为探明菠萝田间控水减肥效应及确定补充灌溉施肥水平,为粤西地区菠萝生产中节水节肥和提质增效提供依据.研究以金菠萝'MD-2'为材料,设置无灌溉常规施肥(常规),2个补灌W1(–15～–35 kPa)和W2(–35～–55 kPa)与3个肥料F1(100％)、F2(75％)和F3(50％)梯度处理(F1W1、F2W1、F3W1、F1W2、F2W2、F3W2),以无灌溉无施肥作为对照(CK).研究菠萝光合面积、光合效率、干物质积累、经济性状、灌溉水生产力及肥料偏生产力对不同处理的响应.结果表明,补充灌溉施肥能够显著提高菠萝株高、叶长、叶宽、叶片数和植株干物质含量.水肥限制下,叶片数和叶长的减少是单株叶面积下降的主要因素,而光合面积的减小是干物质量下降的主要因素,菠萝植株生长受限来自于肥料减施和因干旱而导致的肥料利用受限.雨季干旱胁迫解除后叶片实际光化学效率(ΦPSII)能够快速恢复,但营养生长期光合面积显著下降的不可逆转仍然导致果实干物质量和产量显著下降.补充灌溉施肥条件下肥料偏生产力表现为F3>F2>F1,而果实田间产量和田间糖锤度均表现为F3W1,但果实增产率和田间糖锤度在W1和W2之间差异不显著.因此,采用F2W2补充灌溉施肥方式可为菠萝生产中节水节肥和提质增效提供支撑.

季节性干旱是限制菠萝增产提质增效的重要原因,发展"以水促肥,以肥促产,水肥高效耦合"的现代灌溉施肥技术,是应对季节性干旱,促进菠萝增产提质增效的重要途径.本文从华南地区季节性干旱时空分布特征、干旱胁迫对菠萝生长发育的影响、我国菠萝水肥管理现状、灌溉施肥技术对菠萝生长发育的影响等4个方面简要阐述了我国菠萝灌溉施肥技术发展的必要性,重点从现代灌溉施肥方式、耗水规律和养分吸收规律等3方面总结了菠萝灌溉施肥技术研究进展,并结合研究进展提出我国菠萝灌溉施肥技术目前存在的问题,探讨未来可能的研究重点和发展方向,为菠萝灌溉施肥技术的研究与应用提供参考.

【Background and objective】 Mulched drip irrigation is often used in dry regions for water-saving, but the mulching film could hinder rainfall infiltration and enhance surface runoff as a result. This could reduce the use of natural rainfall by plants, especially in regions where rainfall is abundant in summer and autumn while scarce in other seasons. The objective of this paper is to evaluate the balance of mulched drip irrigation in saving water in dry seasons and losing water in other seasons due to the increased surface runoff. 【Method】 We took pineapple orchard as an example and conducted the experiment in a field comprising three irrigation treatments: conventional rain-fed cultivation (CK), conventional drip irrigation (DF), and mulched drip irrigation with plastic film (MF). In each treatment, we measured the change in moisture in the 0~100 cm soil profile using FDR sensors. 【Result】 Both conventional and mulched drip irrigation reduced rainfall infiltration in the planting rows. The total rainfall infiltration in the 0~100 cm soil profile on the planting ridge under DF and MF was 48.4% and 60.8% respectively lower than that under conventional rain-fed cultivation, despite that MF did not affect the water use efficiency and fruit yield. Compared with CK, DF and MF increased agronomic productivity of the water by 37.5% and 13.8% respectively, and field biomass by 13.8% and 52.2% respectively. MF also increased rainfall infiltration in the 40~100 cm soil in the burrow between the planted ridges. The rainfall infiltration ratio of moderate rainfall, heavy rainfall and rainstorm was 3.5%, 15.8% and 30.3% for DF, 2.5%, 16.7% and 31.5% for DF, and 15.7%, 39.7% and 43.0% for MF. The wetting depth (accounted for when soil moisture increase was >4%) associated with moderate rainfall, heavy rainfall and rainstorm was 30 cm, 100 cm and 30 cm for CF, 20 cm, 30 cm and 20 cm for DF, and 10 cm, 50 cm and 20 cm for MF. It was found that the mulched drip irrigation stabilized soil moisture in the planting rows; in rainy season, the depth of soil moisture content affected by CK, DF and MF was 0~30 cm, 0~20 cm and 0~10 cm respectively. 【Conclusion】 In regions rich in rainfalls in summer and autumn while dry in other seasons, mulched drip irrigation reduced rainfall infiltration and promoted deep infiltration of rainfall, but it does not affect water agronomic productivity and biomass of the pineapple. It is hence beneficial to saving water and increasing pineapple yield.

为探明不同农艺节水措施在甘蔗应对季节性干旱中的作用机制,本研究以'粤糖94-128'为材料,设置地膜覆盖+有机肥(T1)、保水剂+有机肥(T2)、蔗叶覆盖+有机肥(T3)、蔗叶覆盖+保水剂(T4)4个处理,以常规种植为对照(CK),研究不同农艺节水处理下土壤水分和出苗率、农艺性状和干物质积累、光合活性和根系指标以及经济性状对季节性干旱的响应.结果表明:干旱胁迫前期土壤含水量表现为地膜覆盖>蔗叶覆盖>无覆盖;T1处理出苗率最高且显著高于CK.2015年,与CK相比,T1处理显著增加株高(18.1％)和+1叶长(30.6％),T4处理显著增加茎粗(21.8％),而T2处理的株高、茎粗和叶宽则显著降低;T1处理显著增加+1叶的最大光能利用效率(Fv/Fm)和叶片SPAD值(SPAD-502叶绿素仪测定值),T3处理显著增加+1叶PSII实际光化学效率(ΦPSII),其余各处理与CK之间差异不显著;T1、T2、T3、T4处理的总干物质积累分别增加94.5％、–37.0％、53.4％、79.9％;T3处理显著增加根长密度、根表面积和根数,T2处理各根系指标则显著降低;T2和T3处理单茎重高于T1处理,但有效茎数远低于T1处理,有效茎数高是T1处理高产的主要原因;有机肥处理显著增加田间锤度,T3处理增幅最高.2016年,与CK相比,甘蔗不同处理的农艺性状、生理指标和干物质积累差异不显著;但与2015年相比,T1处理农艺性状指标呈下降趋势,而T2处理则呈上升趋势;各处理+1叶的ΦPSII均呈下降趋势;T1、T2和T3处理总干物质积累呈下降趋势,而T1和CK则呈上升趋势.T3处理根系生物量和根长密度显著高于CK,主要是由于细根增加所致;T4处理有效茎长显著高于CK,但茎径和单茎重并无显著差异,产量差异源于有效茎数的差异;有机肥处理显著增加田间锤度且各处理的田间锤度与2015年比呈上升趋势.综上,农艺节水措施主要通过在旱季减少土壤水分散失而提高甘蔗出苗率从而增加有效茎数,并通过增加植株干物质积累和促进根系生长以应对季节性干旱,进而保障后期经济性状.

为明确不同叶位和叶片不同部位叶绿素荧光特性的分布规律及其随生长时间的变化规律,进而实现甘蔗光合潜力的快速评价,本研究通过桶栽试验对3个甘蔗主栽品种(ROC22、ROC16、桂柳05-136)不同叶位和叶片不同部位的叶绿素荧光特性进行比较分析,并研究叶绿素荧光参数对生长时间的响应.结果表明:光系统Ⅱ(PSⅡ)量子效率(ΦⅡ)随着倒数叶位的增加而下降,在叶片不同部位之间表现为叶中部＞叶尖端＞叶基部,相同叶位不同品种间ΦⅡ的差异不显著;可调节性能量耗散(ΦNPo)则随着倒数叶位的增加而上升;非调节性能量耗散(ΦN0)在不同叶位(除倒四叶)及品种间并无显著差异.随着生长时间的推进,上部叶位具有较高的ΦⅡ和较低的Φm;中部叶位的ΦⅡ和光化学猝灭(qL)变化很小;下部叶位在叶片生长的前两周,能量分配在ΦⅡ和ΦNPQ之间进行,ΦN0基本保持不变;而超过3周后,3个供试品种的ΦⅡ、qL和最大光能利用效率(Fv/Fm)均有不同程度的下降,降幅为ΦⅡ＞qL＞FV/FM,同时伴随着ΦN0的增加.上述结果表明光能利用效率以上部叶位最高,中部叶位稳定,而下部叶位最低且差异较为显著.而不同叶位相对电子传递速率(rETR)对生长时间的响应研究表明,在苗期上部第一片全展叶的中部叶位光能转化能力最强,可选择该叶片的中部叶位进行叶绿素荧光特性横向比较.本研究初步明确了不同叶位光能的利用效率及其随生长时间的变化趋势,为如何选择合适的叶位进行叶绿素荧光检测,进而开展甘蔗冠层光合潜力的快速评价奠定基础.

Seasonal drought greatly restricts the agricultural production in South China. Based on summarizing the style and distribution of seasonal drought and the application of water saving technology in the main crop,the major objective of this study was to discuss the existed problems and feasible recommendations including the introduction of collecting rainwater for irrigation and regulated deficit irrigation technology,the deep research of water requirement for main crop in South China,the fund support and related policy set to ensure continuous study.

为从能量平衡及分配的角度研究干旱胁迫下甘蔗(Saccharum officinarum)苗期光系统的运转状况,进而为丰富不同甘蔗品种的抗旱性评价指标及实现对季节性干旱胁迫的快速诊断提供理论依据,该研究通过对基于Lake模型的叶绿素荧光参数在不同入射光强下变化的动态分析,研究光合电子传递链中能量平衡状态对不同水分梯度(40％、25％、10％、8％)的响应.结果表明:两个供试品种(耐旱品种‘ROC22’和非耐旱品种‘ROC16’)的最大光能利用效率(Fv/Fm)、相对电子传递速率(rETR)、光系统Ⅱ(PSII)量子效率(ΦⅡ)和光化学猝灭(qL)均随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而下降,可调节性能量耗散(ΦNPo)和非调节性能量耗散(ΦNo)则随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而上升.除ΦNo之外的叶绿素荧光参数的变化幅度均随着光合有效辐射(PAR)的增加而增大.在干旱胁迫的前中期,相对于‘ROC22’,‘ROC16’的PSII反应中心能够维持较高的开放程度;但‘ROC22’调节能量耗散的能力和对干旱胁迫的敏感程度均高于‘ROC16’,说明较强的光保护能力是‘ROC22’的抗旱性高于‘ROC16’的主要原因之一.对干旱胁迫敏感且在不同PAR下较为稳定的ΦNO可作为甘蔗苗期抗旱性的快速诊断和评价指标.rETR对递增的PAR的响应表现为随着干旱胁迫程度的增加而提前出现峰值或下降趋势,但是不同水分梯度下的rETR在PAR较低时并无显著差异,表明干旱胁迫下光抑制现象的提早出现是造成光系统损伤的首要因素,高光强对干旱胁迫信号起放大作用.

Fifty domestic and foreign sweet sorghum cultivars were planted in Zhanjiang area,and five major agronomic traits,correlation,genetic diversity and cluster were analysed.The results showed that there were highly significant differences in plant height,stem diameter,plant fresh weight per plant and brix,except growth duration;there was a significant correlation between growth duration,plant height,stem diameter and plant fresh weight per plant each other,and no significant correlation between brix and other four major agronomic characters;sweet sorghum germplasm had great genetic diversity;the coefficients of variation was ranged from 0.1039-0.2931%;genetic diversity index of all agronomic characters were great.Fifty sweet sorghum cultivars could be divided into four groups.Group I showed good agronomic traits,estimated yield 90 t/hm2,ethanol yield 3 360 L/hm2 and could be used as recommendations for future development and utilization of materials.

In order to explore the mechanism of potassium effects on pineapple sugar metabolism and provide a scientific and rational fertilizer practice for pineapple planting,the effect of potassium on sugar and their correlative enzymes of pineapple were studied.Comte de paris pineapple was applied with K2SO4 by 4 different ways.The results indicated that potassium increased sucrose,fructose and glucose content of pineapple fruit.Different applications had different effect on enzymes related to sucrose metabolism in different developing stages.However,total sugar content,invertase,sucrose synthase and sucrose phosphate synthase activities showed a consistent variation tendency as the fruits mature.Different treatments increased invertase and sucrose synthase leavage activity,and reduced sucrose phosphate syhthase and sucrose synthase syhthesis activity.Foliage spraying K2SO4 plus soil applying K2SO4 was more effective than the other two treatments.This implied that under K3 treatment fruit sink strength was increased by enhancing the activities of the four enzymes.With increased pineapple fruit sink strength,phytosynthate translocation was accelerated.

Fruits of ‘Smooth Cayenne’ pineapple that were harvested in July (summer) matured more quickly and had greater mass than fruits that matured in February (winter). The pattern of sugar accumulation was also different. Fruit harvested in February had a hexose:sucrose ratio of 0.37 and sucrose was mainly accumulated. Fruit harvested in July had a hexose:sucrose ratio of 5.92 and more hexose was accumulated. There was significant difference in sugar accumulation and sucrose metabolism enzymes between fruits harvested in February and July. The activities of sucrose phosphate synthase and sucrose synthase synthetic direction in fruits harvested in February were significantly higher than those in July, whereas the invertase activities in fruits maturated in February was significantly lower than those in July. This profile of sucrose metabolism enzymes was favorable to sucrose accumulation for fruits harvested in February. The result of ascending invertases was that fruits that maturated in July accumulated less sucrose and more hexose than was the case for fruits that mature in February.

This paper summarized the existing problems during the process of the implement of special items for repair and purchase in central scientific institutions,and summed up four main measures to improve the management of the special items,namely:the high quality of project planning that was the basis to improve the quality of the project,overall arrangement in the early stages of the project that was the key to accelerate the project implementation schedule and quality assurance,the management of the project on the spot that was the core to ensure the engineering quality and schedule,strictly enforcing management of engineering that was the basic guarantee for project safely implementation.

Six traits,including leaf margin type,stem diameter,leaf length,leaf width,thorn length and space between thorns of the longest leaves of the 120 hybrid F1 pineapple plants from the cross of Smooth Cayene(Smooth Cayene group)×Comte de Paris(Queen group)were analyzed in this study.The results showed that leaf margin(smooth or thorny)segregated at Mendelian ratio of 1∶1 in the F1 seedlings.This implied that leaf margin type was a qualitative trait controlled by a single gene.However,the values of the stem diameter,leaf length,leaf width,thorn length and the space between thorns of the longest leaves showed continuous distributions,indicating that these traits were quantitative.Significant positive correlations were observed among the stem diameter,leaf length and leaf width,but there was no significant correlation between thorn length and space between thorns of the longest leaves.

Sugar accumulation of 'Comte de Paris' pineapple fruits was measured from 20 days after anthesis (DAA) to maturity at 80 DAA. The sugar content was highest in the basal section of ripe fruit, followed by the medial section, apical section and fruit core. Changes in activity of acid and neutral invertases (AI and NI respectively) and sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS) corresponded to changes in sugar concentration gradients within various sections during fruit maturation. The higher activity of invertase in the basal section of the fruit likely was associated with rapid cleavage of sucrose. High invertase activity would also help to form a sucrose gradient between the leaves and the fruit, which facilitated sucrose transport to the fruit. Higher SPS activity in the apical section could promote the synthesis of sucrose, which indicated that the difference between activity of invertase and SPS resulted in the difference of sugar accumulation among the various sections. Our results indicated that the SPS and invertase activity was a gradient distribution among the sections at the mature stage, which was similar with the sugar concentration, which showed the activities of SS and SPS had a great impact on the sugar accumulation in the medial and the basal sections of fruit during the period of 70 days after anthesis (DAA). Rapid sucrose accumulation of different sections was related with the increase of SPS activity and the reduction of NI activity from 70 to 80 d. The activity of SS regulated the sucrose accumulation in the fruit apical and core section in the period of 70 DAA, However, the activities of AI, NI and SPS regulated the sucrose accumulation of the fruit core after 70 DAA, whereas the activities of NI and SPS regulated the sucrose accumulation in the apical, medial and basal sections of the fruit.

In pineapple fruits, sugar accumulation plays an important role in flavor characteristics, which varies according to the stage of fruit development. Metabolic changes in the contents of fructose, sucrose and glucose and reducing sugar related to the activities of soluble acid invertase (AI), neutral invertase (NI), sucrose synathase (SS) and sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) were studied in winter and summer pineapple fruits in this paper. Sucrose was significantly increased in most of the harvesting winter fruits which reached the peak of 64.87 mg.g-1 FW at 130 days after anthesis, while hexose was mainly accumulated at the 90 day of the summer fruits in July. The ratio of hexose to sucrose was 5.92:0.73 from the winter fruit in February. Interestingly, the activities of SPS and SS synthetic direction of the harvested fruits in February were significantly higher than those in July, whereas the invertase activities were exactly opposite. NI activity showed a similar trend to AI, but the amount of NI activity was higher than AI in both months. Therefore, NI appears to be one of the vital enzymes in pineapple fruit development. Conclusively, the enzyme activities related to sugar play key roles in the eating of quality pineapple, which could be improved by cultivation in different seasons. So we can arbitrate different temperature to improve the quality of pineapple fruits according to market demand.

The sucrose and starch contents and the activities of acid invertase (AI), neutral invertase (NI), sucrose phosphate synthase (SPS), and sucrose synthase (SS) in 'Smooth Cayenne' pineapple (Ananas comosus) stem, peduncle, peduncle bract, petal, and ovary were studied during inflorescence development. Before full inflorescence development, sucrose and total soluble sugar (TSS) contents were higher in the stem and ovary than in other tissues. During early bud and late flowering stages, TSS significantly declined in ovary, stem and peduncle. The stem and petal starch content declined while it increased in the peduncle during inflorescence development. Starch levels in the ovary and peduncle bract increased at the bud stage. A negative correlation was found between AI and NI activities with sucrose accumulation in the stem, peduncle, peduncle bract and petal, while there was a positive correlation in the ovary. Sucrose accumulation increased with a decline in SS-decomposition activity, whereas there was no relationship between SS-synthesis and SPS activities and sugar accumulation. In conclusion, during inflorescence development, ovary, stem and peduncle were the main metabolic sources of carbohydrate products in pineapple. The results suggest that the accumulation and metabolism of sucrose was mainly controlled by invertase and SS-decomposition activity and not by SS-synthesis and SPS activity.

Genetic diversity was analyzed in 61 accessions of pineapple using SRAP markers.35 pairs of primers were selected from 99 pairs of primers of SRAP.All materials of pineapples obtained clear fingerprints and appeared polymorphism.The polymorphism ratio of pineapples were lower,which was from 47.32% to 68.9%.The 35 pairs of SRAP informative primers generated a total of 567 sites,among which 384 (67.72%) sites were polymorphic.Similarity coefficients ranged from 0.802 7 to 0.951 0 among the 61 accessions of pineapple.The results showed that the genetic basis of pineapple collected was nearer and the 61 materials tested could be divided into 5 categories according to the Dice coefficient 0.833 0 based on UPGMA.

海南省菠萝主产区病虫害调查发现,为害海南菠萝生产的主要有菠萝凋萎病、叶斑病、心腐病和菠萝粉蚧.心腐病主要为害新植园菠萝幼苗,凋萎病和叶斑病主要为害生产园和结果老园的菠萝植株,菠萝粉蚧主要为害生产园的菠萝植株.不同品种菠萝病虫害发生程度存在差异.

The effects of Rare Earth on the yield and quality and protective enzymes of Pineapple were studied by field experiments.The results showed that the effects of 200 mg/L Cerium nitrate treatment were the best.The width and length of pineapple fruits increased by 5.08%,10.82%;Fruits quality increased by 20.13%;Vitamin C improved by 135.81% and Sugar-acid ratio improved by 17.75%;SOD activity increased by 69.96% and POD activity reduced.

Objective:To analyze the nutritional composition of two varieties:Yellow Mauritius and Soomth Cayenne. Results:The contents of total soluble solid,crude protein and crude fiber were 13. 8% ~ 14%,0. 61% ~ 0. 74% and 0. 43% ~ 0. 60%,respectively. The total content of amino acids was 0. 54% ~ 0. 56%,eight essential amino acids content was 0. 17% ~ 0. 18%. It was rich in VC ,VB2,Ca and Mg. Conclusion:The two varieties of pineapples belong to super cultured ones involved in high nutritional and economic value,it is worth to explore for food.

A 1132-base pairs (bp) polymerase-chain-reaction product of sucrose-phosphate synthase (SPS) (EC 2.3.1.14) from pineapple (Ananas comosus cv. Comte de paris) fruit was cloned and nominated as Ac-SPS1. The sequence encodes a putative 377 amino acids protein containing two serine conserved features that had been found in other plant SPS genes: the presence of a 14-3-3 protein special binding domain and an activated site of osmosis stress, which can been activated by phosphorylation and dephosphorylation. The Neighbour-joining tree revealed that Ac-SPS1 belonged to the first kind of sucrose phosphate synthase gene. The results indicated that, the Ac-SPS1 expression was low in the earlier period of fruit growth, then, increasing from 20 days after anthesis and gradually a falling on 40 days, reached the peak with the highest value around 70 days. The SPS activity and sucrose content reached their maximum 80 days after anthesis. It proved that the accumulation of sucrose was correlated with SPS activity and mRNA content and it maximally occurred at 10 d after SPS mRNA and activity had reached its maxima. These results indicated that Ac-SPS1 gene played a key role in sucrose accumulation during the pineapple fruit development and transcriptional activation with increase in Ac-SPS1 expression might be important regulatory events of sugar during pineapple fruit maturation.