Background Premature ejaculation (PE) is one of the most common forms of male sexual dysfunction, yet its underlying neurobiological mechanisms remain unclear.Aim This study aims to explore the role of S100 calcium-binding protein B (S100B) in PE and its regulatory relationship with brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and serotonin (5-HT) signaling.Methods A rat model of PE was established using behavioral screening criteria. Sexual behavior parameters were recorded, and the expression levels of S100B, BDNF, and 5-HT in brain tissues were measured using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay, quantitative real-time PCR, Western blotting, immunohistochemistry, and immunofluorescence. The impact of S100B knockdown on PE-related behaviors and molecular expression was evaluated.Outcomes The primary outcome was the effect of S100B regulation on PE-related behaviors and its interaction with the BDNF/5-HT signaling pathway.Results PE rats exhibited classical behavioral features, including shortened ejaculation latency and increased ejaculation frequency. Transcriptomic and protein analyses showed that S100B expression was significantly upregulated, while BDNF and 5-HT levels were markedly reduced in PE rats. S100B expression increased across several brain regions. Knockdown of S100B restored 5-HT and BDNF levels, prolonged ejaculation latency, and alleviated PE behaviors. BDNF overexpression elevated 5-HT levels and improved sexual behavior. Importantly, BDNF silencing reversed the beneficial effects of S100B knockdown, suggesting that S100B regulates ejaculation via the BDNF/5-HT pathway.Clinical Implications Targeting S100B and its regulation of the BDNF/5-HT pathway may provide potential therapeutic strategies for managing premature ejaculation.Strengths & Limitations Strengths include comprehensive molecular and behavioral analyses in a rat model provide insights into PE pathophysiology. Although this effect has been demonstrated in animal models, these models may not fully recapitulate the pathophysiological processes of human PE, and further clinical validation is required.Conclusion Our findings indicate that S100B is upregulated in PE and may contribute to the pathophysiology of PE by modulating the BDNF/5-HT signaling pathway. This study provides a molecular basis for the development of therapeutic strategies targeting PE.

Chronic prostatitis (CNP) is a prevalent inflammatory disorder among men. The Xialiqi capsule has been reported to alleviate the clinical symptoms of CNP patients, which may be related to its anti-inflammatory effect; yet, its exact mechanism of action remains unclear. In this study, human normal prostate epithelial cells (RWPE-2 cells) were categorized into a control group, a model group, an inhibitor group, along with high, medium, and low drug-containing serum groups (5%, 10%, and 15%, respectively). With the exception of the control group, cell pyroptosis models were created by stimulating with lipopolysaccharide (100 ng/mL) and adenosine triphosphate (5 mM). Subsequently, drug-containing serum and the NOD-like receptor 3 ( NLRP3 ) inhibitor (MCC950) were utilized to intervene with the model cells according to their respective groups. Post-administration of MCC950 and drug-containing serum, an improvement in cell viability was noted in the inhibitor group and medium-high dosage groups (by 20.5%, 38.2%, and 73.2%). Transmission electron microscopy indicated a reduction in the features characteristic of cell pyroptosis. Levels of nitric oxide, interleukin-18 (IL-18), and tumor necrosis factor-α in the cellular supernatant decreased significantly (60.7%, 21.6%, 33.7%, 41.8%; 49.2%, 54.8%, 53.5%, 69.3%; 31.3%, 44.4%, 38.1%, 51.2%). Immunofluorescence showed reduced fluorescence intensity of NLRP3 and Cysteine aspartate protease-1 (Caspase-1) proteins, and Western Blot analysis revealed a significant decline in the expression of NLRP3, pro-Caspase-1, and gasdermin D (20.5%, 45.9%, 58.1%, 74.8%; 23.2%, 36.7%, 51.6%, 51.9%; 15.4%, 28.6%, 33.1%, 39.2%). In vitro experiments suggest that the Xialiqi capsule may treat CNP by regulating prostate epithelial cell pyroptosis and reducing inflammatory factor release via inhibiting the NLRP3/Caspase-1 signaling pathway. This study offers a novel approach for future CNP treatment with traditional Chinese medicine preparations, deserving further promotion.

Premature ejaculation (PE) is the most frequently reported male sexual dysfunction, characterized by a shortened intravaginal ejaculatory latency time (IELT), lack of control over ejaculation, and psychological distress. While PE involves multifactorial psychobiological factors, accumulating evidence emphasizes the pivotal role of serotonin (5‐hydroxytryptamine, 5‐HT) in modulating the ejaculatory reflex. This review summarizes the principal serotonergic mechanisms regulating IELT and their clinical implications to provide a cohesive mechanistic framework. Receptor‐specific pathways are briefly outlined in Section 4 and discussed in detail in Sections 5–7. We also highlight genetic polymorphisms (e.g., 5‐HTTLPR, HTR1A, and HTR2C) that affect 5‐HT transport and receptor function, potentially predisposing individuals to PE. The therapeutic use of selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) is reviewed, with emphasis on comparative clinical efficacy and guideline‐based recommendations. Despite their utility, SSRIs are associated with adverse effects such as anorgasmia, emotional blunting, and withdrawal symptoms. Emerging receptor‐selective agents and next‐generation 5‐HT modulators are also discussed for their potential to improve efficacy and tolerability. This review provides an integrated neurobiological and clinical perspective on PE, supporting the development of targeted, individualized therapies that optimize outcomes while minimizing side effects.

目的 观察暖肝温肾活血法治疗ⅢB型前列腺炎(又称慢性前列腺炎/慢性盆腔疼痛综合征,CP/CPSS)寒凝肝脉兼瘀阻证的临床效果.方法 选择2016年12月-2018年12月就诊于中国中医科学院西苑医院男科和首都医科大学附属北京中医医院男科门诊的CP/CPSS寒凝肝脉兼瘀阻证患者78例,采用随机数字表法分为试验组和对照组.试验组服用具有暖肝温肾活血作用之乌茴止痛方,对照组服用盐酸坦洛新缓释胶囊,用药6周、随访2周,每2周评估1次慢性前列腺炎症状积分指数(NIH-CPSI),包括疼痛症状、排尿症状、生活质量积分;同时评估中医症状积分和临床有效率.结果 治疗后2组疼痛症状积分、生活质量积分、NIH-CPSI总分均较治疗前改善(P＜0.05),且试验组优于对照组(P＜0.05);2组排尿症状积分均较治疗前改善(P＜0.05),但2组间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).试验组治疗后中医症状积分及临床有效率均优于对照组(P＜0.05).结论 暖肝温肾活血法可明显改善CP/CPPS寒凝肝脉兼瘀阻证患者临床症状.

辨证论治是指导中医临床的核心,麒麟丸是在朱丹溪五子衍宗丸基础上,根据中医理论进行加减而成.“异病同治”理论是中医“治病求本”思想的体现,基于这一治则,临床上运用麒麟丸治疗男性不育症、迟发性性腺功能减退症、早泄与勃起功能障碍中均取得一定疗效.因此,本文就近年来国内关于麒麟丸在男科疾病中的应用进展作一综述.

郭军教授认为男性不育症是脏腑、气血、津液功能失调共同作用的结果,特发性弱精子症是男性不育症的重要原因之一,多由痰湿引起,导致脏腑阴阳失调,气血津液不能布化而致病.以“先驱邪,后扶正”为治疗思路,初期在患者肾精不亏的前提下以二陈汤为基础方,以理气祛痰、健脾化湿为法,后期辅以补肾强精治疗.

目的:观察补肾调肝生精汤在治疗肾虚肝郁型特发性弱精子症有效性与安全性.方法:选取2016年6月至2016年11月中国中医科学院西苑医院男科门诊收治的特发性弱精子症辨证属于肾虚肝郁证患者66例作为研究对象,随机分为2组,每组33例.观察组给予补肾调肝生精汤免煎颗粒,每天1剂,早晚各1袋;对照组给予左卡尼汀口服液3次/d,1支/次.2组均连续治疗12周后评价临床疗效,比较2组治疗前后PR级、PR+NP级精子活力、中医症状积分,同时观察药物的安全性.结果:对2组治疗后进行比较,发现治疗第4周、8周时2组在改善患者PR级和PR+NP精子方面没有统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗12周时2组PR和PR+NP精子改善存在统计学意义(P<0.05),且观察组疗效较为显著;中医症状积分较前有改善,且观察组均优于对照组(P<0.05).2组均未发生明显不良反应.结论:观察组在提高PR精子、精子总活力及改善中医症状方面优于对照组(P<0.05).说明补肾调肝生精汤在治疗肾虚肝郁型特发性弱精子症方面疗效较好,值得临床推广应用.

慢性前列腺炎/慢性盆腔疼痛综合征(chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome, CP/CPPS),是泌尿男科常见的临床综合征,影响高达15％的男性[1].流行病学研究显示,患有CP/CPPS的男性较一般人群更容易发生男性性功能障碍[2],如勃起功能障碍(erectile dysfunction,ED)、早泄(premature ejaculation,PE)、性欲减退(hyposexuality,MS)、射精痛(ejaculatorypain,EP)和不射精症(anej aculation, AE)、逆行射精(Retrograde ejaculation,RE)等问题,下面介绍CP/CPPS常伴发的性功能障碍并探讨其可能的机制.

OBJECTIVE:To explore the protective effect of the Chinese medicinal prescription Linggui Fang (LGF) on the reproductive system of the ornidazole-induced asthenospermia (AS) rat and its possible action mechanisms. METHODS:Forty male SD rats weighing 200－230 g were equally randomized into four groups, blank control, AS model control, LGF treatment and L-carnitine (LC) intervention. The AS models were made in the latter three groups by intragastrical administration of ornidazole at 400 mg/kg. Meanwhile, the rats in the LGF group were treated intragastrically with LGF at 17.5 g/kg, those in the LC group with LC at 100 mg/kg, and the control animals with 0.5% sodium carboxymethylcellulose (CMC-Na), all once a day for 4 successive weeks. Then, all the rats were sacrificed for examination of the semen parameters, determination of the LC content and OCTN2 mRNA expression in the epididymis and observation of the histopathological changes in the testis. RESULTS:Compared with the AS model controls, the rats in the other groups showed significantly higher percentages of progressively motile sperm and total motile sperm (P < 0.01) as well as a higher LC content in the epididymis (P < 0.01), but no statistically significant difference in sperm concentration (P > 0.05). The expression of OCTN2 mRNA was remarkably upregulated in the LGF and LC groups in comparison with that in the AS model control (P < 0.05). Compared with the rats in the blank control group, the AS model controls exhibited markedly increased morphologically abnormal seminiferous tubules, irregularly arranged, with narrowed lumens and reduced numbers of sperm and sperm cells, as well as significantly increased hollow seminiferous tubules with deficient and disorderly arranged spermatogenic cells and partial epithelial degeneration and vacuolization. Those in the LGF and LC groups, however, manifested almost normal testicular histomorphology, with basically regular arrangement of different layers of seminiferous tubules. CONCLUSIONS:①Ornidazole induces AS in rats by reducing the LC content in the epididymis, while LGF can improve the sperm motility and testicular morphology of the rats and upregulate the expression of OCTN2 mRNA in the epididymis by increasing the LC concentration.

Objective To explore the feasibility and practicability of establishing a rat model of premature ejaculation (PE) by injection of 8-OH-DPAT into the subarachnoid space of the lumbosacral spinal cord segments. METHODS Twenty-four male Wistar rats were equally randomized into a PE model and a blank control group. The PE model was established by injection of 8-OH-DPAT in 10 ml normal saline at 0.8 mg per kg of the body weight per day into the subarachnoid space of the lumbosacral spinal cord segments and the control rats were injected with the same volume of normal saline only, both for 4 weeks. Another 24 female Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with benzoic acid estradiol at 20 μg to induce estrus at 36 hours before mated with the male animals. At 2 and 4 weeks, the male rats were mated with the female ones for 30 minutes each time and meanwhile observed for their mating behavior indicators, such as mount latency, intromission latency, ejaculation latency, mount frequency, intromission frequency, and ejaculation frequency. RESULTS Compared with the controls, the PE model rats showed a significantly lower ejaculation latency (［712.35 ± 36.77］ vs ［502.35 ± 46.72］ s, P<0.05), mount latency (［11.22 ± 3.60］ vs ［8.69 ± 2.48］ s, P<0.05), mount frequency (13.28 ± 0.24 vs 7.53 ± 1.84, P<0.05), and intromission latency (［22.33 ± 2.45］ vs ［12.08 ± 1.39］ s, P<0.05), but a remarkably higher ejaculation frequency (2.01 ± 0.48 vs 4.26 ± 0.89, P<0.05). No statistically significant difference was observed between the control and model animals in the intromission frequency (7.49 ± 2.21 vs 6.45 ± 1.89, P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS A rat model of premature ejaculation was successfully established by injection of 8-OH-DPAT into the subarachnoid space of the lumbosacral spinal cord segments, which is of great significance for further study of the mechanism of premature ejaculation.

本文介绍郭军教授治疗慢性附睾炎的临床经验.郭教授分析认为,慢性附睾炎的发生以肝、脾、肾受损为本,以痰湿为标,瘀血贯穿全过程;治疗要注重从肝、脾、肾论治,以“疏肝、健脾、补肾”为原则,专方与辨证论治相结合,攻补兼施.

Objective:To observe the intervention effect of Qiaoshao Prescription (QSP) on premature ejaculation (PE) induced by 8-OH-DPAT in male rats and explore its possible action mechanism. METHODS:Seventy-two male Wistar rats were equally randomized into six groups, blank control, PE model control, low-, medium- and high-dose QSP, and dapoxetine. The PE model was established by injection of 8-OH-DPAT into the subarachnoid space of the lumbosacral spinal cord. Four weeks after modeling, the rats in the blank control and PE model control groups with gavaged with normal saline at 10 ml/kg/d, those in the low-, medium- and high-dose QSP groups with QSP at 5, 10 and 20 g/kg/d respectively once a day, and those in the dapoxetine group with dapoxetine hydrochloride at 300 mg/kg at 3 hours before mating. Forty-five female Wistar rats were injected subcutaneously with 20 μg estradiol benzoate after removal of bilateral ovaries to induce estrous estrus. Two and 4 weeks later, the male rats were mated with the female ones for 30 minutes per time and meanwhile observed for the mating behavior of the males, including mounting latency (ML), intromission latency (IL), ejaculation latency (EL), mounting frequency (MF), intromission frequency (IF), and ejaculation frequency (EF). After the 4th week of mating, the hypothalamus of the animals was isolated and weighed, and the content of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT) was measured. RESULTS:Compared with the blank control group, the PE model controls showed significantly decreased content of 5-HT in the hypothalamus(1 257.1 vs 923.4 ng/g, P<0.05), ML (［11.22 ± 3.60］ vs ［8.69 ± 2.48］ s, P<0.05), IL (［22.33 ± 2.45］ vs ［12.08±1.39］ s, P<0.05), MF (［13.28 ± 3.24］ vs ［7.53 ± 1.84］ times, P<0.05), and EL (［712.35 ± 36.77］ vs ［502.35 ± 46.72］ s, P<0.05). In comparison with the PE model controls, the rats of the QSP and dapoxetine groups exhibited remarkably increased content of 5-HT (P<0.05) and prolonged EL (P<0.05). CONCLUSIONS:Qiaoshao Prescription can prolong EL in PE rats, which might be associated with the increased content of 5-HT in the hypothalamus. Further studies, however, are needed on its underlying mechanisms.

"Zhi Wei Du Qu Yangming" is from the "Inner Canon of Huangdi",which was later gradually applied to the treatment of impotence.Professor Guo,on the basis of predecessors,put forward a new viewpoint for this theory with good clinical effect.

中医对继发性早泄的治疗方法多样,效果良好.郭军在继承前人的基础上,博采众家,探索出了通过"首辨主次,厘清缓急""次辨虚实,分期论治""立体治疗,注重调心"来论治继发性早泄,临床上多获良效.

This paper discussed Professor Guo Jun's experience in the differentiation and treatment of chordee.By analyzing the etiology and pathogenesis,he puts forward that the diseases can be classified into four syndrome patterns,including dampness-heat of liver and gallbladder,stagnation of liver qi,hyperactivity of yang due to yin deficiency,qi stagnation and blood stasis.He pays attention to the treatment based on liver,and emphasizes the combination of clearing liver-fire,dispersing stagnated liver qi and nourishing liver and reinforcement and elimination in combination.One proven case was presented.

Premature ejaculation (PE) is a common male sexual dysfunction,the cause of which remains mostly unclear.It is therefore of significant importance to further explain the mechanism of the disorder as well as widen the scope of therapy ideas through more in-depth research.Recent research has shown that the onset PE may be influenced by hereditary factors,and there is a significant relationship between onset of the disorder and gene polymorphism,more specifically,genes related to the production and management of 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT).This article aims to provide an overview of the research and development on primary premature ejaculation in relations to serotonin transporter promoter gene polymorphism and its onset mechanism.

Objective:To investigate the effect of the Xian Qi direction treat of kidney and spleen both dificiency type of ED.Methods:Int 62 patients divided into the test group treated with the Xian Qi Direction and control group treated with Tadalafil,The period of treatment for patients was all 6 weeks.Then we analyzed the changes in the patients' IIEF-5、TCM syndrome grade、TSS of kidney and spleen both dificiency type of ED after the treatment.Results:After 6 weeks of medication,IIEF-5、TCM syndrome grade and TSS were (18.34 ± 1.08)、(0.72 ±0.55)、(0.62 ±0.47)、(0.74 ± 0.52) 、(0.69 ±0.51)、(43.34 ±2.09)and (23.20±1.17)、(1.51 ±0.78)、(1.36±0.76)、(1.34±0.72)、(1.45± 0.82) 、(59.20 ± 2.17) in the later,remarkably increased in both groups as compared with the baseline of IIEF-5 and TSS (P ＜ 0.05),but significantly more in the test than in the control group of TCM syndrome grade.No adverse reaction were observed in test group.Conclusion:The Xian Qi Direction can raise patients' IIEF-5、TSS、TCM syndrome grade of kidney and spleen both dificiency type of ED.