Introduction:Mitigating three-phase unbalance in rural distribution networks is a significant challenge, especially with the integration of photovoltaic and energy storage systems (PESS). While Distributed Static Transfer Switches (STS) offer a promising solution by regulating load phase sequences, conventional approaches are costly and inefficient, limiting large-scale implementation.Methods:To address these limitations, we propose a bi-level optimization model for the siting and capacity optimization of STS in rural networks. The upper-layer model focuses on minimizing investment and maintenance costs for STS, while considering branch loss reduction and three-phase unbalance mitigation. The lower-layer model aims to minimize three-phase unbalance in daily operations, with the integration of PESS. We use the hyperparameter alternating iteration (HAI) method to iteratively refine the bi-level model and obtain optimal planning and operational solutions.Results:We applied the proposed model to an IEEE-13 benchmark case study. The results demonstrated that the bi-level optimization approach effectively reduced three-phase unbalance in the rural distribution system while minimizing STS planning costs.Discussion:This innovative approach provides a cost-effective and efficient solution for mitigating three-phase unbalance in rural distribution networks, enhancing the feasibility of large-scale STS deployment. The integration of PESS further contributes to system stability, making this model a robust tool for future network planning.

Traditional fault recovery of distributed energy resources (DERs) exhibits inefficiencies and overlooks the impact of environmental factors, demanding innovative solutions for network reconfiguration. This paper develops an advanced fault recovery solution for accelerating fault recovery in active distribution networks, incorporating precise load classification and recovery options. The core innovation of this work lies in the development of a linearized temperature-voltage-sensitive load model, which balances computational efficiency with model accuracy, enabling real-time applications in fault recovery scenarios. First, we classify loads based on their different properties and design a prioritized recovery sequence. We then develop a fault recovery model aimed at minimizing load loss and reducing the number of twist switches, explicitly underscoring temperature- and voltage-sensitive loads alongside traditional metrics. Simulations on the IEEE 33-bus test system reveal significant improvements in restoration efficiency, reduced system losses, and enhanced network stability. These findings not only demonstrate the model’s potential to enhance power system resilience under dynamic operational conditions but also underscore its effectiveness in improving distribution system management and significantly boosting power supply reliability.

This paper retrospectively analysed the prevalence of macrolide-resistant Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MRMP) in some parts of China. Between January 2013 and December 2019, we collected 4,145 respiratory samples, including pharyngeal swabs and alveolar lavage fluid. The highest PCR-positive rate of M. pneumoniae was 74.5% in Beijing, the highest resistance rate was 100% in Shanghai, and Gansu was the lowest with 20%. The highest PCR-positive rate of M. pneumoniae was 74.5% in 2013, and the highest MRMP was 97.4% in 2019; the PCR-positive rate of M. pneumoniae for adults in Beijing was 17.9% and the MRMP was 10.48%. Among the children diagnosed with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP), the PCR-positive and macrolide-resistant rates of M. pneumoniae were both higher in the severe ones. A2063G in domain V of 23S rRNA was the major macrolide-resistant mutation, accounting for more than 90%. The MIC values of all MRMP to erythromycin and azithromycin were >= 64 mu g/ml, and the MICs of tetracycline and levofloxacin were <= 0.5 mu g/ml and <= 1 mu g/ml, respectively. The macrolide resistance varied in different regions and years. Among inpatients, the macrolide-resistant rate was higher in severe pneumonia. A2063G was the common mutation, and we found no resistance to tetracycline and levofloxacin.

哮喘是儿童期最常见的慢性呼吸系统疾病,是造成儿童到门急诊就诊和缺课的主要因素之一. 北京冬奥会上日本花样滑冰选手羽生结弦曾在两岁时被诊断为哮喘.他的人生经历告诉我们:哮喘并没有想象中的那么可怕,只要控制得好,患儿不仅能参加运动,甚至能走上竞技体育的巅峰.

60多年前中国有10％～20％的人近视,而如今超过90％的青少年近视,青少年近视率居世界第一.而且近视发病呈年龄小、进展快、程度深的趋势.走进校园,"眼睛侠"比比皆是.中国青少年的近视问题已引起党中央、国务院的重视,发布了《综合防控儿童青少年近视实施方案》,方案明确指出:0～6岁是孩子视觉发育的关键期,家长应当重视孩子早期视力保护与健康,及时预防和控制近视的发生与发展.

哮喘控制药物通过抗炎作用达到控制哮喘的目的,需要每日用药并长期使用,主要包括吸入用糖皮质激素(ICS)、白三烯受体调节剂(LTRA)、ICS与长效β2受体激动剂(long-acting beta2-agonist,LABA)复合制剂.

目的 探讨多重聚合酶链反应(PCR)检测方法在儿童流感样病例病原检测中的临床应用价值,了解儿童流感样病例病原情况.方法 收集2018年11月至2019年2月北京地区94例儿童流感样病例咽拭子标本,采用多重PCR核酸检测技术测定甲型流感病毒(InfA)、甲型流感病毒H1N1(InfA-H1N1)、甲型流感病毒H3N2(InfA-H3N2)、乙型流感病毒(InfB)、人副流感病毒、呼吸道合胞病毒(RSV)、人腺病毒(HADV)、人鼻病毒(HRV)、人博卡病毒、人偏肺病毒(HMPV)、人冠状病毒(HCoV)和肺炎支原体(MP)、衣原体13种病原核酸.结果 94例标本中78例(82.98％)可测出病原,其中69例(73.40％)检出1种病原,9例(9.57％)检出2种病原;94例标本中52例(55.32％)检出流感病原,26例(27.66％)检出非流感病原.单一病原检出由多到少为InfA-H1N1 31例,InfA-H3N2 10例,RSV 9例,HMPV 7例,InfA、HRV、HADV各3例,InfB、HCoV及MP各1 例.9例检出2种病原的标本中,6例检出流感分别合并其他病毒(HRV、HADV、RSV、HCoV、HMPV),1例检出甲流H1N1和H3N2,2例分别检出RSV、HRV及HCoV、HADV.结论 非流感病原微生物引起流感样病例并不少见,多重PCR检测有助于全面了解流感样病例的病原和混合感染情况.

目的 总结莫桑比克贝拉市受灾后灾民疾病谱变化特征,为国际医疗救援提供科学依据.方法 将诊治的患者信息资料收集并录入计算机,采用Excel软件对数据进行统计分析.结果 医疗救援队有效记录诊疗各类系统疾病1950例.病例按系统分类构成中,消化内科、呼吸内科、外科、心血管内科和皮肤科系统病例分别占总病例的28.5％、28.1％、22.6％、12.3％和5.4％.年龄最大者89岁,最小者2个月,平均年龄21.2岁;其中男性822例、占42.2％,女性1128例、占57.8％.灾民诊疗病例的人群构成中:成人1230例、占63.1％,儿童720例、占36.9％.发病最多的疾病是上呼吸道感染473例、腹泻315例、外伤及软组织感染279例、腹痛208例、皮炎皮疹105例.洗消防疫面积达33.08万m2.结论 在灾害中期内科疾病为主,外科患者较少,其中慢性病逐渐增多,未见严重外伤及骨折患者.呼吸、消化系统疾病是洪灾后发生的主要疾病,应加大力量防控.

Objective The aim of this study is to investigate the macrolide resistance rate and molecular type with multiple-locus variable-number tandem-repeat analysis (MLVA) of Mycoplasma pneumoniae of Beijing in 2016 in pediatric patients. Methods Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to identify M. pneumoniae, and MLVA was performed. The domain V of the 23S rRNA was sequenced to detect macrolide-resistant point mutations. We also investigated the activities of antibiotics against M. pneumoniae isolates in vitro. Results The PCR detection rate of M. pneumoniae in children in Beijing was 40%, and the macrolide resistance rate was 66%. The A2063G mutation in the 23S rRNA V region is the dominant mutation (137/146, 93.84%), whereas the A2064G mutation is rare (9/146, 6.16%). Seventy-three samples were typed successfully by MLVA typing, including 86.3% (63/73) were MLVA type 4-5-7-2, and 13.7% (10/73) were MLVA type 3-5-6-2. No other types were found. No strains were resistant to levofloxacin or tetracycline. Conclusion In 2016, a specific decrease in the macrolide resistance rate occurred in Beijing. The detection rate and macrolide resistance rate of outpatients are lower than those of inpatients. The A2063G mutants M. pneumoniae have high levels of resistance to erythromycin and azithromycin. The primary MLVA type is 4-5-7-2, followed by 3-5-6-2. No other MLVA types were detected. No strains resistant to tetracycline or levofloxacin were found in vitro.

Older children especially from seven to thirteen years old are more prone to develop Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection; in winter children are more susceptible to infect with MP. In Beijing, China in 2016 the rates of macrolide resistance of MP were 69.48% (in total children), 61.59% (in outpatients) and 79.28% (in hospitalized patients), respectively. All the macrolide resistant isolates harbored A2063G or A2064G mutation in the 23S rRNA gene. Seven isolates showed a mixed infection. Susceptibility results showed that 73 isolates with the A2063G mutation demonstrated different levels resistance to erythromycin (MIC=8 to>256μg/ml), azithromycin (MIC=8 to>64μg/ml) and josamycin (MIC=2 to 8μg/ml). No cross-resistance was observed in the in the antibiotics of levofloxacin and tetracycline against MP.

目的:了解儿童神经心理发育状况。方法:采用《0～6岁小儿神经心理发育检查表》测查106例连续接受定期健康体检的7月、1岁和2岁健康儿童的发育商,对测查结果进行分析。结果:男孩在适应能力、女孩在语言方面发育商经统计学处理差异有统计学意义(P﹤0.05)。结论:不同月龄儿童发育商能区发育有不同特点。

Objective To discuss the influence of different feeding ways on the physical development,mental development and hemoglobin of infants though the analysis of the physical examination results.Methods 182 cases of 7 months infants who were taken physical examination in our hospital from January 2009 to December 2010 were selected as the objects of study.According to the feeding way,182 infants were divided into breast feeding group,mixed feeding group,and flasche geben group.The weights,heights,development quotient and hemoglobin level were measured.Results There were no statistically significant of the weights,heights and development quotient among the three groups(P 0.05).The hemoglobin level of breast feeding and mixed feeding groups were lower than that of the flasche geben group,the difference were statistically significant(F = 3.236,P 0.05).The incidence of anemia were higher of the breast feeding and mixed feeding groups than that of the flasche geben group,the difference was statistically significant(χ2 = 4.56,P 0.05).Conclusion The different feeding ways have no significant effects on the physical development,mental development of infants,but have significant effect on the hemoglobin level.The incidence of anemia of breast feeding infants is higher than that of the other feeding ways.The results show that it is necessary to initiate iron nutrition of mothers during pregnancy and lactation period.

目的探讨头孢曲松钠致过敏反应。方法对12例头孢曲松钠致过敏反应进行回顾性分析。结果 12例头孢曲松钠过敏反应中变态反应10例,过敏性休克1例,血管神经性水肿1例。结论应重视该药的过敏反应,一旦发现,及时采取措施,减少严重过敏反应的发生。

目的观察重组人干扰素α1b治疗小儿病毒性上呼吸道感染的效果及安全性。方法选择急性病毒性上呼吸道感染有发热患儿作为观察对象,随机分为治疗组及对照组。资料完整共134例。治疗组分为:干扰素雾化组(Ⅰ组)31例,干扰素肌注﹢雾化组(Ⅱ组)34例,干扰素肌注组(Ⅲ组)34例。对照组35例,口服中药及退热药对症处理。结果治疗组退热时间、总病程均明显短于对照组,均有显著性差异(P均<0.01)。Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组,Ⅰ组与Ⅲ组比较退热时间均有显著性差异(P<0.01或0.05)。Ⅰ组与Ⅱ组比较总病程有显著性差异(P<0.05)。治疗组未发生明显毒副作用。结论干扰素治疗小儿病毒性上呼吸道感染疗效显著、安全,减少了抗生素滥用,值得临床推广。

近年来不典型川崎病发病日益增多,由于临床特征的非特异性,很容易造成误诊和漏诊,如何在门诊治疗工作中早期发现患者就显得尤为重要.现回顾性分析我院2003年9月-2009年6月收治的不典型川崎病15例,报告如下.

血细胞分析仪检测血常规已逐渐替代了传统的手工检测,关于儿童的正常参考范围的调查报告很多,但1岁以内婴儿大样本的检测未见报道,本文用血细胞分析仪测定了189例3-7月正常婴儿的血常规,现报告如下. 1 资料与方法 1.1 研究对象 我院儿童康乐之家定期体检的健康婴儿189例,男98例,女91例,其中3月-33例,4月-49例,5月-39例,6月-30例,7-月38例.最小年龄3月5天,最大年龄7月17天.

目的:探讨不同喂养方式对婴儿体格发育的影响。方法:选择健康婴儿304例,根据出生后前4个月喂养方式分为母乳喂养组、混合喂养组和人工喂养组,测量4月龄时的体重、身长和血骨碱性磷酸酶(BALP)。结果:3组婴儿的体重和身长差异无统计学意义(P>0.05);3组婴儿佝偻病发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.05),母乳喂养组与人工喂养组佝偻病发生率比较差异有统计学意义(P<0.01)。结论:不同喂养方式对4月龄婴儿体重、身长影响差异不大;母乳喂养婴儿补充维生素D不合理,佝偻病发生率会增加,倡导母乳喂养的同时需要合理添加维生素D。

小儿腹泻病是我国婴幼儿(6个月～3岁)最常见消化道综合征,由多病因、多因素引起的以大便次数增多、性状改变为特征,亦是引起小儿生长发育障碍的原因之一.现将我科2007年10月-2008年12月用干扰素治疗小儿腹泻病的结果报告如下.

我院2007年1月-2009年3月应用干扰素、布地奈德及沙丁胺醇压缩雾化治疗毛细支气管炎34例,疗效满意,现报告如下. 1 资料与方法 1.1 一般资料全部患者均为我院门诊2007年1月-2009年3月治疗的患儿,符合<实用儿科学>(第七版)毛细支气管炎诊断标准,均为发病3d内来院,共65例,男39例,女26例,年龄1个月～2岁,随机分为治疗组34例及对照组31例.二组患儿在性别、年龄、病情差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05),具有可比性.有并发心力衰竭的小儿不在本观察范围.