The effectiveness of environmental policies is often compromised by weak enforcement due to conflicts between local and national interests. We examine a novel institutional reform in China that centralizes the management authority of grassroots environmental bureaus to address the issue of local capture. By analyzing the staggered roll-out of this reform, we find that the Air Quality Index significantly decreased by 25.1%. We attribute this improvement to a reduction in the capture of front-line environmental regulators by local interest groups, alignment of interests between local regulators and their upper-level administrators, and increased efforts for environmental protection by local governments in a more independent and impartial regulatory environment. These results highlight the effectiveness of distributing management authority to different administrative levels, as it reshapes the incentives for local environmental regulators, strengthens enforcement efficiency, and facilitates the achievement of policy objectives.

Information and incentives are pillars of political accountability. We examine their effectiveness in achieving governance under China’s new ambient air quality standards. By exploiting the sequential introduction of pollution information disclosure and environmental performance evaluation, we show that transparency alone is insufficient to induce public monitoring or government responsiveness. But when information provision is combined with performance incentives, local bureaucrats take actions to reduce pollution. The findings suggest that in a top-down hierarchy, when superiors receive accurate environmental information and administer rewards or sanctions based on that information, local governments face greater accountability pressure and respond by improving environmental performance.

This paper investigates the effectiveness of engine-specific tax programs that are widely used in developing countries to contain car carbon emissions. Using the largest national tax abatement program for small displacement vehicles in 2015 and administrative data in China, our study identifies significant price and sales responses for both small and large displacement vehicles, indicating strong competition spillovers across the markets. The quantification model shows that an increase in car ownership generates more car emissions than the reduction saved by the relocation from large to small displacement vehicles. Welfare analysis further shows that the reduced government tax revenue and increased car emissions significantly outweigh the increased household welfare and firm profits, rendering the engine-specific tax program socially unbeneficial.

China’s urbanites continue to be exposed to high levels of air pollution. Such pollution exposure raises mortality risk, lowers the day-to-day sentiment of the population and lowers outdoor worker productivity. Using a unique set of data for Chinese judges, we document that local air pollution also lowers the productivity of high skilled government officials who work indoors. Our new evidence on the effects of air pollution highlights both the challenge that pollution poses for quality of life and workforce productivity and indicates that the Chinese urban elites gain co-benefits when their cities burn less fossil fuel.

The quality of governance depends on public sector worker productivity.We use micro data from China to document that judges are less productive on polluted days.Building on the insights of Alchian and Kessel (1962), we discuss the role of organization design and the incentives of public versus for profit organizations in designing a workplace that reduces the productivity costs of local disamenities.We find that the public sector productivity elasticities are larger than published estimates of the private sector productivity elasticities with respect to pollution.

本文将中国式分权下的两个核心制度——税收分成制度与土地制度——联系起来,基于财政激励视角,研究税收分成对地方政府城市土地配置行为的影响.文章从理论上分析了市县级政府面临的增值税分成、营业税分成变化对工业用地和商住用地配置产生的直接和交叉效应.利用1999-2011年间相匹配的市县级政府税收分成数据和地级市市辖区分类型土地使用数据,进行了实证检验.结果 显示,增值税分成通过财政利益效应显著正向影响了工业用地的配置;营业税分成通过影响增值税的相对分成变化显著负向影响了工业用地的配置.财政利益效应和财政压力效应的相互抵消,使得营业税分成变化对商住用地的配置效应较弱;增值税分成上升通过工业溢出效应和财政压力转嫁效应促使地方政府增加了居住用地的配置.基于财政自给率、财政支出占GDP比重和产业结构的异质性检验结果与财政激励理论预期结论一致.最后,文章还发现,增值税分成上升降低了工业用地单位面积的产出效果,工业用地的集约利用仍是未来改革的重点.

为了抑制房价过快上涨,需求侧的房地产宏观调控是中国现阶段的重点,限购是最常用的政策工具之一,其影响受到大众和学术界的关注。虽然限购政策的有效性已有不少学者关注,但结论尚不一致,且缺乏对限购政策外部性影响的经验研究。因此,本文基于房地产销售与租赁市场和土地市场的日度交易微观数据,利用双重差分模型更准确地评估了限购政策抑制房价的有效性,并进一步将各市场领域的关联性纳入分析框架,探究了限购政策对房地产租赁市场与土地市场的外部性效应。实证结果表明,限购使房价下降10.12%,大于以往研究的估计结果;限购使房租上升25.09%,住宅地价下降9.08%,但对工业和商业地价没有显著影响。倾向得分匹配等一系列稳健性检验和反事实分析均显示实证结果的可靠性。限购政策的外部性表明,该政策不利于改善实际住房需求者的福利,且可能引发地方政府的"软性抵抗",未来的工作重点应在加强地方税体系建设基础上不断深化土地和房地产的供给侧改革。

The long-term operation with off-designed coal types brings a power plant significant safe and economic problems on its boiler operation.Aiming at solving the problem,tests are conducted to understand the operational status of the units,to analyze the coal blending problem and to optimize the combustion schemes according to the adaptability of the boiler to different coal types.The test results show that the coal blending should not only simply depend on the calorific value or the volatile contents the unit adaptability to different coal types and the influence of coal type dissimilarity on combustion characteristics should also be considered.In the new coal blending scheme,the anthracite (V~=9.23％) of Pulverizer C in phase I project is swapped with the lean coal of Pulverizer A in phase Ⅱ project,which increases the average volatile contents and reduces the coal type dissimilarity for the phase I project.After the optimization,the vibration of the pulverizer gets better.The average boiler efficiency of the units gets a 0.62 percent improvement and the average coal consumption for power generation gets a 0.65 g/(kW· h) decrease.

我国城乡间资本流动长期存在不平衡现象,大量资本从农村流向城市,造成农村资本稀缺,严重抑制了农村经济发展.城乡间资本流动不平衡的根源在于人力资本、基础设施、金融市场以及财政支持等方面的差异.本文系统分析了这些差异的形成以及资本流动的渠道,并给出了解决城乡间资本流动不平衡的对策.

在经济社会转型期,地方政府面临着“压力型体制”下复杂多样的压力来源,积极汲取财政收入成为地方政府应对压力的主要途经,从而形成典型的中国式“压力型”财政激励.文章以取消农业税改革作为地方政府财政压力变化的准自然实验,利用强度双重差分法实证检验财政压力变化的财源增长效应.文章研究发现,在同一地区内,取消农业税改革后财政压力更大的县,其第二产业尤其是工业产值实现了更快增长.但这一结果并未出现在同一地区中农业税占比更大的县,说明地方政府的财源建设行为更多来自财政压力的激励而非税收结构变化的激励.这种财政压力的工业增长效应更多发生于工业基础薄弱和财政自给率高的地区,且放松环境规制成为地方政府实现工业增长效应的重要手段.

封闭煤场因具有对周围环境污染小、可避免恶劣天气对储煤场安全运行的影响等优点成为燃煤电厂新型储煤型式之一。通过模拟封闭煤场中的储煤堆,研究其温度的传递特性。试验结果表明,热源上侧温度传递最剧烈,其次是左右两侧,下侧的温度传递最缓慢。随煤样全水分的降低,水分对煤样温度传递的影响降低。随热源温度的降低,热源周围温度传递的不均匀性降低。因此,布置温度测点时高温区域下方的测点应相对较密且报警温度应低于上方的报警温度。

为了消除锅炉水冷壁高温腐蚀对锅炉安全运行的影响,通过实测电厂锅炉空预器入口的O2和CO体积分数沿锅炉横向截面的分布特性,从燃烧均匀性角度分析侧墙还原性气氛的主要原因,并进行相应优化.结果表明:超超临界对冲燃烧锅炉由于炉膛中间燃烧状况剧烈,产生一定的负压,导致靠近侧墙的燃烧器的燃烧器区域过量空气系数比设计值低0.11.燃烧器由于供氧不足产生CO,是侧墙还原性气氛及水冷壁高温腐蚀的主要原因.将靠近侧墙的燃烧器一次风煤粉浓度降低20％后,该燃烧器区域的过量空气系数达到设计值,侧墙附近O2的体积分数升高约2％,水冷壁的高温腐蚀程度减弱84.7％,锅炉的热效率未受影响.

借助于经济地理学的理论视角,使用城市引力模型对十大城市群“圈层”结构进行测度,然后对城市群“圈层”结构降低能源强度的影响程度及其时空差异进行分析.结果显示,成熟的城市群和适度的“圈层”结构更容易降低能源强度.从空间维度上看,东部城市群“圈层”结构显著降低了能源强度,但在0.45边界标准之后,降低能源强度程度明显变小.中西部城市群“圈层”结构降低能源强度程度小于东部城市群,大部分结果仅在10％水平上显著.从时间维度上看,相机抉择使得政府节能减排战略未能实现预期目标,短期内弱化了“圈层”结构降低能源强度效果.控制行政分割等变量发现,政府干预更容易凸显拥挤效应的约束作用,借助市场和空间的力量更有利于节能减排目标的实现.

我国城市化发展既提高了城市居民收入水平同时又增加了碳排放.本文使用56个城市的微观家庭数据,在各个城市层面上建立不同类型能源消耗的行为方程,对包含固定收入、家庭规模和户主年龄的标准家庭居住碳排放进行有效的估算,同时对跨城市差异进行分析解释.结果表明,在以标准家庭居住碳排放为唯一衡量标准时,东川市和蚌埠市是碳排放最少的城市,而新乡市与郑州市则是碳排放最多的城市,很多低排放城市位于秦岭-淮河南北分界线的南侧,大城市排放要高于中小城市.通过对城市收入弹性的估算,发现相对富裕的家庭会增加消耗清洁燃料.一个家庭从低排放城市移动到高排放城市造成的环境成本占家庭年均收入的6.6％,同时低密度城市发展模式以及具有严寒气候的城市都会增加居住碳排放.这些实证研究结果可以辅助城市规划和城市管理者进行“低碳城市”或“低碳生活模式”等相关政策的制定.

Although affordable housing has been performing as a vital role in China' housing provision system,it also suffers from a number of problems which are against the policy-makers' original intentions.Based on a housing survey in Beijing in 2007,this paper presents that despite the fact the households experience similar influences from this policy,and make their residential decisions in largely predictable ways,the formulation of residential satisfaction and the effects of reforming are highly individualized.This paper argues that providing supportive housing to remedy the privations of the poor does make good sense,but mainly if organized to strengthen social reciprocity among households in affordable and relatively diverse residential communities.It concludes that while housing problems of the official urban poor have been recognized,the overemphasis on versions of social dependence as the problem has encouraged the use of affordable houses to change individual households rather than improvement of the relationship between income segregation and spatial segregation of the poor.

<正>证监会发布的数据显示,2006年9月,各类机构投资者的入市规模仅占流通市值的30%左右;截至2009年7月底,这一数字则已跃升至63.86%。随着机构投资者队伍的不断壮大,其对上

It is vital for every household needing a house to decide on buying or renting one. This paper theoretically analyzes the representative consumers' decision-making by setting up a tenure choice model. In addition, employing the spatial econometrics, we make an empirical test based on the city-leveled data in the year 2000. The results show that the house rental markets interact with each other spatially and the expensive affordable houses lead the rental market onto a booming stage. The estimations are robust to reveal that owing house property or increasing dwelling area both will enhance the very person' satisfaction on his life.

改革开放以来随着中国城市化水平的迅速提高,城乡人口迁移问题逐渐成为人们关注的焦点。在对中国人口迁移的特征进行描述的基础上,本文以推拉模型为理论依据,利用1992—2005年省级人口城乡迁移的面板数据,构建了中国人口城乡迁移的计量模型。实证结果显示,农村劳动力受教育程度与农村人口城乡迁移存在倒U型关系。城乡收入差距的扩大,城镇就业岗位的增加,农村机械化水平的提高,以及乡镇企业就业岗位的相对减少都明显促进了城乡人口的迁移,而实际迁移距离和"无形"迁移距离制约着城乡人口的迁移。本文认为,完善当前的农地制度以增加农民进城的启动资金,为迁移人口提供稳定和适宜的居住条件,是政府促进人口城乡迁移健康、有序推进的关键。