding and advancement of nanomaterial-based quantum information science.

In this review, the recent development of blue perovskite light-emitting diodes (PeLED) are summarized. On deep-blue (≤465 nm) perovskite nanomaterials of different structural forms are mainly focused, including nanocrystals (NCs), quantum dots (QDs), nanoplatelets (NPLs), quasi-2D thin film, 3D bulk thin film, as well as lead-free perovskite nanomaterials. The current challenges are also examined in producing efficient deep-blue PeLED, such as material and spectral instability, imbalance charge transport, Joule heat impact, and poor optoelectronic performance. Several strategies are further discussed to overcome these challenges and achieve efficient deep-blue PeLED for next-generation display technology.

Metal halide perovskite nanoplatelets (NPLs) have demonstrated excellent optical properties for light-emitting applications and achieved tunable blue luminescence through thickness control. However, their translation into electronic devices has lagged behind due to poor colloidal and film stability. The main reason for this is the deprotonation of their surface-capped ammonium passivating ligands, resulting in NPL aggregation. Here we report the first facile synthesis of amine-free pure-blue CsPbBr3 NPLs with outstanding thermal and light stability. This is achieved by utilizing an amine-free phosphine oxide route with a surface capping molecule exhibiting large steric hindrance to prevent NPL aggregation. Two-dimensional nuclear magnetic resonance (2D NMR) spectroscopy suggests slower ligand exchange in amine-free NPLs compared to the conventional NPLs, which can be attributed to the strong binding strength of the designated ligand. Consequently, the amine-free NPLs exhibited superior stability against radiation, heat and moisture. We further demonstrate the importance of acid-base equilibrium in this amine-free synthesis route. Through solvent neutralization and passivation with various alkali carbonates, the resulting NPLs attained near-unity photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) and pure blue emission.

Blue-emitting lead halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) continue to exhibit unstable emission spectra, resulting from halide migration effects that hinder the performance of blue NC light-emitting diodes (NC-LEDs). One method to avoid halide mixing while still attaining deeper blue emission with improved stability is to incorporate rubidium into the mixture of A-site ions. Here, we explore the impact of varying the amount of rubidium doping in lead halide perovskite NCs. Our findings indicate that the rubidium-doping ratio influences the number of defects in the perovskite NCs, ultimately affecting the degree of blue shift we observe and the resulting performance of the NC-LEDs. Additionally, this study presents a modified room-temperature, open-air synthesis of sky-blue perovskite CsxRb1-xPbBr3 NCs with 0 to 45% Rb-alloying. The synthesized NCs have sizes ranging from 13.0 to 15.6 nm, and their emission can be adjusted from 515 to 496 nm with an observed full width at half-maximum of between 19 and 26 nm. These NCs also demonstrate a high photoluminescence quantum yield ranging from 94.5 to 69.7%. The NC-LEDs fabricated from these NCs showed stable spectra, a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 11.0% with a peak luminescence of 32,300 cd/m(2) at 508 nm for green emission, and a maximum EQE of 5.9% with a peak luminescence of 21,700 cd/m(2) at 496 nm for sky-blue emission. These results highlight the potential of Rb-alloying lead halide perovskite NCs for developing efficient and spectrally stable blue perovskite NC-LEDs.

Indoor photovoltaics (IPVs) are garnering increasing attention from both the academic and industrial communities due to the pressing demand of the ecosystem of Internet-of-Things. All-polymer solar cells (all-PSCs), emerging as a sub-type of organic photovoltaics, with the merits of great film-forming properties, remarkable morphological and light stability, hold great promise to simultaneously achieve high efficiency and long-term operation in IPV's application. However, the dearth of polymer acceptors with medium-bandgap has impeded the rapid development of indoor all-PSCs. Herein, a highly efficient medium-bandgap polymer acceptor (PYFO-V) is reported through the synergistic effects of side chain engineering and linkage modulation and applied for indoor all-PSCs operation. As a result, the PM6:PYFO-V-based indoor all-PSC yields the highest efficiency of 27.1% under LED light condition, marking the highest value for reported binary indoor all-PSCs to date. More importantly, the blade-coated devices using non-halogenated solvent ( o -xylene) maintain an efficiency of over 23%, demonstrating the potential for industry-scale fabrication. This work not only highlights the importance of fine-tuning intramolecular charge transfer effect and intrachain coplanarity in developing high-performance medium-bandgap polymer acceptors but also provides a highly efficient strategy for indoor all-PSC application.

The halide migration effect in mixed-halide lead-based perovskite is a serious problem hindering the development of its display technology. In this study, we have successfully addressed this issue by reporting formadinium (FA) doped mixed-halide perovskite nanocrystals (NCs) with ultra-deep-blue emission of 450 nm, narrow bandwidth of 16 nm, and a high photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of 66%. The perovskite nanocrystal light-emitting diodes (NC-LEDs) using this nanocrystal as an active layer achieved a maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE) of 0.32%, 30-fold improved compared to that of pristine and stable electroluminescence (EL) spectra at 450 nm under a 4.9-8.0 V bias. These findings demonstrate the potential of our approach in developing stable and efficient deep blue perovskite NC-LEDs.

Silver bismuth sulfide (AgBiS2) nanocrystal (NC) is a third-generation photovoltaic material used in solution-processed solar cells. During the NC purification process, the loss of surface ligand induces surface traps, leads to NC aggregation, and damages the device performance and operation stability. To address this issue, we employed an in situ metal passivation strategy for AgBiS2 NCs to passivate the NC surface and protect the NCs from ligand dissociation. Our findings suggested that sodium is particularly effective in improving the solar cell performance by forming a protective shell on the surface, which passivates traps and inhibits trap recombination pathways. Quantitative NMR spectroscopy proves that the sodium-rich surface can bind with a higher density of oleate ligands after purification, resulting in a trap-reduced, robust thin film, which can further generate a higher photocurrent in the solar cells. The champion device achieved a short-circuit current density (J(SC)) over 24 mA cm(-2) and light-soaking stability over 240 h, making it one of the best-performing p-i-n AgBiS2 solar cells with superior photostability. Our metal-passivation study offers an alternative approach to synthesize trap-reduced AgBiS2 NCs and fabricate high-performance solar cells.

Chiral semiconducting nanomaterials offer many potential applications in photodetection, light emission, quantum information, and so on. However, it is difficult to achieve a strong circular dichroism (CD) signal in semiconducting nanocrystals (NCs) due to the complexity of chiral ligand surface engineering and multiple, uncertain mechanisms of chiroptical behavior. Here, a chiral ligand exchange strategy with cysteine on the ternary metal chalcogenide AgBiS2 NCs is developed, and a strong, long-lasting CD signal in the near-UV region is achieved. By carefully optimizing the ligand concentration, the CD peaks are observed at 260 and 320 nm, respectively, giving insight into the different ligand binding mechanisms influencing the CD signal of AgBiS2 NCs. Using density-functional theory, a large degree of crystal distortion by the bidentate mode of ligand chelation, and efficient ligand-NC electron transfer, synergistically resulting in the strongest CD signal (g-factor over 10-2) observed in chiral ligand-exchanged semiconductor NCs to date, is demonstrated. To demonstrate the effective chiral properties of these AgBiS2 NCs, a spin-filter device with over 86% efficiency is fabricated. This work represents a considerable leap in the field of chiral semiconductor NCs and points toward their future applications.

This review focuses on the history and current state of the art optoelectronic applications of quantum dots involving light emission. We focus mainly on three areas of commercial, or potential commercial interest, including quantum dot light emitting devices (QLEDs, sometimes called QD-LEDs), lasing applications, and quantum computing applications. The main connection between these areas is the development of the science and engineering needed to achieve electrical excitation of the quantum dot in an optoelectronic device in order to achieve emission with characteristics particularly suited to the application in question. Due to the special physics of quantum dots, these materials are particularly well suited for both existing commercial applications, and potentially for future applications, such as single photon sources, spin cubits, or polarized emission. We conclude with an analysis of the future prospects for these exciting materials. Given 30 years of progress since the Nobel Prize winning work on monodisperse samples of QDs, our goal is to highlight the current start of the art, discuss the current issues for each technology, and suggest future goals for the next 30 years for quantum dot research.

Lead-free low-dimensional organic-inorganic metal halides have gained increasing attention in a wide range of applications due to their low toxicity, outstanding optical performance, and structural tunability. In this work, a general method of incorporating organic molecule into sodium antimony bromides is introduced. The 1D Na3SbBr6(C2H6OS)6 and Na3SbBr6(C4H8OS)6 single crystals exhibit bright yellow and orange emission with PL peaks at 610 and 664 nm, and high photoluminescence quantum yields (PLQYs) of 85% and 60%, respectively. These two compounds can be reversibly converted into each other by the removal and addition of the organic components. Their exceptional luminescent performance enables them to be used as solid-state phosphors for the fabrication of yellow and orange down-conversion LEDs. A white LED with a high color rendering index (CRI) of 95 is also fabricated by using Na3SbBr6(C2H6OS)6 as the yellow phosphor. The universality of this method is demonstrated by synthesizing other members of this family with diverse A-groups, including methylammonium (MA) and formamidinium (FA). This work provides an effective strategy for the development of diverse lead-free and high-performance organic-inorganic hybrid materials and indicates these organic-inorganic hybrid compounds are promising luminescent materials for lighting or displays.

Zero-dimensional Cs3Cu2X5 (X=Cl, Br, or I), the intensively studied light-emitting materials, generally exhibit single-band emissions from intrinsic self-trapped excitons (STEs), while defect-induced (extrinsic) STEs were considered nonemissive. Herein, we observed a dual-band emission from intrinsic and extrinsic STEs for Cs3Cu2Br5 at low temperature, and their emission mechanisms are elucidated. The intrinsic and extrinsic STEs are trapped from different initial states, with remarkably large trapping depths (>900 meV) evaluated at 50 K, indicating their negligible detrapping rates. In addition, the stronger electron-phonon coupling for extrinsic STE could shift the extrinsic STE band to intersect with the ground state in the configuration coordinate diagram, acting as a nonradiative pathway. This explains the vanishment of extrinsic STE emission at room temperature and the reported low photoluminescence quantum yields (<50%). With growing efforts to obtain multiple-band emitters, our insights into the emission mechanisms of intrinsic and extrinsic STEs provide valuable bases for further material engineering.

Despite recent advances, it is still difficult to fabricate deep blue-emitting perovskite light-emitting diodes (LEDs) that are immune to the color instability caused by halide mixing. This is largely because it is still challenging to achieve bright, stable, pure bromide perovskite materials with deep blue emission. Here, a novel strategy is reported for synthesizing ultrasmall CsPbBr3 quantum dots (QDs) under ambient conditions. Precise size control is used to tune the peak emission wavelengths, via the confinement effect, from 433 to 501 nm. These ultrasmall QDs, with sizes of 2-6 nm, exhibit ultralow trap density and stable photoluminescence quantum yields up to 94%, particularly in the deep blue spectral region (440-465 nm). QD-LEDs fabricated with these materials achieve an external quantum efficiency of 1.0% at 459 nm. The exceptional control of the emission properties demonstrated here suggests a new strategy for building stable, efficient blue QD-LEDs.

This study puts forth a novel terminal group design to develop medium-band gap Y-series acceptors beyond conventional side-chain engineering. We focused on the strategical integration of an electron-donating methoxy group and an electron-withdrawing halogen atom at benzene-fused terminal groups. This combination precisely modulated the dipole moment and electron density of terminal groups, effectively attenuating intramolecular charge transfer effect, and widening the band gap of acceptors. The incorporation of these terminal groups yielded two asymmetric acceptors, named BTP-2FClO and BTP-2FBrO, both of which exhibited open-circuit voltage ( V oc ) as high as 0.96 V in binary devices, representing the highest V OC s among the asymmetric Y-series small molecule acceptors. More importantly, both BTP-2FClO and BTP-2FBrO exhibit modest aggregation behaviors and molecular crystallinity, making them suitable as a third component to mitigate excess aggregation of the PM6 : BTP-eC9 blend and optimize the devices’ morphology. As a result, the optimized BTP-2FClO-based ternary organic solar cells (OSCs) achieved a remarkable power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 19.34 %, positioning it among the highest-performing OSCs. Our study highlights the molecular design importance on manipulating dipole moments and electron density in developing medium-band gap acceptors, and offers a highly efficient third component for high-performance ternary OSCs.

Organic-inorganic halides perovskites (OHPs) have drawn the attention of many researchers owing to their astonish-ing and unique optoelectronic properties. They have been extensively used for photovoltaic applications, achieving higher than 26％ power conversion efficiency to date. These materials have potential to be deployed for many other applications beyond photovoltaics like photodetectors, sensors, light-emitting diodes (LEDs), and resistors. To address the looming chal-lenge of Moore's law and the Von Neumann bottleneck, many new technologies regarding the computation of architectures and storage of information are being extensively researched. Since the discovery of the memristor as a fourth component of the circuit, many materials are explored for memristive applications. Lately, researchers have advanced the exploration of OHPs for memristive applications. These materials possess promising memristive properties and various kinds of halide perovskites have been used for different applications that are not only limited to data storage but expand towards artificial synapses, and neuromorphic computing. Herein we summarize the recent advancements of OHPs for memristive applications, their unique electronic properties, fabrication of materials, and current progress in this field with some future perspectives and outlooks.

Flexible pressure sensors play an indispensable role in flexible electronics. Microstructures on flexible electrodes have been proven to be effective in improving the sensitivity of pressure sensors. However, it remains a challenge to develop such microstructured flexible electrodes in a convenient way. Inspired by splashed particles from laser processing, herein, a method for customizing microstructured flexible electrodes by femtosecond laser-activated metal deposition is proposed. It takes advantage of the catalyzing particles scattered during femtosecond laser ablation and is particularly suitable for moldless, maskless, and low-cost fabrication of microstructured metal layers on polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Robust bonding at the PDMS/Cu interface is evidenced by the scotch tape test and the duration test over 10 000 bending cycles. Benefiting from the firm interface, the developed flexible capacitive pressure sensor with microstructured electrodes presents several conspicuous features, including a sensitivity (0.22 kPa(-1)) 73 times higher than the one using flat Cu electrodes, ultralow detection limit (<1 Pa), rapid response/recovery time (4.2/5.3 ms), and excellent stability. Moreover, the proposed method, inheriting the merits of laser direct writing, is capable of fabricating a pressure sensor array in a maskless manner for spatial pressure mapping.