Triethylamine (TEA), a highly toxic and volatile organic compound, demands reliable gas sensors for environmental and industrial safety. This work presents a facile one-pot hydrothermal strategy to engineer hierarchical flower-like CuO nanostructures rich in oxygen vacancies (OVs), using ammonia agent. The intentional creation of OVs is identified as a key factor for performance enhancement and the optimal OV-rich CuO sensor exhibits a markedly improved response of 7.8 to 100 ppm TEA at 260 degrees C. It also demonstrates a rapid response (1 s), a low detection limit (1.2 ppm), excellent selectivity, and robust stability. Mechanistic studies reveal that the synergistic effect between the hierarchical structure and abundant OVs facilitates oxygen adsorption and activation, thereby drastically enhancing the surface reaction with TEA molecules. This study not only provides a promising sensing material but also offers a fundamental insight into designing high-performance p-type gas sensors via synergistic morphology and defect engineering. The demonstrated performance underscores the potential of the developed sensor for practical applications in industrial safety and environmental monitoring.

Photoactivated organic phosphorescent materials have emerged as promising candidates for optoelectronic applications due to their unique combination of remote controllability and dynamic response characteristics. Despite being a critical parameter governing their practical applicability, the photostability of these phosphorescent materials, particularly under prolonged illumination conditions, has not been systematically investigated to date. Here, we present a series of organic phosphorescent materials exhibiting dynamically tunable room-temperature phosphorescence (RTP) stability under continuous irradiation. These materials show RTP activation upon initial excitation, followed by significant emission attenuation during sustained exposure. Mechanistic studies reveal that the RTP attenuation is attributed to singlet oxygen-mediated oxidative damage to the phosphorescent chromophores. Through strategic incorporation of antioxidant stabilizers, we achieve remarkable photostability, maintaining 96% of maximum phosphorescence intensity after continuous irradiation for 1500 s. These findings not only elucidate fundamental photo-stabilization mechanisms of dynamic RTP but also provide a feasible approach for developing stable phosphorescent materials for advanced optoelectronic applications.

Two-dimensional/three-dimensional (2D/3D) perovskite heterostructures have been extensively employed for effective interfacial defect passivation, enabling highly efficient perovskite solar cells (PSCs). At the same time, encapsulation plays a vital role in ensuring the long-term stability of PSCs toward commercialization. However, conventional lamination-based encapsulation processes involve elevated temperatures and mechanical pressure, and the resulting thermal and mechanical stress on the 2D/3D heterostructure within the device remains largely underexplored. Herein, we investigated how encapsulation affects 2D/3D perovskite heterostructures by probing the photoluminescence properties of films before and after encapsulation. In particular, we compare encapsulation effects for (100)- and (111)-oriented perovskites using various 2D passivants to form 2D/3D heterostructures. The results suggest that encapsulation-induced degradation in 2D/3D heterostructures based on conventional mixed-oriented perovskites primarily originates from those formed on (100)-oriented perovskites, whereas those on (111)-oriented perovskites are more tolerant to the thermal lamination conditions used during encapsulation. This work provides critical insights into perovskite structural evolution during the encapsulation process, advancing their path toward stable commercial applications.

In the research of perovskite solar cells (PSCs), the introduction of passivation layers is a key strategy for enhancing both efficiency and stability. Employing the well-established dip-coating method in conjunction with effective passivation solutions for the preparation of passivation layers not only improves the power conversion efficiency (PCE) and stability of PSCs but also extends the applicability of this approach in the development and commercialization of PSCs. This work introduces a novel passivation method, termed the DATsO-TBA-Dip coating (DTD) passivation method, which combines DATsO, 2-butanol (TBA), and the dip-coating method. The DTD passivation method was applied to PSCs on glass substrates of different sizes (2 cm & times; 1.6 cm and 2.5 cm & times; 2.5 cm). The results demonstrated excellent film quality and significant enhancement in passivation performance. The optimized device achieved a maximum PCE of 22.5% (0.105 cm2), representing a 2.2% improvement over the best-performing untreated device. Additionally, the open-circuit voltage (V OC) increased to 1.08 V, and the fill factor (FF) improved to 80.9%. Beyond the remarkable photoelectric performance, devices treated with the DTD passivation method also exhibited significantly improved stability, retaining 80% of the initial PCE after 1200 h.

Abstract This study introduces a semiempirical physics-based model for threshold voltage shift (ΔVth) in amorphous InGaZnO thin-film transistors subjected to linear and saturation stress conditions, accounting for the interactions of ionized oxygen vacancy (VO2+) redistribution, self-heating (SH) effect, and hot-carrier (HC) effect. Under linear stress, uniform vertical electrical fields cause dominant negative ΔVth by enhancing VO2+ migration, which is exacerbated by SH. In saturation, field reversal close to the drain suppresses VO2+, and localized SH mitigates HC, which leads to a large decrease in degradation. The total ΔVth is the sum of stretched-exponential VO2+ and power-law HC contributions. The kinetics depends on temperature and is affected by channel fields and power dissipation.

The commercialization of perovskite solar cells is hindered by efficiency losses and insufficient stability caused by defects. This work reports a multifunctional additive, 4-(2-imidazolyl)-benzoic acid (IBA), which enables synergistic regulation of perovskite crystallization and efficient passivation of ionic defects owing to the Lewis basic groups and hydrogen bond donors in its molecular structure. The study demonstrates that IBA preferentially binds to the perovskite (100) crystal plane, promoting the formation of high-quality films with larger grains and fewer pinholes. Meanwhile, through coordination and hydrogen bonding interactions, it significantly increases the formation energy of vacancy defects and suppresses ion migration. Consequently, the small-area cell achieves a champion power conversion efficiency of 26.07%. The unencapsulated device retains 81.2% of its initial efficiency after 2000 hours of continuous operation at the maximum power point, demonstrating excellent operational stability. This work realizes synergistic enhancement of crystallization control and defect passivation through molecular design, providing a feasible additive strategy for developing high-efficiency and stable perovskite solar cells.

Abstract Deep-blue phosphorescent OLEDs (Ph-OLEDs) with high efficiency and stability are essential for advanced display technologies, ensuring sharp image quality and enhanced visibility. In this work, we report a novel class of asymmetric [3 + 2 + 1] coordinated iridium(III) complexes incorporate strongly electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl (–CF3) and fluorine (–F) modified N-heterocyclic carbene ligands. This strategic molecular design enables efficient deep-blue emission. Among these complexes, the CF3-substituted Ir(III) complex (CF 3 -2) exhibits pronounced charge-transfer (CT) characteristics and a significantly enhanced radiative decay rate ( $${k}_{r}$$ k r = 1.28 ×10⁶ s-1), enabling rapid and efficient phosphorescence at 443 nm. Devices employing CF 3 -2 demonstrated exceptional maximum external quantum efficiency (EQE max) of up to 29.0%, with emission centered at 443 nm and Commission Internationale de L’Éclairage (CIE) coordinates of (0.147, 0.089), fulfilling National Television System Committee (NTSC) blue standards for high-quality displays. Meanwhile, devices employing CF 3 -1 reached an EQE max of 24.6% with a maximum luminance of 6542 cd m−2 and CIEx,y of (0.152,0.126), demonstrating high color purity and efficiency. A control device fabricated without sensitization using CF 3 -1 further confirms its intrinsic material stability by exhibiting a remarkable operational lifetime of LT50 of 3875 h at L = 100 cd m−2 with CIEx,y of (0.132,0.131). Furthermore, hyper-OLEDs were developed using these complexes as phosphorescent sensitizers. The hyper-OLED incorporating CF 3 -1 with the TADF emitter v-DABNA achieved an impressive device lifetime of LT50 = 2127 h at 100 cd m−2. In parallel, the CF 3 -2-sensitized hyper-OLED using DOB2-DABNA-A achieved a deep-blue emission with CIE coordinates of (0.146, 0.067) and a lifetime of LT50 = 373 h under the same luminance, representing a significant advancement in the practical stability of deep-blue OLEDs. Notably, we demonstrate the successful integration of these deep-blue Ph-OLEDs with OLED-on-TFT microdisplay technology, achieving a pixel resolution of 94 PPI (270 × 270 μm) with programmable emission patterns. This innovative molecular coordination design strategy provides valuable insights into ligand engineering and exciton management, opening new pathways toward high-efficiency, long-lifetime deep-blue OLEDs for next-generation microdisplay and display technologies.

The high-performance perovskite solar cells (PSCs) demand more advanced interfacial modification materials. This study presents a low-cost but highly efficient screening methodology for interface modification materials based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations. The effectiveness of this screen method is verified by experiments. Methyl 1H-1,2,4-triazole-3-carboxylate (TZMC) is screened as a superior interface modification molecule. It passivates defects in perovskite and suppresses ion migration simultaneously through the synergistic effect mechanism. Experimental results also verify the interactions between TZMC and Pb/I ions. TZMC-modified PSCs achieve a champion power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 25.44

The rapid evolution of artificial intelligence presents not only unprecedented opportunities but also significant technical challenges, particularly in the development of next-generation computing hardware. To overcome these hurdles, there is an urgent demand for novel chip architectures that offer both ultralow power consumption and high computational efficiency. Neuromorphic computing, inspired by the neural architecture of the human brain, represents a paradigm shift beyond the conventional von Neumann framework, promising remarkable gains in processing capability. Here, we report an ambipolar transistor array based on a vertically stacked polymer/oxide heterostructure, meticulously engineered to integrate electrical computation with optical sensing within a single device. This transistor enables simultaneous electrical and optical modulation, supporting both synaptic transmission under electrical stimuli and dynamic visual information processing under optical inputs. The integrated array system demonstrates efficient and low-power execution of visual processing, classification, and prediction tasks, highlighting its potential for neuromorphic computing applications such as real-time traffic analysis. Our findings pave the way for multifunctional and energy-efficient neuromorphic hardware capable of bridging the gap between sensing and computation.

ABSTRACT Metal–sulfur batteries (M–S) are recognized as promising candidates for next‐generation energy storage owing to their high theoretical specific energy, potential cost effectiveness, and environmental friendliness of earth‐abundant sulfur. Nevertheless, they still face significant challenges, including the sluggish sulfur conversion dynamics, polysulfide shuttling, and metal dendrite growth. Recent findings reveal that electron spin control overcomes these obstacles via optimizing the efficiency of electrocatalytic M–S chemistry reactions. Therefore, understanding the electron spin's role and regulating it in electrocatalysts is important for enhanced M–S battery performance. In this review, we first discuss the fundamental principles of spin‐driven sulfur conversion and metal deposition. Subsequently, we emphasize advanced strategies for regulating electron spin, involving defect manipulation, heterostructure modulation, single‐atom engineering, and magnetic field regulation. We also summarize the relevant characterization techniques for identifying spin configuration changes. In addition, we review electron spin manipulation optimized M–S batteries, including lithium–sulfur (Li–S), room‐temperature (RT) sodium–sulfur (Na–S), aluminum–sulfur (Al–S), and zinc–sulfur (Zn–S) batteries, offering specific examples and detailed discussion for improving battery application. Finally, this article offers insights into potential research directions in this emerging field, aiming to reveal underlying mechanisms of spin‐state regulation in optimizing catalytic M–S chemistry and stimulate further investigations in spin‐driven high‐energy‐density M–S battery applications.

Searching for low cost, high activity, and stable oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrocatalysts based on earth-abundant Fe, Co, and Ni metals is highly desirable for sustainable hydrogen production. Herein, a novel aggregated nanoparticle-cluster structured FeCoNiGaMo high-entropy oxide composite was fabricated via a facile solution combustion synthesis followed by a post-annealing crystallization process. Structural characterizations show that the architecture can significantly increase the electrochemical active surface area, fully exposing the abundant catalytically active sites. Benefiting from optimized annealing temperature, annealing duration, and glucose-to-urea ratio, the as-obtained catalyst delivers a low overpotential of only 280mV at 10mAcm-2. Furthermore, it demonstrates exceptional long-term durability, operating for over 130hours at 250mAcm-2 with minimal overpotential attenuation and maintaining its structural integrity even after prolonged cycling tests. Systematic characterizations reveal that Mo incorporation serves as the intrinsic driving force for the spontaneous spinel/molybdate phase separation, owing to the coordination incompatibility between Mo6+ and transition-metal cations. This work offers a fresh perspective on the rational design of high-entropy oxide electrocatalysts through phase separation and modulation of heterostructures.

ABSTRACT Self‐assembled monolayers (SAMs) have received increasing interest in the application of perovskite photovoltaics (PV). However, the deposition of SAMs in most of the studies rely on spin‐coating, which is impractical for upscaling applications. In this work, the dip‐coating deposition of SAMs is studied for application in p‐i‐n structured perovskite solar cells. It is found that the dip‐coating can not only replace spin‐coating in device fabrication but also provide improved uniformity and density of the SAM compared to spin‐coating, which leads to enhanced charge extraction with reduced interface defects. Consequently, the perovskite solar cells prepared with the dip‐coated SAM demonstrates an improved power conversion efficiency of 23.5%, providing a new pathway for the commercialization of SAMs‐based perovskite.

The development of wide-bandgap polymer donors with cost-effectiveness is pivotal for advancing the commercialization of organic solar cells (OSCs). However, these materials often suffer from conformational disorder and distortion, due to the presence of multiple rotatable σ-bonds within their conjugated backbones. This study presents a series of simple-structured polymer donors PBDT-TBT-X (X = H, F, and Cl), and systematically investigates the role of the type and strength of noncovalent conformational locks (NoCLs) in regulating backbone conformations, optoelectronic properties, pre-aggregation behavior, and charge transport properties. Remarkably, the dual-locking strategy involving S···O and S···Cl NoCLs achieves the most highly planar conformation with a fully locked backbone. As a result, the binary OSC device based on PBDT-TBT-Cl achieves a power conversion efficiency (PCE) of 16.11%, much higher than its PBDT-TBT-H (6.35%) and PBDT-TBT-F (12.69%) counterparts. Notably, when utilized as a third component, PBDT-TBT-Cl enables a ternary OSC device with a PCE exceeding 20%. This work establishes a clear conformation−property−performance relationship, underscoring the critical role of fully locked conformations in designing high-performance and cost-effective polymer donors.

With increasing interest in investigating the stability of perovskite single-junction and perovskite/silicon tandem cells in outdoor environments, photoluminescence (PL) imaging, a valuable technique to analyze solar cell quality, could greatly benefit studies regarding the performance of these technologies in the field. This study presents outdoor PL images of perovskite-based solar cells, utilizing sunlight as the sole excitation source. Furthermore, it establishes the first proof of concept for quantitative outdoor implied open-circuit voltage (iVOC) imaging. By introducing these novel methods, which rely on inexpensive equipment, this study paves the way for PL and iVOC imaging to become a widely adopted and insightful characterization tool for monitoring the field performance and stability of perovskite-based solar cells.

Machine vision is indispensable in Industry 4.0 and autonomous driving, enabling the perception and reaction necessary to navigate dynamic environments. Current machine vision sensors, including frame-based and event-based types, often fall short due to their limited temporal dynamics compared with the human retina, hindering their overall performance and adaptability. In this work, we present an event-driven retinomorphic photodiode (RPD) that mimics the retina's layered structure and signal pathway. The RPD achieves this by vertically integrating an organic donor-acceptor heterojunction, an ion reservoir with a porous web-like morphology, and a Schottky junction into a single diode through controlled layer-by-layer fabrication and precise nanostructure modulation. Each component replicates a key retinal process, and their spontaneous interaction results in environment-adaptive dynamics. This design yields a dynamic range exceeding 200 dB, substantially reduces noise and data redundancy, and allows for high-density integration. We demonstrate that these improvements enable high-quality machine vision, even under extreme lighting conditions. Our work demonstrates a bottom-up approach to retinomorphic sensors, propelling the development of robust and responsive machine vision systems adaptable to complex and dynamic lighting environments.

Scalable fabrication of efficient wide-bandgap(WBG)perovskite solar cells(PSCs)is crucial to realize the full commercial potential of tandem solar cells.However,there are challenges in fab-ricating efficient methylammonium-free(MA-free)WBG PSCs by blade coating,especially its phase separation and films stability.In this work,an MA-free WBG perovskite ink is developed for preparing FA0.8Cs0.2Pb(I0.75Br0.25)3 films by blade coating in ambient air.Among various A-site iodides,RbI is found to be the most effective in suppress-ing the precipitation of PbI2 induced by Pb(SCN)2 while keeping the enlarged grains.The distribution of Rb suggested that the Rb ions are kept isolated with the perovskite grains during the crystallization and Ostwald ripening processes,which contributes to the formation of the large-grain WBG perovskite film with minimum non-radiative recom-bination.As a result,a power conversion efficiency(PCE)of 23.0％was achieved on small-area WBG PSCs,while mini-modules with an aperture area of 10.5 cm2 exhibited a PCE of 20.2％,among the highest reported for solar cells prepared with WBG perovskites via blade coating.This work presents a scalable and reproducible fabrication strategy for stable MA-free WBG PSCs under ambient conditions,advancing their path toward commercialization.

This work systematically investigates the low-frequency noise (LFN) characteristics of polycrystalline silicon (poly-Si) thin-film transistors (TFTs) under hot-carrier (HC) stress. Notably, after a certain duration of HC stress, an anomalous increase in the normalized noise power spectral density with increasing overdrive voltage is observed for the first time, which challenges the predictions of conventional LFN models. Model fitting and activation energy analyses indicate that the LFN originates from grain boundaries (GBs) and is attributed to a pinning effect caused by increased GB defect density. Furthermore, as HC stress continues, the accumulation of interface state defects leads to a shift in the dominant LFN mechanism from bulk carrier mobility fluctuation to carrier number fluctuation. These findings provide new insights into the degradation physics of poly-Si TFTs and offer guidance for improving device reliability in practical applications.

Self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) have been a game-changer for perovskite solar cells (PSCs), significantly boosting their power conversion efficiency (PCE) to 27% in recent years. This breakthrough has garnered unprecedented attention, leading to significant advancements in the design and synthesis of SAM molecules (SAMols). Additionally, SAMs hold significant promise in addressing the lifetime of PSCs and facilitating their commercialization in terms of diversity, flexibility, and multifunctionality. To date, despite the development of numerous types of SAMols, challenges remain in designing and synthesizing optimal SAMols and achieving ultrastable devices that maintain outstanding PCEs. In this review, we systematically present recent advances in the design of SAMols, focusing on representative examples that have been employed in PSCs. Subsequently, a comprehensive overview of various synthetic pathways for these SAMols is provided for screening the most suitable synthesis method for target SAMols. Finally, challenges and potential opportunities for PSCs applications are highlighted.

Mechanoluminescence (ML) materials with phosphorescent characteristics hold significant potential for applications in pressure sensing and material damage inspection. However, currently reported mechanophosphorescence (MP) materials suffer from low luminescence efficiency and insufficient brightness. Herein, we report a piezoelectric material, p-BPM, with an exceptionally high phosphorescence efficiency of 61.4%, which is the highest value among reported pure organic MP materials. Benefiting from its excellent ML performance, we have developed a display device using crystals that allow for clear observation of the written letter paths (letters M and L), which have promising prospects in pressure-sensitive display. Amazingly, we also observed that the crystals produce bright ultrasound induced luminescence in the medium at a low ultrasonic operating frequency (40 kHz). The composite films of crystal and poly(butylene adipate-co-terephthalate) (PBAT) polymer exhibit significant tensile strength while maintaining effective MP. The composite films show good piezoelectric energy harvesting properties with a maximum open-circuit voltage of 0.47 V and short-circuit current of 0.046 μA, demonstrating promise for precise sonic location. This work will facilitate the development of highly efficient organic MP materials, expanding the potential in stress-monitoring, imaging, and marine robotics.