Background: Laboratory animal models were frequently used to assess the efficiency of newly made ventilators. Assessment of efficiency of these ventilators may be useful for human patients affected with respiratory distress or COVID-19.Methods: Rabbits were randomly divided into four groups viz., negative control, positive control (ARDS induced), induced ARDS and co-treated with referral ventilator (VR), ARDS induced and co-treated with experimental ventilator (VE). The groups were assessed by measuring the BGA, vitals, tidal volume (VT) and other ventilator parameters.Result: SpO2 of control group (98.75±0.25) did not reveal any significant difference with VR -1 hr (97.75±0.63), VR-3 hrs (97.75±0.95), VE-1 hr (96.75±1.11) and VE-3hrs (97.25±0.85). While comparing with other groups, ARDS group (61±7.69) revealed a highly significant decrease (p less than 0.01) in the SpO2 level. PEEP of control and other groups were found to be equal (4±0.00).

Non-small cell lung cancer is a type of lung cancer, where healthy cells in the lungs grow out of control forming a tumor or a nodule. Although small cell lung cancer and non-small cell lung cancer share few common symptoms and causes, their rate of spread or metastasis differs significantly. Targeted gene therapies involving uses of targeted drugs against specific gene or protein are increasingly being used for the treatment of lung cancer. This study aims at understanding the efficacy of the bioactive compounds over the already existing chemotherapy drug- Gemcitabine. For this study, the target receptor proteins of Non-Small Cell Lung Cancer (NSCLC) were retrieved from Protein Data Bank (PDB) and the ligand compounds were retrieved using PubChem NCBI. Based on various research studies, four target proteins from NSCLC and sixteen bioactive compounds of Curculigoorchioides (Black musale) were selected. And their effect of bioactive compounds has been studied by means of in-silico approach and further the identified potential active compounds have been compared with control. This comparative in-silico study has predicted that the bioactive principle of Curculigoorchioides has better efficacy against cancer receptors and can considered as an effective alternative drug for cancer treatment. Concluding, the present study will be useful in future for designing novel therapeutic plant-based drug with higher efficacy for the treatment of lung cancer.

Inflammation is associated with many pathological conditions such as arthritis, inflammatory bowel syndrome, cancer, etc. The side effects associated with the long term use of current anti-inflammatory drugs necessitates the need for the development of new drug with fewer side effects. The present study was aimed at evaluating anti-oxidant and anti-inflammatory activity of Azima tetracantha root bark, a plant widely used by tribal people and in Siddha medicine for the treatment of arthritis and rheumatism. Aqueous and methanolic extracts of Azima tetracantha root bark were prepared. Total phenol, flavoid, alkaloid, terpenoid and saponin content were analyzed. The anti-oxidant activity was determined by DPPH assay and total antioxidant capacity. The anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated by carrageenan induced paw edema model in rats. The total phenol and flavonoid contents were higher in methanolic extract compared to aqueous extract. The extracts were found to have anti-oxidant activity and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in both male and female rats with highest average inhibition at 400 mg/kg. The results confirm the traditional use of this plant against inflammatory disorders and could be source for the development of novel drugs.

Colon cancer is the third most frequent cancer in humans. Carica papaya leaves are vegetable foods consumed by most people around the world; it has potential as an anticancer. Therefore it is of interest to investigate the effect of Carica papaya on beta catenin and Wnt mRNA expression in human colon cancer (HT-29) cells in vitro. Human Colon cancer cell line (HT-29) was purchased from the National Centre for Cell Sciences, Pune, India. Cell viability test was done by MTT assay. Gene expression analysis was done by Real Time-PCR. The obtained data were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test with Graph Pad Prism version 5 to analyze the significance of individual variations among the control and experimental groups. The significance was considered at p<0.05 level in Duncan's test. Carica papaya caused a marked increase in cell death in a dose dependent manner. At the end of 48 hours, maximum inhibition was at 300 and 400 µg/ml. Carica papaya has significantly reduced the mRNA expression of Wnt and beta catenin (p<0.05). Data showed that Carica papaya leaf extract has anticancer activity on Colon cancer cell lines (HT-29).

Background: Lung cancer is considered as one of the most common causes for cancer-related death globally. Carica papaya is one of the most well-known traditional medicines to treat diseases, and is also known to treat cancer and help in cancer prevention. The study investigates the effect of Carica seed extract on inhibitory kappa B kinase beta and mTOR mRNA expression in lung cancer cells (A549 cells). Methods: Cell viability test was assessed using MTT assay. mRNA expression of inhibitory kappa B kinase beta and mTOR mRNA was analyzed by real-time PCR. The results was analysed statistically by ANOVA and Duncan multiple range test with graphpad prism version 5 software. p<0.05 was considered significant. Results: It was observed that there wasmaximum inhibition (50%) at 400-500µg/ml of Carica seed extract. It was also found that the fold change over control of mTOR mRNA expression was significant at 500µg/ml of Carica seed extract and the fold change over control of IKKB mRNA expression was significant (p<0.05) at 400µg/ml in cancer cells treated with Carica seed extract. Conclusion: Thus concluding that Carica seed extract has been found to have significant anticancer property on A549 lung cancer cell lines, and can be used as a natural product in combating lung cancer.

Antimicrobial resistance among bacterial strains has emerged out to be a serious threat and contributes to the loss of effectiveness of the common antibiotics. New Delhi metallo-β-lactamase-1 (blaNDM-1) is an enzyme present in several pathogenic bacteria with a high incidence in Klebsiella pneumoniaie and plays a crucial role in the development of antibacterial resistance. Mur enzymes are also important alternative drug targets in addition to blaNDM-1 which are crucial for the survival of the bacteria. Vitex negundoi is an aromatic medicinaltree with proven antibacterial properties. Fifteen compounds from V. negundo were evaluated for their inhibitory effects on the target proteins blaNDM-1, Mur C, Mur E and Mur F of K. pneumoniae through molecular docking using the Glide (xp) module of Schrodinger. ADME toxicity was also predicted for all the fifteen compounds in the QikProp module. The docking results revealed that the compounds agnuside, negundoside and isoorientin showed promising inhibitory effects on all four targets blaNDM-1, Mur C, Mur E and Mur F of K. pneumoniae with docking scores greater than -7 kcal/mol and reasonable hydrogen bond interactions. The findings of this study provide a lead for developing novel drugs against potent multidrug-resistant K. pneumoniae.

Introduction: Diabetes is one among the foremost serious chronic illnesses within the world due to its prevalence, economic and social effects, and negative impact on the standard of lifetime of the affected people. Diabetes may cause blindness, slow wound healing, heart attack, stroke and dysfunction of the kidney.. Many anti diabetic drugs may show side effects. An appropriate dietary element may additionally prevent these unwanted effects. Both Amla and Fenugreek are natural medicines and have no side effects. Aim: The aim of this study is to analyse the anti diabetic action of amla and fenugreek in borderline diabetes. The present study included 40 volunteers with borderline with 20 in each group. Amla group and fenugreek group volunteers consumed Amla and fenugreek juice for a period of one month in the empty stomach. PPBS was taken before and after one month of intake of amla and fenugreek juice. The results were analysed statistically using SPSS software. P value less than 0.05 was considered significant. From this study, it was observed that amla and fenugreek juice showed a decrease in blood glucose level. The mean value of PPBS before administration of amla was 149.60 +/- 5.8 (mg/dl) and after amla was 132.4 +/- 11.65 (mg/dl). The mean value of PPBS before fenugreek administration was 151.2 +/- 6.8 (mg/dl) and after was 112.10 +/- 12.31 (mg/dl). Significant decrease in blood sugar was observed on administration of amla (p< 0.000) and though there was decrease in blood sugar levels, it was not statistically significant (p> 0.05). The study concluded that the administration of amla and fenugreek juice had pronounced effects on maintaining normal blood glucose level with negligible adverse effects.

Background: Lung cancer is one of the most common primary malignant tumour types in numerous countries. Non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is one of the deadliest cancers which is present in this world. Dopamine, which is secreted in the brain, is a neurotransmitter as it acts as a chemical messenger between neurons. Dopamine receptor D2(DRD2) has multiple roles in clinical progression of NSCLC and is also useful in functional maintenance of cancer cells. It has been proved that regular exercise improves quality of life in cancer patients.The main aim of this study is to assess the anti proliferative effect of endogenous dopamine replicas in human lung cancer cells(A549) through PI3K and AKT signalling pathway.. Materials and Methods: Human lung cancer cell line (A549) was brought from the National Centre for Cell Sciences (NCCS),Pune,India. Cell viability test was done by MTT assay. Gene expression analysis was done by Real Time-PCR. The obtained data were analysed statistically by one-way analysis of variance and Duncan's multiple range test with Graph Pad Prism version 5 to analyse the significance. The significance was considered at p<0.05 level in Duncan's test. Results: The Bcl-2, PI3K and Akt gene expression is reduced on induction of 100 and 200 mu g/ml (dosage) of Dopamine with significant difference in comparison with control. Exercise induced Dopamine caused a marked increase in cell death in a dose dependent manner. At the end of 48 hours, maximum inhibition was at 100 and 200 mu g/ml. Dopamine reduces the expression of Bcl-2, PI3K and Akt compared to the control cells. Conclusion: From the obtained results and within the limits of the study, it can be concluded that exercise induced endogenous Dopamine has a massive anti-cancer potential against Lung cancer by interrupting PI3K/Akt signalling molecules as an anti-proliferative agent. Future studies should be conducted on a large scale to make this context evident.

Colorectal cancer is a one of the leading causes of death globally and its clinical management of cancer involves chemotherapy. Increase in the development of resistance to the drugs used in the cancer treatment and serious side effects associated with chemotherapeutic drugs are the major limitations in cancer therapy. Hence, there exists a huge need to develop safer natural therapeutic products for cancer therapy. In this study, ethanolic extract of Stoechospermum marginatum was evaluated for its anticancer activity. The cytotoxicity of S. marginatum extract was evaluated on HT-29 cells by MTT assay. Trypan blue cell viability was also carried out to evaluate cytotoxicity and antiproliferative effect. The apoptosis-inducing potential of the extract was analyzed by acridine orange and ethidium bromide dual staining method, mitochondria' membrane potential assay and FITC Annexin V-Propidium iodide staining method. The ethanolic extract of S. marginatum showed significant dose-dependent cytotoxicity in HT-29 cells Treatment with S. marginatum extract increased number of apoptotic cells in HT-29 cells and caused damage to mitochondria' membrane potential. The findings of the present study confirmed in vitro anticancer activity of ethanolic extract S. marginatum

Stress is a feeling of emotional or physical tension. It can be triggered by any event or thought that causes you to feel dissatisfied, angry, or anxious. The body’s response to a challenge or demand is known as stress. The importance of developing cost-effective stress reduction interventions is high due to the difficulty of reducing or preventing stress without professional help and the large demand for non-pharmacological stress reduction interventions. Music therapy is the clinical application of musical therapies to improve a client’s quality of life based on scientific evidence. Music therapists use both active and receptive music experiences to help clients improve their health in cognitive, motor, emotional, communicative, social, sensory, and educational domains by using music and its many facets, which include physical, emotional, mental, social, aesthetic, and spiritual domains. Nowadays, stress is increasingly widespread among all individuals all over the world, and people are more aware of it than ever before. This chapter may assist the general public in gaining a broad understanding of the role of music therapy in stress management, as well as assisting individuals in self-recovery.

BACKGROUND: Colorectal cancer is the third and second leading cancer in men and women. It is the fourth and third death causing cancer in men and women, first occurring in the large intestine. Superoxide dismutase is a key antioxidant enzyme scavenging the superoxide radial. The superoxide dismutase is induced and helps to prevent colorectal cancer because it is a natural antioxidant present inside the body. The physical exercise helps to prevent colorectal cancer and also it increases the production of superoxide dismutase in the body. The lifestyle, obesity leads to cancer which can be prevented by physical exercise and it also induces the superoxide dismutase. AIM: To analyse the endogenous superoxide dismutase as a potential inhibitor for PI3K/AKT signaling to colorectal cancer. MATERIALS AND METHODS: It is a bioinformatic study that was conducted in a private dental college. The endogenous superoxide dismutase which is produced by exercises is used as the target protein. Retrieval of AKT, mTOR,PI3K protein from protein bank and Patchdock methods is used to find interaction between proteins. The interaction is visualised by using pymol colours intensity. The pdbsum was used to identify types of interaction occurring between the docking complex. RESULT: The result showed SOD and Akt, mToR, PI3K complexes were best in terms of global energy and atomic contact energy and also had a good number of hydrogen bonds interaction and hydrophobic contactsThe superoxide dismutase which can be produced by exercise has a positive interaction with AKT, PI3K and mTOR and it acts as a potential inhibitor for PI3K/AKT signaling and it acts as a protective factor in the colorectal cancer. CONCLUSION: From the study it is concluded that the role of exercise in producing the endogenous superoxide dismutase is suggested to act as a potential inhibitor for PI3K/AKT signaling in colorectal cancer. The exercise may help to maintain health by modulating PI3K/AKT signaling and acts as a protective factor in preventing and controlling colorectal cancer

INTRODUCTION: Pregnancy is a condition that brings about both physiological and hormonal changes in the body. The most significant change during pregnancy is the increased production of pregnancy hormones like progesterone and estrogen. The alterations in the hormone bring about various systemic diseases, from which periodontal diseases are higher in prevalence. The oral cavity exhibits a various number of changes during pregnancy. The common changes in oral health that occur during pregnancy are dental caries, gingivitis, periodontitis, etc. The outcome of pregnancy can also be affected because of the maintenance of poor oral health during pregnancy. Poor oral health can even cause preterm delivery, low birth weight, and also the risk of developing caries among infants. Aim: The study aims to create awareness of the impact of pregnancy on oral health. The online survey comprises a set of self-developed questionnaires that were circulated. The population associated with the study was 120. The information gathered was examined using SPSS software. The outcomes were expressed in pie diagrams and bar charts. From the study, 55.67% of the population were not aware that gingivitis can affect pregnant women, 57.50% of the population were not aware of precautions to be taken to prevent gingivitis. CONCLUSION: The study concludes that knowledge should be created through oral education and the maintenance of oral health hygiene like brushing the teeth twice a day with fluoridated toothpaste, a balanced diet, use of dental floss, and regular dental checkup.

Introduction: Diabetes mellitus has reached the early stages of a pandemic in India and is estimated to reach upto 440 million by 2030. It can be caused due to several genetic and environmental factors and has been linked with neuropathy and myocardial infarction. Its high prevalence in India calls for the need for finding the awareness of the disease and its complication in the country. Materials and methods: We created a questionnaire on an online setting, consisting of 11 questions and we sent the questionnaire to 100 people and this questionnaire covered a large variety of questions. Upon conducting the survey, we collected the data and was analysed through SPSS statistics software and descriptive analysis was used to create pie charts and comparative charts. Result: It was found that 84% of the respondents were aware of the complications of Diabetes Mellitus. Diabetes Mellitus causes several complications, some of which are kidney complications which 28% of the respondents were aware of and a similar percentage were aware of eyes getting affected, 22% were aware of infections while the remaining 22% were not aware of the complications. Conclusion: It was found that while men have higher awareness about the symptoms, women had more awareness of the dangers of diabetes mellitus and in general there was awareness but it was not explicitly high. To achieve high levels of awareness concerted efforts must be made to spread awareness of these diseases and means of how it must be prevented.

INTRODUCTION: Smoking cigarettes all through pregnancy is one of the most significant avoidable reasons for unfriendly pregnancy results and is found to be the principal major ecological danger of the unborn. When compared with the other hazard factors in the perinatal period, introduction to smoke is viewed as the most harmful and is also related with high rates of long and short term mortality for the mother and the unborn. The effects of unfriendly pregnancy results are because of the cigarette utilization previously and during pregnancy. Maternal pre-birth smoking upsets the harmony among the oxidant and antioxidant agent framework. This also shows a negative effect on the hereditary and cell level of both mother and the child and causes an enormous amount of illnesses in the unborn. To reduce the mortality of the foetus, morbidity of foetus and the maternal mortality sufficient information, education, instruction and help should be given as there are hardly any other avoidable elements which impact a child's wellbeing. It is of vital importance that smoking control should be viewed as a need for general well being.

Background: Herbal medicine has been used for many years. Medicinal plants are a natural source which has fewer side effects and has an ability to scavenge free radicals. Plants have been used for many centuries to prevent diseases traditionally, because of their pharmacological activities. Carica papaya contains an enzyme called papain which has many pharmaceutical applications and antioxidant activity. Carica papaya contains phytochemicals like flavonoids, alkaloids, sapponents, terpenoids, and amino acids which could be responsible for its medicinal property. The aim of the study is to evaluate the cytotoxic effect of Carica papaya seed and its role on the mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in human lung cancer cell lines. Materials and methods: Cell viability test was done using MTT assay. mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α was done by real-time PCR. The obtained data we analysed statistically by one way analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range tests with graph prism version 5 to analyse the significance. The significance was considered at p<0.05 level in Duncan’s test. Result: The cells were exposed to different concentrations of Carica papaya (100-500µg/ml) with A549 cells for 48 hours. It showed maximum inhibition of 50% at concentration of 400-500µg/ml. The study showed that Carica papaya seed extract has down-regulated IL-6 and TNF-α mRNA expression at (400-500µg/ml) and it was statistically significant compared to untreated control cells (p< 0.05). Conclusion: The present study has concluded that cells showed maximum inhibition of 50% at (400µg/ml - 500µg/ml) and thus has anticancer potential by inhibiting mRNA expression of IL-6 and TNF-α in human lung cancer cell lines

Melanoma remains a major cause of death worldwide. Chemotherapy might be used to treat advanced Melanoma which is associated with some side effects. Hence, providing proper treatment or proper employment of lower toxic substances is essential. Citrullus colocynthis, a medicinal plant, seems a potential anticancer herbal medicine against Melanoma via various efficient compounds. Therefore, it is of interest to analyze the effect of Citrullus colocynthis fruit extract on pro and anti apoptotic molecules in the human melanoma cell line (A375). Cell viability test was done using MTT assay. mRNA expression of Bax and Bcl2 was done by real-time PCR. The data was analyzed statistically by one way analysis of variance and Duncan multiple range test with graph prism version 5. p<0.05 was considered significant. Citrullus colocynthis extract caused a marked increase in cell death in a dose-dependent manner. At the end of 48 hours, maximum inhibition (50%) was at 400 and 500µg/ml. The study demonstrated that the effect of Citrullus colocynthis extract has elevated the Bax mRNA expression on human melanoma cell lines. Data shows that Citrullus colocynthis fruit extract has an anticancer effect on the human melanoma cell line (A375) by increasing the expression of Bax and Bcl2 and this could be because of the phytochemicals present in it.

Background: Colon cancer is the one most prevalent malignancy in the world and its incidence is increasing due to changing life styles, environmental factors, etc. Conventional chemotherapy for cancer is limited due to development of chemoresistance and severe side effects. Natural products have received great attention in the recent years owing to its reduced toxicity and side effects. The present was undertaken to evaluate chemopreventive potential of ethanolic extract of Stoechospermum marginatum in experimentally induced colon carcinogenesis in rats. Methods: Healthy male wistar rats were divided into 6 groups and received following treatments: Vehicle (Group I); S. marginatum extract (Group II), DMH alone (Group III), DMH + 5-Fluorouracil (Group IV), DMH +S. marginatum extract at 100 mg/kg (Group V) and DMH +S. marginatum extract at 200 mg/kg (Group VI). Colon tumour was induced using 1, 2-dimethylhydrazine (DMH). Result: S. marginatum extract ameliorated oxidative damaging effects of DMH. S. marginatum extract increased expression of Bax, caspase 3 and caspase 9; decreased expression of Bcl-2 and restored levels of COX-2 compared to tumor control. Reduced aberrant crypt foci, hyperplastic and inflammatory changes in colon were observed with S. marginatum compared to tumour control. The findings suggest chemopreventive potential of S. marginatum.

MILA, Multiple interactive learning algorithm is a learning innovation based on activity based learning. Traditional teaching methodology doesn't seem to inspire the current generation as their concentration span has considerably reduced. Also they have loads of information to learn and remember. It is easier for the students to understand the complex topics when learnt through activities. A minced into portions that can be significantly remembered and applied in routine practice make the graduates successful practitioners. MILA in teaching physiology has made the subject much easier, understandable with a long term memory. In this article difficult topics from physiology were chosen and the students were taught by MILA. They were assessed for their learning and the results showed significant differences in the understanding of the students.

Climate change is defined as a change in the statistical properties of meteorological variables, which are considered over a long period of time, regardless of the cause. Modern climate change is mainly dominated by human influences, which is now large enough to exceed the bounds of natural variability. The main sources of global climate change are human induced changes in the atmospheric composition. Changes to the climate system is observed at a global scale through measurement of temperature at the surface in the middle of the atmosphere, increased sea level, increased sea surface temperature, increased ocean heat content and water vapour in the atmosphere. The decrease in polar ice sheet, decreased global sea ice content, and the net decrease in glacier volumes were all observed. The aim of the study is to assess the recent trends of global climate change & create awareness among the public based on the topic. A questionnaire comprising 15 questions was circulated among 100 participants with the aid of an online survey platform. The data collection was performed using Google forms. The statistical analysis was done using SPSS software. When inquired about the awareness of the risks of global warming, 99% of the participants responded positively. It was observed that, according to the participants' opinion, global climate change is too late to be prevented or reduced. 80% of the participants believe that a technological breakthrough would influence climate change and global warming rates. The participants of the survey were questioned whether global warming was linked to extreme weather events like hurricanes et cetera, and 96% of the participants responded positively. When they were questioned about their awareness and impacts of global climate change on the future, the majority responded that it would result in rise in sea levels, as well as a rise in global temperature. The recent trends of global climate change was studied, surveyed and demonstrated that this climate change has a vast impact on the future. It must be reduced to maximum to avoid complex circumstances in the future.

Background: Feeling stressed is a part of everyone's life. A feeling of emotional or physical tension is known as stress. Relaxation strategies play an important role in overcoming stress. Objective: To evaluate the different stress patterns, their perceived stress and effects of different stress management strategies. Methods: A cross sectional study was conducted through a convenience sampling method. The participants were administered with a self developed questionnaire consisting of 11 questions. The responses were collected using google forms. Descriptive statistics, frequency analysis and chi square test was used to analyse the data. Results: The present study reported that the majority of respondents were stressed due to academic and personal reasons and among the various stress relaxation methods, respondents felt that music and yoga relieved them from stress. Conclusion: The study concluded an innovative finding that music and yogic exercises when adopted provided a decent stress management strategy that suits the respondents.