Flavonoids in fruits, vegetables, and plant-based drinks have potential neuroprotective properties, with clinical research focusing on their role in reducing oxidative stress, controlling inflammation, and preventing apoptosis. Some flavonoids, such as quercetin, kaempferol, fisetin, apigenin, luteolin, chrysin, baicalein, catechin, epigallocatechin gallate, naringenin, naringin, hesperetin, genistein, rutin, silymarin, and daidzein, have been presented to help heal damage to the central nervous system by affecting key signaling pathways including PI3K/Akt and NF-κB. This review systematically analyzed articles on flavonoids, neuroprotection, and brain and spinal cord injury from primary medical databases like Scopus, PubMed, and Web of Science. Flavonoids enhance antioxidant defenses, reduce pro-inflammatory cytokine production, and aid cell survival and repair by focusing on specific molecular pathways. Clinical trials are also exploring the application of preclinical results to therapeutic approaches for patients with spinal cord injury and traumatic brain injury. Flavonoids can enhance injury healing, reduce lesion size, and enhance synaptic plasticity and neurogenesis. The full potential of flavonoids lies in their bioavailability, dose, and administration methods, but there are still challenges to overcome. This review explores flavonoid-induced neuroprotection, its clinical implications, future research opportunities, and molecular mechanisms, highlighting the potential for innovative CNS injury therapies and improved patient health outcomes.

Electrochromic society is keen to develop devices with multicolor displays with high stability, using eco-friendly inorganic materials. In the present research, Influence of substrate temperature on the electrochromic V2O5 active electrodes deposited using automated nebulizer spray pyrolysis was examined to demonstrate V2O5 nanostructured films with good cyclic stability, high color contrast, and a robust memory effect. The structural characterization of the V2O5 thin films was conducted through R-ray diffraction and thermogravimetric analysis to assess material stability. Nanostructure morphology under different conditions was analysed using SEM and TEM. The electrochromic studies revealed that the higher optical modulation (ΔT) was achieved (with 70.8 % at 550 nm) in a very short switching time. Feature studies on V2O5 under different potentials were conducted to understand the capacitive and diffusion effects. The electrochromic response V2O5 thin films to various potentials was analysed using ex-situ XRD, elucidates phase changes from V2O5 to LiVO5 and V4O9, and a 2000-cycle CV measurement comprehended the material stability. The significantly improved electrochromic performance is primarily attributed to the nanosheet structure of the V2O5 thin films, since the structures enhance the material stability during lithium-ion intercalation/deintercalation processes.

Undoped and lanthanum (La)-doped copper oxide (CuO) thin films were prepared by the nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique. The X-ray diffraction analysis revealed that the effective doping of lanthanum does not alter the monoclinic crystalline structure of copper oxide thin films. Raman spectra confirmed the crystalline quality of undoped and La-incorporated CuO films. From, scanning electron micrograph images, the La-doped CuO films exhibit spherical particles. Energy dispersive X-ray analysis confirmed the existence of copper, lanthanum and oxygen elements. The doping of La-substituted CuO films showed a minimum bandgap when compared to undoped CuO film. The oxidation states of Cu 2p, La 3d and O 1s elements were observed. The electrical resistivity of the films was considerably decreased due to the doping of La ions in CuO matrix. The photoluminescence spectra show that the doping of La ions increases the defect states and shows increased intensity. The time resolved photoluminescence analysis revealed that an extended carrier lifetime was observed for the La-doped films. The La-doped CuO sensors achieved a superior gas sensing performance at room temperature and exhibited quick response and recovery times, suggesting that the sensor has the potential for the detection of harmful volatile gases in real-world applications. The photoconductive investigation revealed that the La-doped CuO films exhibited higher charge-transporting properties and increased light-harvesting ability. This study sheds light on designing gas sensors working under ambient conditions and photosensors for optoelectronic devices.

A highly sensitive, precise, and accurate ultra -performance liquid chromatography method was developed and validated for the determination of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin in the combined formulation. Chromatographic separation was carried out on the DIKMA Endeversil C18 column (2.1 mm x 50 mm, 1.7 mu m) using the mobile phase of KH2PO4:methanol 45:55 v/v. The common wavelength of absorption of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin was found to be 225 nm. The flow rate was maintained at 0.3 mL/min, with 2 mu L injection volume. The retention time of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin was found to be 0.41 min and 0.535 min. % relative standard deviation of the ertugliflozin and sitagliptin was found to be 0.681 and 0.218, respectively. %recovery was obtained as 100.146% and 100.27% for ertugliflozin and sitagliptin, respectively. Limit of detection (LOD), limit of quantification (LOQ) values obtained from regression equations of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin were 2.91, 2.96, and 10.04, 10.09, respectively. Regression equation of ertugliflozin is y = 1329.8 x -228.7 (0.9997) and y = 1294.4.x -40.1 of sitagliptin (0.9998). The proposed method was validated in terms of linearity, precision, accuracy, specificity, LOD, LOQ, and robustness. The method was successfully applied to the estimation of ertugliflozin and sitagliptin tablet dosage forms.

ZnO nanoparticles with the size ∼ 20 nm to 40 nm were prepared by dual doping of Ag+ and Al3+ ions using a microwave-assisted chemical synthesis technique. The composition of Ag is fixed as 2 at.% and Al is varied from 0 to 6 at.%. The prepared ZnO nanoparticles were characterized using XRD, HRTEM, FESEM, EDS, XPS, FT-IR, Raman spectra, UV- visible spectra and photocatalytic studies. XRD results confirmed the crystallinity and hexagonal wurtzite structure of Ag+ and Al3+-doped ZnO nanoparticles. It is observed that the increase of the Al dopant ratio reduced the crystallite size. EDS and FT-IR data supported the purity of samples. The optical band gap values showed a blue shift (3.54 eV to 3.89 eV) as the Al doping ratio increased. The blue shift is discussed in terms of the doping process and induced some transitions on inter bands. The photocatalytic activity of synthesized samples was monitored using Methylene Blue dye. The low absorbance and high degradation efficiency were obtained for the high-doping concentration of Al on all irradiation times. The leaching study shows no catalyst leaching into the reaction medium.

Stable and solid powder tungsten nanoparticles (VNTE-WNPs) were prepared from toluene soluble Vitex negundo plants extracts (VNTE) by two step phase transfer method, which was confirmed by UV-Visible and FT-IR spectroscopic methods. The size and surface morphology of the VNTE-WNPs were analyzed by SEM, TEM, and XRD methods and the size of the nanoparticles range in between 3 and 15 nm. Antiox-idant studies of VNTE-WNPs was compared to standard rutin and it shows that, the antioxidant activity of VNTE-WNPs was significantly increased than standard. Antioxidant studies shows that only 36, 27, 35 and17 mu g/mL of VNTE-WNPs was needed to inhibit 50 percent concentration of antioxidants by SOD, NO, H2O2 and DPPH respectively. The antibacterial and antifungal studies of VNTE and VNTE-WNPs were evaluated by well diffusion methods and the results were compared with standard amphotericin for fungi and streptomycin for bacteria. Against all the bacterial strains VNTE shows less activity than VNTE-WNPs, but when it interacted with tungsten nanoparticles, its activity was increased. VNTE-WNPs show higher activity than streptomycin against other bacterial strains. Results of antifungal studies confirm that our isolated VNTE have good antifungal activity against selected fungal strains and also it was further in-creased maximum two times when it capped or stabilized with tungsten nanoparticles. Maximum zone of inhibition 22 and 29 mm was found against M. indicus for fungi and E. coli for bacteria. Anticancer activity of the plant extract and the nanoparticles was examined for human glioblastoma cell line T98G using MTT assay and the result shows VNTE-WNPs have good anticancer activity even at very lower con-centrations.(c) 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

Background: Over last few years, the physical and chemical characteristics of inclusion complexes have generated a lot of attention. One of the most important reasons for this is the significance of enzyme-substrate and drug-receptor interactions in inclusion complexes. Materials and Methods: The aim of the study was to design Piroxicam's inclusion complexation, to improve its solubility by the reduction of particle size which leads to improve the particle surface area thereby increases the wettability of the mixture. Physical mixture, co-grinded mixture, kneading and solvent evaporation method were used to prepare the inclusion complexation of Piroxicam with beta-cyclodextrin at 1:0.5, 1:1, and 1:2 w/w (Piroxicam/beta-cyclodextrin) ratios. Results: Differential scanning calorimetry, Fourier-transform infrared and X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy studies were used to investigate the interaction of Piroxicam with beta-cyclodextrin. From scanning electron microscopic studies, it was observed that crystalline were formed as spherical in shape with rough surface, small piece and Pure Piroxicam in crystalline form with rough surfaces. From Scanning electron microscopic studies, it was observed that amorphous were formed as spherical in shape with smooth surface, wide piece and beta-Cyclodextrine in amorphous form with rough surfaces. Conclusion:The inclusion complexation of Piroxicam with beta-cyclodextrin exhibited higher saturation solubility and dissolution rate than that of the pure drug of Piroxicam. Formulation K2 showed more drug release rate by reducing the particle size with complexation technique like kneading technique.

Photodetectors (PDs) are getting attention due to their various applications of environmental sensing, fast detection of biochemical reactions, and flame monitoring, etc. In this work, self-powered photoresponse was attained by controlling the surface states of tin oxide (SnO2) nanostructure arrays. The surface states were controlled by varying electrode configurations (ECs) and active areas. The Structural refinement (Rietveld) was carried out to quantify the SnO2 phase using XRD data. The optical, surface morphology, and elemental compositional analysis were characterized by TRPL, FESEM and HRTEM, and XPS, respectively. The characteristics of PD device were performed under UV light (365 nm). The self-powered performance was achieved for gride-type EC which attributed that due to different thickness of the electrodes thereby electric potential form across the electrodes. The transient photoresponse curves were measured for different bias voltages for all the ECs to achieve the photoresponse at zero bias, and eventually zero bias photoresponse was achieved. Under dark condition, negative sign current of-1.68 x 10(-11) A was showed, whereas it reached positive sign photocurrent of 4.60 x 10(-11) A under illumination. It was elucidated by asymmetric distribution of electric potentials across the electrodes. The PD device parameters indicated that the higher R lambda, EQE, LDR, detectivity, and photosensitivity values. The monolayer-based self-powered photoresponse was obtained in ohmic contact. Our work reveals that NAs facilitate the ability of effective harvesting of incident photons which can utilize potential candidate for optoelectronics based self-powered devices.

This study used a simplified, automated spray pyrolysis setup with a perfume atomizer to prepare nitrogen (N) doped ZnO thin films. The deposited thin films were annealed at 300 ºC to 500 ºC under a nitrogen atmosphere. In the present work, detailed investigations are carried out on the effect of annealing on structural, optical, and surface morphological, photoluminescence, and electrical properties of p-type ZnO:N thin films. The effect of annealing temperature on the photocatalytic activity of N-doped ZnO thin films was studied, the degradation efficacy was and 91%. The XRD diffractograms depicted that all the prepared films have a wurtzite structure, high crystallinity, and C-axis orientation. The increased annealing temperature received a red shift in the band gap. A flake-like morphology was observed from SEM images. The p-type to n-type conductivity transformation is kept at the maximum applied annealing temperature of 500 ºC. A resistivity received ∼ 21.7 Ω cm was obtained for 400 ºC annealing temperature. Photocatalytic studies confirmed that higher degradation efficiency was exhibited for higher annealing temperatures. The present investigations reveal that the properties of p-ZnO:N thin films are highly suitable for optoelectronic applications.

Zinc oxide, a well-known inorganic metal oxide in nanoparticle form, has outstanding antibacterial properties. In this work, the authors focus on determining ZnO nanoparticles’ structural, optical, and antibacterial activity. A simple soft chemical route synthesizes C-ZnO nanoparticles chemically, while the green synthesis method is used to prepare G-ZnO nanoparticles. Ocimum tenuiflorum leaf extract was used to prepare G-ZnO nanopowders. These samples are investigated and compared in terms of their structural, morphological, optical, and antibacterial properties. According to XRD investigations, the synthesized ZnO nanopowders possess a hexagonal structure. The particle size of G-ZnO is smaller than that of C-ZnO nanoparticles. The XPS result revealed the binding and interactions between molecules. The FTIR study confirmed the presence of molecules and their vibrations. UV-vis-DRS spectroscopy was used to investigate optical properties such as reflectance and band gap. The grain size of the G-ZnO nanopowders was decreased, and oxygen vacancy was produced. The antibacterial efficiency of plant extracts against two different bacterial strains, S. aureus (Gram-positive) and E.coli (Gram-negative), has been studied and reported.

Ultra violet (UV) photodetector (PD) has been gaining attention in the fields of environment, medical, civil, and military realms, etc. In this report, nanostructured tin oxide (SnO2) thin films were deposited by a hot-wall nebulizer spray pyrolysis technique. The nanostructured SnO2 UV PDs were fabricated. The structural, optical, and surface morphological properties have been investigated using the characterizing techniques of XRD, UV, PL spectrophotometer, and FESEM, respectively. The growth mechanism of structural transformation from nanobranch (Nb) to nanorod (NR) structure was discussed extensively. The photoelectric properties of the fabricated devices were performed under UV light (365 nm wavelength). The PD devices responded to two bias voltage ranges of 0.0004 V and 0.5 V for Nb and NR devices, respectively. The reason behind its due to the influence of surface states in the material that has been explained. Based on the results, the as-fabricated devices detect low light intensity in the microwatt power range. The transient photoresponse profiles exhibit the abundant surface states formation in nanostructures which showed as persistent photocurrent. Quenching of photocurrent for NR PD was observed at 0.5 bias voltage. We attained large photosensitivity and low bias sensing ability of SnO2 PD devices which clearly indicate that the possibility of the development of environment monitor supported self-powered devices.

II-VI semiconductors are being attracted due to excellent optical and electronic behaviors when they utilize for device fabrication. Among II-VI semiconductors, Zinc oxide finds cutting-edge results for various applications with a lack of toxicity. Sn4+ ion incorporated ZnO nanoparticles have been synthesized using a soft chemical route and characterized for the investigation of properties like structural, morphological, elemental, optical and dielectric responses. The prepared ZnO had a hexagonal structure and the particles size reduces by the influence of Sn4+ ion: this reduction rate increases for the increase of doping ratio. The average particles size was estimated within 24-34 nm. TEM, HRTEM and SEM results corroborate the structural aspects noticed using XRPD study. UV-vis study results showed that a blue shift on the optical band gap was received for high doping concentration (10 at.%) of Sn4+. PL peaks were observed in the UV region for 0 at.% and 2 at.% Sn4+ doped ZnO nanoparticles, and the peak position was shifted from UV to violet and blue region for 10 at.% Sn4+ doped ZnO nanoparticles. The dielectric permittivity was reduced due to the addition of Sn4+ ions. The AC conductivity was increased for higher doping concentrations. The Sn4+ ion incorporated ZnO nanoparticles shall be useful for various applications including LED fabrication for blue emission and also it is suitable to act as a buffer material in solar panel. (C) 2021 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.

The investigation has been made on the effect in nanorod-structured BiFeO3 thin film on its structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties on co-doping with Ni–Ti. BiFeO3 and Ni–Ti-co-doped BiFeO3 nanorods with various compositions were synthesized by a hot-wall-assisted spray pyrolysis system. The effect of Ni–Ti co-doping in BiFeO3 nanorods has been found to have an impact in lattice parameter evident from the room-temperature XRD. The positions of the Raman peaks are found to change significantly to higher frequency depending on Ni–Ti co-doping. The field-emission scanning electron microscopy imaging of Ni–Ti co-doping was found to have a slight modification in size and shape of BiFeO3. An interesting blue shift in the bandgap emission is observed in the UV–Vis absorption spectra of the NRs as a result of co-doping. In Ni and Ti-co-doped BiFeO3, the magnetism originated due to the breaking of the cycloid-canted spin structure and charge compensation. The incorporation of Ni in the Ti-rich BiFeO3 confirms that the anisotropic energy barrier is decreased and results in quenching of magnetism.

Background: Gastro retentive systems are retained in the stomach for a prolonged period. The objective of the present study was to formulate gastro floating tablet of Baclofen respectively. Methods: The physicochemical parameters such as hardness, weight variation, variability, in-vitro dissolution studies, and floating lag time (FLT) were performed to optimize the formulations. Results: Post compression parameters were in pharmacopieal limits. The FLT of optimized formulation was found <5 min and floated on the test media (0.1N HCL) for up to 24 h. Among Nine formulations, F4 formulation provides 99.62% drug was released at 24 h. Conclusions: The formulated floating tablets showed good buoyancy properties, thus could be a promising formulation for improving bioavailability and decreasing drug toxicity.

The effect of post-growth annealing on the phase transformation leading to phase pure hematite ( α -Fe 2 O 3 ) nanoparticles is reported in this work. Co-precipitation technique was used to synthesise iron oxide nanoparticles by adjusting the pH of the solution. The xerogel was dried at 80 °C and the obtained powder was calcined in the temperature range 400–800 °C for 3 h. in air. Annealing temperature was prefixed on the basis of the thermal degradation pattern of the starting precursor. X-ray diffraction (XRD) study endorsed the presence of mixed phases FeO, FeO 2 and α -Fe 2 O 3 in the as-prepared sample. On annealing, the minor phases transform gradually to α -Fe 2 O 3 , as confirmed through thermal studies. Performed Rietveld analysis confirms the presence of impurity phases in samples annealed at low temperature. Phase pure sample crystallizes in the rhombohedral corundum structure (space group, R- 3 c ) with a = 5.04044 Å, c = 13.7628 Å and c/a = 2.73048. FT-Raman spectral investigations allowed for a clear assignment of the α -Fe 2 O 3 phase. Chemical analysis advocated the only presence of Fe 3+ ions that octahedrally coordinated with hexagonally close packed O 2- ions that constitute corundum structure. Electron microscopy (TEM) images proved the non-spherical particle distribution in the range 80–100 nm with mean particle size of 93 nm. Structural phase transition with annealing temperature was further confirmed through the fluctuations in the magnetic structure. In analogues to XRD, magnetic study also served as a judging tool to identify purity and the presence of mixed phases in hematite.

Amaranthus roxburghianus is a small-sized tree mustly used for iron tonic and inflammatory bowel disease. The aim of present investigation was to evaluate pharmacological screening for anti arthritic activity of total flavonoids of Amaranthus roxburghianus nevski in freund's complete adjuvant-induced arthritic rats model. The extraction of A. roxburghianus dried aerial partswas done using ethyl alcohol: water (70: 30) by the hot soxhlet method. Total flavonoids were separated from the extract and two doses 20 and 40 mg/kg of TFAR, were used against Freund's complete adjuvant-induced chronic immunological arthritis in Wistar rats. Arthritis study was carried out using morphological parameters, haematological studies, proinflammatory cytokines (TNF-alpha,IL-6) and histopathological findings to explore the mechanism of Antiarthritic potential. The results showed significant paw oedema inhibition for TFAR at a dose of 40mg/kg which was assisted by the results of paw volume and diameter. The TFAR also strongly reduced proinflammatory cytokines levels and depicts the histopathological alterations induced by Freund's complete adjuvant model. Finally it is concluded that TFAR protects synovial membrane by improving the health status exhibits promising anti-arthritic activity. This finding thus supports the traditional use of A. roxburghianus for arthritis.

The structural, morphological, optical, and magnetic properties of BiFe1−xTixO3 (x = 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, and 0.1) nanorod (NR)-structured thin films synthesized by hot-wall spray pyrolysis have been investigated in detail. Such synthesis of one-dimensional BiFeO3 (BFO) NRs using a self-made system is unique and barely reported. NR size reduction is observed due to suppression of oxygen vacancies on Ti doping. The magnetic properties of the Ti-doped BFO NRs as shown by M–H and M–T curves reveal that the saturation magnetization increased with increasing dopant concentration. The origin and increase of the magnetization with doping of a nonmagnetic element (Ti) in BFO NRs are significant results that are discussed in detail. This unconventional magnetic property is important for multiferroic materials applications.

Gastro-retentive drug delivery systems (GRDDS) attributes to gastric maintenance time combined with the medication discharge for expanded time has essentially improved patient consistency. Medications for which the chief fundamental site of ingestion is the stomach or the proximal piece of the small digestive tract or have the assimilation issue in the distal piece of the digestive system are reasonable for GRDDS. Orally sustaining or controlling the drug release combined with gastric retention property can avoid recurrent dosing in the case of drugs with short half-lives. GRDDS is also effective in locally treating gastric and duodenal ulcers, including oesophagitis and Helicobacter pylori infections. In this current survey, the physiology of the stomach alongside its motility design, typically called migrating motor complex (MMC), was discussed. Various approaches to GRDDS with a focus on floating drug delivery systems (FDDS) were reviewed. The vacillations in plasma drug focus are limited and portion subordinate unfriendly impacts can be forestalled by FDDS, particularly for the medications with a restricted restorative list. Slow arrival of the medication into the body by means of FDDS limits the counter movement prompting higher medication proficiency. Further, the Advantages, limitations, suitable drug candidates, factors affecting and Future challenges of FDDS were discussed.