BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES:Preterm birth (PTB) is a major public health concern worldwide, which may lead to detrimental maternal and neonatal outcomes. Maternal nutritional status, gestational weight gain (GWG), and lifestyle factors are potentially modifiable determinants of adverse pregnancy outcomes. This study examined the association between PTB and maternal GWG and assessed whether maternal dietary habits and lifestyle factors were related to GWG in women delivering preterm versus at term. METHODS:A retrospective case-control study was conducted at a tertiary center in Hungary (MANOR Study, 2019). The case group included n = 100 women with PTB, while n = 200 matched term deliveries served as controls (1:2 ratio). Data were collected using a self-administered questionnaire and medical records. Pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) was categorized using standard definitions, while GWG was classified as inadequate, recommended, or excessive according to the US 2009 Institute of Medicine guidelines. A 7-item dietary index score was calculated based on gestational dietary habits. RESULTS:Pre-pregnancy BMI distribution did not considerably differ between groups (p > 0.05); over one-third of women in both groups were overweight or had obesity (38.7% vs. 36.7%). Previous PTB (p < 0.001) and gestational hypertension (GHT) (p = 0.003) were more common among current PTB cases, while smoking, alcohol consumption, and gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) showed negligible differences (p > 0.05)-28.0% of cases, and 34.5% of controls were classified as having healthy dietary habits, based on the dietary index score calculated. Inadequate GWG was more prevalent among PTB cases (49.0% vs. 26.8%), whereas excessive GWG was less frequent among cases (21.9% vs. 38.4%). Being within the recommended GWG range and the manifestation of gestational hypertension were associated with lower (aOR: 0.39; 95% CI: 0.18-0.87; p = 0.020) and higher (aOR: 3.43; 95% CI: 1.44-8.19; p = 0.005) odds of PTB, respectively. CONCLUSIONS:Inadequate GWG was more common in PTB, while excessive GWG was more frequent in term pregnancies. Fast-food consumption was associated with excessive GWG among term births. Optimizing GWG and improving maternal diet quality should be included as key, cross-cutting interventions targeting the improvement of antenatal care.

IntroductionProblematic pornography use (PPU) is increasingly studied, but different self-report operationalizations may not identify the same individuals. In this study, a structured symptom-checklist-based classification of pornography-watching disorder (PWD) was compared with direct self-identified pornography addiction (SIPA). The present study examined the overlap and divergence between these two classifications and compared their behavioral, sociodemographic, psychosexual, and psychosocial correlates.MethodsData were drawn from a large Hungarian web-based community survey. A total of 8,705 adults provided information on pornography use frequency (PUF) and SIPA, while multivariable analyses were conducted on a complete-case sample of 8,088 participants. Both classifications were based on self-report. PWD was operationalized using ten DSM-5-inspired symptom indicators, with four or more symptoms indicating PWD, whereas SIPA was measured using a single dichotomous self-identification item. Binary logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with symptom-defined PWD and SIPA, followed by multinomial logistic regression examining concordant and discordant profiles.ResultsSymptom-defined PWD was identified in 4.8% of participants, whereas 3.1% identified themselves as addicted to pornography. The overlap between the two classifications was moderate (φ = .430, p <.001). Among participants meeting symptom-based criteria for PWD, 63.7% did not identify themselves as addicted, whereas 43.7% of individuals with SIPA did not meet symptom-based criteria. Symptom-defined PWD was associated with PUF, male sex, greater religiosity, interpersonal difficulties, lower sexual-life satisfaction, earlier exposure to pornography, inadequate sexual education, self-reported sexual disorders, and self-reported paraphilic disorders. In contrast, SIPA was associated primarily with PUF, pornography-related symptom burden, and male sex. Multinomial analyses further showed that individuals who self-identified as addicted despite not meeting symptom-based criteria differed markedly from those with symptom-defined PWD and were distinguished mainly by higher PUF and male sex.DiscussionSymptom-defined PWD and SIPA represent related but non-equivalent operationalizations of problematic pornography involvement. Whereas the checklist-based PWD classification was associated with a broader range of sociodemographic, psychosexual, and psychosocial characteristics, SIPA was associated primarily with PUF and symptom burden. These findings highlight the importance of distinguishing between structured symptom-checklist-based classification and direct self-identification in both research and clinical assessment.

International medical students are exposed to complex cultural and academic environments that require continuous adaptation to both their host society and their culture of origin. This study examines acculturation among international medical students in Hungary using Berry’s Acculturation Theory, which classifies individuals into four categories: Integration, Separation, Assimilation, and Marginalization. A cross-sectional study was conducted among 326 international medical students using a modified Stephenson Multigroup Acculturation Scale and self-reported measures of health behaviours, perceived stress, and mental well-being. Most participants were categorized as either Integration (46.0

Background/Objectives: There is clear evidence that maternal micronutrient deficiencies result in adverse maternal and fetal health outcomes. Therefore, corrective supplementation should be considered when dietary intake is insufficient, particularly for vitamin D (VD), omega-3 fatty acids (O3), folic acid (FA), or prenatal multiple micronutrient products (PMM). Despite its significance, intake patterns in Hungary remain largely unexplored, and evaluating adherence to recommended intake levels would be of even greater importance. This is the first Hungarian study to provide a comprehensive overview of the frequency and adherence patterns of micronutrient supplementation among pregnant women, while also analyzing their association with predictors and outcomes. Methods: This cross-sectional study involved 300 pregnant women who delivered in a university hospital. Data were collected using a self-reported questionnaire and clinical maternal and neonatal records. Results: The prevalence of FA, VD, O3, and PMM intake among the participants was 89.0%, 76.4%, 58.7%, and 67.6%, respectively. However, adherence to recommendations was notably lower: 41.1% for VD, 37.5% for O3, 36% for PMM, and 31% for FA. Higher adherence was associated with older maternal age, higher educational level, county town residence, planned pregnancy, primiparity, previous spontaneous abortion, and early initiation of antenatal care. Our findings refute concerns about the obesogenic effect of supplementation for both mothers and newborns. FA intake correlated with a lower likelihood of cesarean section, while O3 use was associated with improved uterine contractility and reduced risk of gestational diabetes mellitus. Conclusions: Our study underscores the need for individualized counselling on micronutrient supplementation, with particular emphasis on appropriate timing, dosage, and potential benefits.

Introduction: Voluntary bans on smoking inside the home reduce exposure to secondhand smoke, prevent smoking uptake, and support cessation. In Hungary, limited data are available on the temporal changes and correlates of smoke-free household rules. Objective: To examine the prevalence, temporal trend, and sociodemographic correlates of voluntary bans on traditional tobacco smoking inside the home. Method: We conducted a secondary analysis of data from two surveys in 2009 and one in 2022. The unit of analysis was the household. We applied Z-tests, Cochran–Armitage trend tests, and binomial logistic regression with calculation of average marginal effects (AMEs). Results: The proportion of households with a complete ban on smoking inside the home increased in Hungary from 60.6% in 2009 to 75.1% in 2022 (h = 0.3; p<0.01). Nevertheless, in 2022, 25.2% (95% CI: 22.5–28.0%) of children under the age of 18 still lived in households where smoking inside the home was allowed. Financial difficulties (AME ≈ –0.09 to –0.01) and the presence of a smoker in the household (AME ≈ –0.42 to –0.30) had a negative association in all models. The presence of a child under 18 years slightly increased the likelihood of a complete ban (AME ≈ 0.02 to 0.10). Discussion: Although there has been improvement, minors are still not adequately protected from indoor tobacco smoke in all Hungarian households. Conclusion: Our findings highlight the need for targeted health communication and intervention programmes, particularly among disadvantaged households with children and at least one smoker. Orv Hetil. 2025; 166(46): 1818–1826.

Bevezetés: Az egészséges életmód kiemelt fontossága az egészségi állapot alakításában már több évtizedes múltra tekint vissza. Az életmódorvoslásnak többnyire hat pillérét határozzuk meg: mozgás, táplálkozás, alvás, káros szenvedélyek kerülése, stresszmenedzsment és a társas kapcsolatok. Jelenleg Magyarországon, csakúgy, mint a világ más országaiban, az életmódorvoslás a helyét keresi az orvoslás mindennapi gyakorlatában. Tanulmányunk célja az életmódorvoslás történeti hátterének, koncepciójának, nemzetközi és hazai szerveződésének bemutatása, valamint az életmódorvoslás hazai egészségügyi ellátórendszerbe, illetve tágabb értelemben a társadalomba történő integrálási lehetőségeinek feltérképezése. Módszer: Narratív szakirodalmi áttekintés keretében a célkitűzéseknek megfelelően a „szürke” irodalom, illetve a szakirodalom áttekintését végeztük el. Eredmények: Az életmódorvoslás gyökerei az ókori orvoslásig nyúlnak vissza, de önálló szakterületté az 1990-es években kezdett válni. Az amerikai és európai életmódorvosi irányzatoknak megfelelően, több életmódorvosi társaság létezik, hazánkban is. Az megszokott egészségügyi-gyógyítási sémával szakít az életmódorvoslás, amelyben a beteg inkább kliens, a betegségmegelőzés vagy gyógyulás aktív szereplője. Az életmódtanácsadás és életmód-terápia, mint kezelési lehetőség, számos egészségügyi szakmai irányelvben megjelenik, de emellett a megvalósításhoz nélkülözhetetlen ismeretek és tényleges gyakorlati készségek összefoglalása és oktatása is időszerű lenne. Bár több országban az életmódi intervencióknak és koncepciónak kiemelkedően hatékony színtér hálózata és intézményi struktúrája van, hazánkban mindez jelenleg még hiányosan és esetlegesen működik a gyakorlatban. Magyarországon az életmódorvoslás humánerőforrás rendszere jelenleg még formálódik, képzési szinten specializáció egyedül a megelőző orvostan és népegészségtan szakorvosképzésben jelenik meg. Az életmódorvosi intervenciók vezetője ajánlott, hogy egy orvos legyen, mellette pedig mozgásterapeuta, dietetikus, lehetőség szerint pszichológus vagy mentálhigiénikus, valamint számos további egészségügyi és nem egészségügyi végzettségű szakember munkája is elengedhetetlen, akik az életmódorvoslás pilléreinek megvalósításában segítő szerepet játszanak. Az életmód-terápia finanszírozása komplex és részben kívül esik a hagyományos egészségügyi ellátórendszeri finanszírozáson. Hazánkban a központi finanszírozás mellett alternatív finanszírozási formákat is alkalmaznak elsősorban a fizikai aktivitást elősegítő mozgásprogramoknál. Következtetések: Az életmódtényezők napjainkban az emberiség, így a hazai társadalom egyik legjelentősebb egészséget befolyásoló tényezői. Az életmódorvoslásnak éppen ezért kiemelt orvosi, egészségügyi szakterületnek kellene lenni, integrálása pedig a hagyományos orvosi ellátásba kulcsfontosságú lesz a krónikus betegségek terhének csökkentése és az emberek egészségének javítása érdekében.

Background/Objectives: Human papillomavirus (HPV)-attributable cancers are a major public health problem worldwide. However, HPV vaccination rates vary significantly and are often not optimal. This study aimed to assess the effects of multilevel interventions on improving HPV vaccination. Methods: A systematic literature review and a meta-analysis were carried out, taking into account randomized controlled trials. Outcomes of interest were HPV vaccination initiation and completion. A random-effect meta-analysis using the generic inverse variance method was carried out, with a risk ratio (RR) with a 95% confidence interval (CI) as the pooled effect estimate. Results: A literature search identified 15 relevant studies, all conducted in high-income countries. Multilevel interventions significantly improved HPV vaccination coverage and initiation (RR = 1.26, 95% CI 1.16–1.38, p < 0.00001 and RR = 1.14, 95% CI 1.04–1.24, p = 0.004, respectively) compared to usual care. Sensitivity analyses showed that the results remained relatively robust. Subgroup analysis by targeted levels of intervention indicated that multilevel interventions had an effect across all comparisons and outcomes except for HPV vaccination completion for interventions that targeted four levels of influence. Conclusions: Based on evidence from high-income settings, multilevel interventions are effective in improving HPV vaccination rates. Future studies should expand the focus to areas with limited resources too and aim to provide more detailed data, avoid registering outcomes via self-report, and create sustainable strategies that can persist beyond a study’s duration and possibly become part of policies for improving HPV vaccination coverage.

Bevezetés: A dohányzás lakáson belüli tiltása csökkenti a másodlagos dohányfüstnek való kitettséget, megelőzi a rászokást, és elősegíti a leszokást. Magyarországon kevés adat áll rendelkezésre a dohányfüstmentes háztartási szabályok időbeli változásáról és korrelátumairól. Célkitűzés: A hagyományos dohányzás lakáson belüli önkéntes tiltásának prevalenciáját, időbeli trendjét és szociodemográfiai korrelátumait feltáró vizsgálat. Módszer: Két 2009-ben és egy 2022-ben felvett kérdőíves kutatás adatainak másodelemzését végeztük el. Az elemzési egység a háztartás volt. Z-próbát, Cochran–Armitage-trendtesztet és binomiális logisztikus regressziót alkalmaztunk átlagos marginális hatásérték (AME) számításával. Eredmények: A dohányzás lakáson belüli teljes tiltásának aránya 2009 és 2022 között 60,6%-ról 75,1%-ra emelkedett (h = 0,3; p<0,01) Magyarországon. Ennek ellenére 2022-ben a 18 év alatti gyermekek 25,2%-a (95% CI 22,5–28,0%) továbbra is olyan háztartásban élt, ahol megengedett volt a beltéri dohányzás. A pénzügyi nehézségek (AME ≈ –0,09 – –0,01) és a legalább egy dohányzó háztartástag (AME ≈ –0,42 – –0,30) minden modellben negatív hatást mutatott. 18 éven aluli gyermek jelenléte a háztartásban enyhén növelte a teljes tiltás valószínűségét (AME ≈ 0,02–0,10). Megbeszélés: Bár a lakáson belüli tiltás terén javulás tapasztalható, a 18 éven aluliakat továbbra sem védi megfelelően a beltéri dohányfüsttől minden magyar háztartás. Következtetés: Eredményeink célzott egészségkommunikációs és intervenciós beavatkozások szükségességére hívják fel a figyelmet, különösen a hátrányos helyzetű és dohányzó taggal rendelkező gyermekes háztartások körében. Orv Hetil. 2025; 166(46): 1818–1826.

Background The widespread availability of internet-based pornography has led to growing concerns about its impact on mental health, particularly among young adults. Despite increasing recognition of problematic pornography use, standardized diagnostic criteria for pornography addiction are lacking. Objective This study aimed to address this gap by applying adapted DSM-5 (Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders [Fifth Edition]) criteria to evaluate “pornography-watching disorder” (PWD) in a large sample of young adults in Hungary. The primary objective was to assess the prevalence of PWD among young adults and identify key risk factors associated with its development using DSM-5 criteria adapted for pornography use. It also aimed to advance the understanding of PWD as a potential behavioral addiction. Methods A cross-sectional web-based survey was conducted between September and December 2018, targeting young adults aged 18-35 years in Hungary. Participants were recruited through social media and the University of Szeged Albert Szent-Györgyi Medical School’s web page. Of the 9397 respondents, 7187 (76.5%) had previously consumed pornography and were included in the analysis. PWD was measured using 10 statements adapted from the DSM-5 substance use disorder criteria. Multivariable binary logistic regression was used to identify significant predictors of PWD. Results The prevalence of PWD in the sample was 4.4% (n=315). Frequent pornography consumption was a significant risk factor, with weekly users (odds ratio [OR] 0.45, 95% CI 0.33-0.62, P<.001), monthly users (OR 0.18, 95% CI 0.11-0.28, P<.001), and less than monthly users (OR 0.05, 95% CI 0.03-0.10, P<.001) showing significantly lower odds compared with daily users as a reference category. Male sex was associated with a higher risk (OR 0.53, 95% CI 0.39-0.72, P<.001), as were early exposure to pornography (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.98, P=.006), paraphilia (OR 3.95, 95% CI 2.37-6.56, P<.001), dissatisfaction with sexual life (OR 0.94, 95% CI 0.90-0.98, P=.006), difficulty forming personal relationships (OR 0.93, 95% CI 0.88-0.98, P=.005), and strong adherence to religious norms (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.06-1.19, P<.001). Protective factors included adequate sexual education (OR 0.67, 95% CI 0.53-0.87, P=.02) and residing in the capital (OR 0.52, 95% CI 0.30-0.91, P=.02). The use of an anonymous web-based questionnaire likely reduced the influence of stigma, resulting in more accurate self-reporting of sensitive behaviors. Conclusions This study is among the first to apply DSM-5 criteria to evaluate PWD, providing important insights into its prevalence and associated risk factors in young adults. The findings highlight the need for standardized diagnostic tools for PWD and suggest targeted interventions, particularly for high-risk groups. These results contribute to the ongoing discussion about whether pornography addiction should be recognized as a distinct behavioral disorder.

Perinatal depression is one of the most common mental illnesses in women. The aim of this study was to assess the association of life stressors, perceived stress, obstetric and neonatal complications, and depressive symptoms in the early postpartum period and to compare these variables in two groups of women (preterm and term deliveries). Methods: A case–control study was conducted among 300 women who gave birth in 2019 at the University of Szeged. Cases included women with preterm deliveries (<37 weeks, n = 100), and the controls included women with term deliveries (≥37 weeks, n = 200). Data were collected during postpartum hospital stays through a self-administered questionnaire (containing validated questionnaires: the Holmes–Rahe Life Stress Inventory, the Perceived Stress Scale (PSS-14), and the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS)) and the medical records of women and newborns. A descriptive statistical analysis and logistic regression were used to identify predictors of high EPDS scores (≥10). Results: Perceived stress levels were significantly higher among cases than controls (p < 0.001). Higher perceived stress was associated with a higher risk of depression in cases (OR: 1.31, 95% CI: 1.17–1.48, p < 0.001) and controls (OR: 1.33, 95% CI: 1.21–1.45, p < 0.001), too. Newborn complications were associated with an increased perinatal depression risk in the controls (OR: 2.48, 95% CI: 1.05–5.91; p = 0.039) but not in the cases (OR: 2.79, 95% CI: 0.79–9.85; p = 0.111). It is supposed that premature birth was stressful itself, and women with preterm babies were less sensitive to any complications occurring in their newborns compared to women with term newborns. Neither maternal age, education, nor obstetric complications predicted depressive symptoms. Conclusions: Our findings highlight the impact of maternal perceived stress and newborns’ health status on the risk of developing depression during the early postpartum period. These results emphasize the need for ongoing screening and follow-up measures, especially for women with higher EPDS scores.

Vaccine hesitancy (VH) is an issue for healthcare students, influenced by safety concerns and misinformation. The need for better communication training and understanding sociocultural factors in VH was highlighted in a European University Alliance seminar. Practical exercises like simulation role-playing, interprofessional collaboration, and digital literacy may improve vaccine education.

Tooth brushing at least twice a day is a crucial role for the prevention and control of dental caries and periodontal diseases. The aim of the current study was to examine the prevalence of poor oral hygiene (tooth brushing less than two times per day) and to identify the associated factors among adolescents in Mongolia. We analyzed data from the 2019 Mongolian Global School-based Health Survey (GSHS) conducted nationwide among 10–18-year-old students. Univariable and multivariable analyses were performed to assess the correlates of poor oral hygiene. Overall, 35.6% of the adolescents reported to have poor oral hygiene in 2019. Multivariable analysis showed a significant association in the total sample of poor oral hygiene with male gender, poor hand hygiene behaviors including did not wash hand before eating, did not wash hand after toilet and handwashing without soap, being bullied, lack of close friends, smoking, exposure to second-hand smoke, physical inactivity and sedentary behavior. Several factors, including hand hygiene behaviors, mental distress, substance use, and health risk behaviors were found to be associated, which can aid in designing school-based dental health education intervention strategies to help students to develop habits that improve their health.

In Hungary, 3.5 million adults played video games regularly in 2022. Video gaming is most common in the 18-25 years age group, and among schoolchildren, almost half of students are players. Excessive gaming is a recognized disease ( DSM-5: internet gaming disorder; ICD 11: gaming disorder). The aim of our study was to examine the health status of video gamers in a complex way, including their sociodemographic characteristics, lifestyle, mental and physical health. Further goal was to develop an effective questionnaire, which can identify the lifestyle-related risk factors. The sample was divided into gamers (playing >1h/day) and casuals (<1h/day). Most of gamers were men in their twenties. More than two-thirds started to play >10 years prior. The proportion of overweight and obese individuals was significantly higher among gamers compared to casuals (p=.001). Mean body mass index (BMI) of both gamers and casuals was 23.69 +/- 4.17 kg/m(2). Gamers ate less often (p=.001), omitted breakfast more frequently (p=.030), ate snack during gaming (p=.020), consumed soft drinks (p=.010) and energy drinks (p<.001). Almost half of respondents performed intense physical activity >= 3 times/week and more than two-thirds slept <8 hours/day. No connection was found between video games and having chronic illnesses or taking prescription drugs as part of treatment. Self-declared presence of video game addiction was 16.2% in the gamer's group. The next step should be a nationwide survey with our improved questionnaire, focusing more on the lifestyle characteristics and distinguishing between time spent sitting while video gaming or while working or studying.

Adequate vitamin D (VD) intake during pregnancy is needed for fetal development and maternal health maintenance. However, while there is no doubt regarding its importance, there is not a unified recommendation regarding adequate intake. The main aim of our study was to measure the VD serum level of studied women, together with its potential influencing factors: demographic (i.e., age, level of education, relationship status and type of residence), conception and pregnancy related factors. Results are based on secondary data analyses of a retrospective case–control study of 100 preterm and 200 term pregnancies, where case and control groups were analyzed together. Data collection was based on a self-administered questionnaire, health documentation, and maternal serum VD laboratory tests. VD intake was evaluated by diet and dietary supplement consumption. According to our results, 68.1% of women took some kind of prenatal vitamin, and only 25.9% of them knew about its VD content. Only 12.1% of included women reached the optimal, 75 nmol/L serum VD level. Higher maternal serum levels were associated with early pregnancy care visits (p = 0.001), assisted reproductive therapy (p = 0.028) and advice from gynecologists (p = 0.049). A correlation was found between VD intake and serum levels (p < 0.001). Despite the compulsory pregnancy counselling in Hungary, health consciousness, VD intake and serum levels remain below the recommendations. The role of healthcare professionals is crucial during pregnancy regarding micronutrients intake and the appropriate supplementation dose.

A szembetegségek és a következményes látáskárosodás világszerte egyre nagyobb problémát jelentenek. 2020-ban világszerte 1,1 milliárd látáskárosodott személyt tartottak számon, akik közül 43 millióan éltek vaksággal. A legjobb megoldás a szembetegségek csökkenésére a prevenció. Összefoglaló közleményünkben a szemészeti kórképeket és azok megelőzési lehetőségeit elemeztük, a téma szempontjából releváns hazai és nemzetközi epidemiológiai adatok, közlemények, valamint szakmai irányelvek alapján. A szembetegségek, különösen az életkorral összefüggő kórképek (pl. szürkehályog) előfordulási gyakorisága Magyarországon is növekvő tendenciát mutat, így a prevenció lehetőségeinek feltárása itthon is aktuális és fontos népegészségügyi feladat. A primer prevenció az életmód, a táplálkozás tudatos alakításán keresztül ad esélyt a szembetegségek kialakulásának megakadályozására, progressziójának lassítására. A szekunder prevenció az életkornak és a rizikócsoportoknak megfelelő szűrővizsgálatok révén segíti a korai diagnózis felállítását, és ezáltal a mielőbbi adekvát kezelés elindítását. A tercier prevenció lényege pedig a látásukban már sérült emberek rehabilitációja, életminőségének és társadalmi megítélésének javítása. Mindhárom szinten számos lehetőség áll rendelkezésünkre, melyek segítségével a szemészeti ellátásra nehezedő teher hatékonyan mérsékelhető a mindennapi gyakorlatban.

BACKGROUND:Medical students are more likely to have various physical and psychological issues, but less information is available about the healthcare-seeking behaviour for physical and mental health issues. The aim of this study is to determine the factors affecting medical students' healthcare-seeking when visiting a general practitioner (GP) and/or psychologist.METHODS:688 medical students (326 International and 362 Hungarian,) participated in a cross-sectional study. The information was gathered using a self-administered online questionnaire and covered socio-demographic background, health behaviour, general and mental health status and healthcare-seeking. For analysing adjusted associations, multivariable logistic regression models were used.RESULTS:Overall, 56.8% of medical students visit the GP; and 17.2%, the psychologist. Hungarian medical students visited the GP with chronic diseases, International medical students were more likely to visit a GP when they encountered sexual activity and had chronic diseases. Moreover, there was a significant correlation between sex, alcohol consumption, and perceived stress in the total sample of psychologist visits. When Hungarian medical students were in their clinical years and had a poor self-rated mental health, they were more likely to visit a psychologist. Whereas female international medical students and those who had poor self-rated mental health were more likely to seek psychological help.CONCLUSION:Students visit a GP and/or psychologist is associated with a variety of factors, including socio-demographic background, health behaviours, and health issues. Medical schools should encourage help-seeking behaviours and early disclosure of medical students. Their ability to grasp healthcare attitudes and designing treatments will be important for both their academic success and future profession.

Abstract Background Adequate level of health literacy (HL) is an important factor in pregnancy. Low HL may increase the risk of maternal and fetal complications (e.g., gestational diabetes mellitus, low birth weight). This study aimed to measure the levels of maternal HL and its associations with the consumption of folic acid (FoA), vitamin D (VD), and omega-3 fatty acids (FAs) during pregnancy in Hungarian women. Methods The questionnaire-based study was conducted at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Szeged among women who gave birth between June and September 2023 (N = 294). Sociodemographic, lifestyle, conception and pregnancy related questions were asked. HL was measured by the Maternal Health Literacy Inventory in Pregnancy (MHELIP) questionnaire (after the Hungarian adaptation); it contains 48 items representing four subscales (maternal health knowledge, search for maternal health information, assessment of maternal health information, and maternal health decision making and behavior). Data analysis was performed by SPSS 29.0. (Ethical permission: 5351) Results The mean age of women was 31.53 +-4.75 years. During pregnancy 84.5% of women consumed FoA, 61.8% VD and 41.8% omega-3 FAs. The total mean score of MHELIP on a scale 0-100 was 78.93 (95%CI: 77.77-80.08); the score of “search for maternal health information” subscale was the lowest [57.68 (95%CI: 56.20-59.16)], and the score of “maternal health decision making and behavior” was the highest [86.75 (95%CI: 85.62-87.87)]. Omega-3 FAs and VD consumption was significantly higher in women with higher total and subscales mean scores (except “search for maternal health information”), while FoA consumption was significant in case of “assessment of maternal health information”. (The results are preliminary.) Conclusions The association between micronutrient consumption and HL supports that using this tool during pregnancy the mothers who needs more support and health information can be identified. Key messages • The Maternal Health Literacy Inventory in Pregnancy questionnaire is a reliable tool for measuring health literacy in Hungarian pregnant women. • Maternal health literacy plays an important role in the healthier lifestyle, including prenatal vitamin/micronutrient consumption.

Female sexual dysfunction (FSD) has a negative impact on women’s quality of life, self-esteem, and physical health. The aim of the present study was to explore the prevalence and the factors associated with FSD using an online questionnaire. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among young adults (18−35 years old) in Hungary using the DSM-5 criteria. The participants (n = 5942) were divided into three major groups: FSD (20.3%), an intermediate group (43.9%), and a control group (35.6%). Most of the women showing FSD were affected with female orgasmic disorder (9.2%) and genito-pelvic pain/penetration disorder (4.6%), while female sexual interest/arousal disorder was found in altogether 100 women (1.7%); 4.8% of women were affected by more than one definite disorder. The occurrence of female sexual dysfunction was related to the women’s previous sexual history (first sexual experience, sexual education, early encounter with pornographic content, and sexual abuse), their self-satisfaction (with their own body, genitalia, and sexual attraction), and their sexual orientation. Sexual dysfunction showed a strong association with abuse, sexually transmitted diseases, and self-esteem. The present study identified the relationship between sexual dysfunctions and other health conditions, which can be the basis for some form of screening and early assistance programs for FSD.

Introduction: Knowledge and prejudices of medical students regarding marginalised patient groups can influence their interactions with patients.Objective: The perceptions of medical students from the point of view of which social groups they would be less likely to accept as patients.Method: Medical students of the University of Szeged completed a voluntary, anonymous questionnaire (n = 410) in 2021, which included several groups of questions (sociodemographic characteristics, family background, career choice motivations, shaping of medical identity, future professional plans, working during university; warmth and competence, social distance, own experiences among 19 social groups).Results: Students were least likely to meet abusers, vaccine deniers and prisoners in their future work. Female medical students were more reluctant to meet abusers, while their male counterparts homeless, alcoholic, AIDS and psychi-atric patients, and senior students the vaccine denial group and AIDS patients. Their experiences with different social groups also varied widely. Most of them personally knew Romani people, drug users, psychiatric patients and alcohol-ics. In clinical practice, they encountered Romani people, alcoholics and psychiatric patients the most. During their education, they heard most often about vaccine deniers, alcoholics, Romani people, homeless people, AIDS patients.Discussion: Overall, the students were accepting patients from different social groups. However, their personal and educational experiences behind their prejudices were very diverse.Conclusion: It would be important to strive to meet and get to know different social groups during university studies in behavioural sciences and public health as well as during clinical work, so that students can learn to communicate with them appropriately.