The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of Eucommia ulmoides leaf extract (ELE) on growth performance, liver and gut health, gut microbiota profile and disease resistance of largemouth bass. The basal diet was enriched with ELE at 0 g/kg (control), 1.0 g/kg (ELE1.0), 2.0 g/kg (ELE2.0), and 3.0 g/kg (ELE3.0). Largemouth bass (initial body weight of 9.25 +/- 0.03 g) were assigned to one of the four diets and fed for five weeks. According to the result, ELE supplementation significantly increased weight gain (WG) and reduced feed conversion ratio (FCR) compared with controls (P < 0.05). In addition, ELE reduced hepatic inflammation and the mRNA level of nuclear factor kappa b p65 (nf kappa b). ELE improved intestinal structural integrity and notably upregulated the mRNA and protein expression of hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha (hif1 alpha), while nf-kappa b expression was significantly downregulated in the intestine of ELE2.0 and ELE3.0 groups. Moreover, the results of gut microbiota 16S rRNA sequencing analysis revealed that Bacillus showed a rising trend in the ELE2.0 group and principal coordinate analysis (PCoA) revealed a distinct shift in microbial community structure in the ELE 2.0 group. Furthermore, the ratio of (Firmicutes+ Bacteroidetes+ Fusobacteria) to Proteobacteria was significantly higher in the ELE 2.0 group compared to the control. The survival rate (SR) of largemouth bass in ELE supplementation groups were significantly improved following Aeromonas veronii NJ-1 and Aeromonas hydrophila Hm091 challenge. Taking together, dietary ELE enhanced growth, liver health, intestinal structure, bacterial disease resistance, and improved the gut microbiota structure in largemouth bass, with 2.0 g/kg identified as the optimal inclusion level.

Although immunotherapy has transformed the treatment landscape for many types of cancer, its therapeutic efficacy in glioblastoma (GBM) is limited by insufficient antigen presentation and the immunogenic cell exclusion in the tumor microenvironment. Here, we develop a candidate-based CRISPR activation (CRISPRa) functional screen to identify regulators of conventional dendritic cell (cDC)-fate specification. We determine that the transcription factors Zfp366/Znf366, Pu.1, Irf8, and Batf3 (ZPIB) are sufficient to convert GBM cells into cDC-like cells. ZPIB-mediated reprogramming results in global transcriptional and epigenetic remodeling in glioma cells. Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) profiling also reveals efficient and dynamic reprogramming of GBM cells to cDCs in vivo. Moreover, reprogrammed tumor cells remodel the microenvironment and elicit systemic tumor-eradicating and durable antitumor immunity in multiple mouse GBM models. Antitumor immunity elicited by ZPIB-DCs is synergistic with immune checkpoint inhibitors. Finally, we evaluate the clinical applicability of this approach by generating ZPIB-DCs from GBM patients within a humanized model. Our study represents a cellular reprogramming therapeutic strategy with broad implications for clinical immunotherapy.

Background The body-protective polypeptide BPC157 is a natural therapeutic agent that has demonstrated robust efficacy in promoting repair across multiple organ systems, indicating its significant clinical potential. However, its clinical translation has been substantially hindered by a lack of understanding of its precise molecular mechanisms of action. Given its prominent proangiogenic effects, deciphering the mechanistic basis of its vascular regenerative actions is critically important. Methods To investigate the molecular pathway underlying the proangiogenic effects of BPC157, we employed a combination of molecular, biochemical, and cellular approaches. These include techniques to identify protein‒protein interactions, assess ubiquitination status, and evaluate key cellular functions. The specific role of the proline residue at position 3 of BPC157 was also experimentally validated. Results We revealed that intracellular BPC157 engages the E3 ubiquitin ligase adaptor protein FBXO22 through its proline residue at position 3. This interaction results in the formation of a protein complex that effectively suppresses the ubiquitination and subsequent proteasomal degradation of the transcription factor BACH1, leading to significant stabilization of BACH1 protein levels. The consequent accumulation of BACH1 was shown to enhance critical processes in vascular regeneration, namely, the proliferation and tube-forming capacity of vascular endothelial cells. Conclusions This study establishes a novel and critical molecular mechanism for the pharmacological actions of BPC157, centered on the BPC157-FBXO22-BACH1 axis. These findings provide a solid mechanistic foundation for the future development of BPC157-based or sequential therapeutic agents targeted at enhancing vascular repair. Furthermore, this work offers robust scientific evidence that can inform improved strategies for the prevention and treatment of tissue injury.

Glioblastoma (GBM) is the most common malignant brain tumor with a dismal prognosis (< 7

CDK4/6i, the first-line drug for treating ERα-positive breast cancer, significantly improves clinical outcomes. However, CDK4/6i resistance often develops and remains a major hurdle, and the underlying mechanisms remain challenging to fully investigate. Here, we used Genome-wide CRISPR/Cas9 library screening combined with single-cell sequencing to screen for molecules mediating CDK4/6i resistance and identified METTL14 as a determinant of CDK4/6i sensitivity. Clinical samples and datasets were analyzed and in vitro and in vivo experiments were performed to confirm the critical function of METTL14 in CDK4/6i resistance. Mechanistically, METTL14 can induce an increase in E2F1 expression in breast cancer cells via an m6A IGF2BP2-dependent mechanism and thus promote CDK4/6i resistance. Furthermore, through a small molecule screen, a novel METTL14 inhibitor named WKYMVM, which can restore sensitivity to CDK4/6i in CDK4/6i-resistant breast cancer cells, was identified. Treatment with folate-conjugated liposomes targeting breast cancer cells that contained both a CDK4/6i and WKYMVM revealed the synergistic effect of METTL14 inhibition with CDK4/6i therapy in a CDK4/6i-resistant PDX model. Together, our findings reveal the mechanism of CDK4/6i resistance and provide a strategy for overcoming CDK4/6i resistance via METTL14 inhibition.

Trastuzumab serves as a cornerstone of first-line therapy for HER2-positive (HER2+) breast cancer; however, a significant challenge arises due to the emergence of resistance within approximately one year of commencement of treatment, particularly in advanced cases with metastatic disease where its efficacy is limited. Our investigation into the tumor tissue from HER2+ breast cancer patients, employing single-cell sequencing and bioinformatics analysis, has elucidated a crucial mechanism underlying the reduced responsiveness of tumors to trastuzumab: the diminished infiltration and activity of natural killer (NK) cells within the tumor microenvironment (TME). To counteract this impediment, we meticulously selected two potent immune-modulating peptides TKD and IP-10p, which are known to recruit and enhance the activity of NK cells. Through in vitro experiments, we substantiated that bolstering the tumor infiltration and activity of NK cells can lead to an enhanced antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity (ADCC) effect, thereby amplifying the anti-tumor activity of trastuzumab. Building upon this foundational discovery, we further designed HER2-targeted pH-sensitive nanoliposomes to encapsulate TKD and IP-10p peptides. The novel designed nanoliposomes were strategically employed in conjunction with NK cell supplement therapy within a HER2+ breast cancer model undergoing trastuzumab treatment, yielding a striking anti-tumor response and indicating that the combination strategy effectively reinvigorated the anti-tumor immune response. In essence, this study not only underscores a critical link between the diminished ADCC effect mediated by trastuzumab and the development of resistance in HER2+ breast cancer but also demonstrates leveraging HER2-targeted nanoliposomes to deliver NK cell immunopotentiators can significantly enhance the functional activity of NK cells and their infiltration within the TME, culminating in improved antitumor efficacy of trastuzumab through the augmentation of the ADCC effect.

Cyclin-dependent kinase 4 (CDK4) and CDK6 inhibitors (CDK4/6i) have rapidly received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval as a new type of therapy for patients with advanced hormone receptor -positive breast cancer. However, with the widespread application of CDK4/6i, drug resistance has become a new challenge for clinical practice and has greatly limited the treatment effect. Here, the whole microenvironment landscape of ER+ breast cancer tumors was revealed through single -cell RNA sequencing, and a specific subset of cancer -associated fibroblasts (CD63+ CAFs) was identified as highly enriched in CDK4/6i resistant tumor tissues. Then, we found that CD63+ CAFs can distinctly promote resistance to CDK4/6i in breast cancer cells and tumor xenografts. In addition, it was discovered that miR-20 is markedly enriched in the CD63+ CAFs-derived exosomes, which are used to communicate with ER+ breast cancer cells, leading to CDK4/6i resistance. Furthermore, exosomal miR-20 could directly target the RB1 mRNA 3 ' UTR and negatively regulate RB1 expression to decrease CDK4/6i sensitivity in breast cancer cells. Most importantly, we designed and synthesized cRGD-miR-20 sponge nanoparticles and found that they can enhance the therapeutic effect of CDK4/6i in breast cancer. In summary, our findings reveal that CD63+ CAFs can promote CDK4/6i resistance via exosomal miR-20, which induces the downregulation of RB1 in breast cancer cells, and suggest that CD63+ CAFs may be a novel therapeutic target to enhance CDK4/6i sensitivity.

Melanoma is one of the most aggressive skin tumors, and conventional treatment modalities are not effective in treating advanced melanoma. Although immunotherapy is an effective treatment for melanoma, it has disadvantages, such as a poor response rate and serious systemic immune-related toxic side effects. The main solution to this problem is the use of biological materials such as hydrogels to reduce these side effects and amplify the immune killing effect against tumor cells. Hydrogels have great advantages as local slow-release drug carriers, including the ability to deliver antitumor drugs directly to the tumor site, enhance the local drug concentration in tumor tissue, reduce systemic drug distribution and exhibit good degradability. Despite these advantages, there has been limited research on the application of hydrogels in melanoma treatment. Therefore, this article provides a comprehensive review of the potential application of hydrogels in melanoma immunotherapy. Hydrogels can serve as carriers for sustained drug delivery, enabling the targeted and localized delivery of drugs with minimal systemic side effects. This approach has the potential to improve the efficacy of immunotherapy for melanoma. Thus, the use of hydrogels as drug delivery vehicles for melanoma immunotherapy has great potential and warrants further exploration. [BMB Reports 2024; 57(2): 71-78].

BACKGROUND & AIMS:The tumor microenvironment (TME) plays a crucial role in the limited efficacy of existing treatments for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), with tumor-associated endothelial cells (TECs) serving as fundamental TME components that substantially influence tumor progression and treatment efficacy. However, the precise roles and mechanisms of TECs in HCC remain inadequately understood. METHODS:We employed a multi-omics profiling strategy to investigate the single-cell and spatiotemporal evolution of TECs within the microenvironment of HCC tumors, showcasing varied responses to immunotherapy. Through an analysis of a clinical cohort of patients with HCC, we explored the correlation between TEC subpopulations and immunotherapy outcomes. The influence of TEC subsets on the immune microenvironment was confirmed through comprehensive in vitro and in vivo studies. To further explore the mechanisms of distinct TEC subpopulations in microenvironmental modulation and their impact on immunotherapy, we utilized TEC subset-specific knockout mouse models as well as humanized mouse models. RESULTS:In this study, we identified a new subset of CXCL12+ TECs that exert a crucial role in immune suppression within the HCC TME. Functionally, CXCL12+ TECs impede the differentiation of CD8+ naïve T cells into CD8+ cytotoxic T cells by secreting CXCL12. Furthermore, they attract myeloid-derived suppressor cells (MDSCs). A bispecific antibody was developed to target both CXCL12 and PD1 specifically, showing significant promise in bolstering anti-tumor immune responses and advancing HCC therapy. CONCLUSIONS:CXCL12+ TECs are pivotal in mediating immunosuppression within the HCC microenvironment and targeting CXCL12+ TECs presents a promising approach to augment the efficacy of immunotherapies in patients with HCC. IMPACT AND IMPLICATIONS:This investigation reveals a pivotal mechanism wherein CXCL12+ tumor-associated endothelial cells (TECs) emerge as crucial modulators of immune suppression in the tumor microenvironment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC). The discovery of CXCL12+ TECs as inhibitors of CD8+ naïve T cell activation and recruiters of myeloid-derived suppressor cells significantly advances our grasp of the dynamic between HCC and immune regulation. Moreover, the development and application of a bispecific antibody precisely targeting CXCL12 and PD1 has proven to enhance immune responses in a humanized mouse HCC model. This finding underscores a promising therapeutic direction for HCC, offering the potential to amplify the impact of current immunotherapies.

Radiotherapy is a mainstay of glioblastoma (GBM) treatment; however, the development of therapeutic resistance has hampered the efficacy of radiotherapy, suggesting that additional treatment strategies are needed. Here, an in vivo loss-of-function genome-wide CRISPR screen was carried out in orthotopic tumors in mice subjected to radiation treatment to identify synthetic lethal genes associated with radiotherapy. Using functional screening and transcriptome analyses, glutathione synthetase (GSS) was found to be a potential regulator of radioresistance through ferroptosis. High GSS levels were closely related to poor prognosis and relapse in patients with glioma. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that GSS was associated with the suppression of radiotherapy-induced ferroptosis in glioma cells. The depletion of GSS resulted in the disruption of glutathione (GSH) synthesis, thereby causing the inactivation of GPX4 and iron accumulation, thus enhancing the induction of ferroptosis upon radiotherapy treatment. Moreover, to overcome the obstacles to broad therapeutic translation of CRISPR editing, we report a previously unidentified genome editing delivery system, in which Cas9 protein/sgRNA complex was loaded into Angiopep-2 (Ang) and the trans-activator of the transcription (TAT) peptide dual-modified extracellular vesicle (EV), which not only targeted the blood-brain barrier (BBB) and GBM but also permeated the BBB and penetrated the tumor. Our encapsulating EVs showed encouraging signs of GBM tissue targeting, which resulted in high GSS gene editing efficiency in GBM (up to 67.2%) with negligible off-target gene editing. These results demonstrate that a combination of unbiased genetic screens, and CRISPR-Cas9-based gene therapy is feasible for identifying potential synthetic lethal genes and, by extension, therapeutic targets.

目的 制备染料木素羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物,并探究包合物能否提高染料木素对睾丸电离辐射损伤的保护作用.方法 使用超声法按染料木素与β-环糊精的摩尔比为1 ∶2,1 ∶2.5和1 ∶3制备包合物,通过高效液相色谱法、水中溶解度测定、显微镜成像法和扫描电子显微镜观察法对其进行表征.60只雄性C57BL/6小鼠随机分为正常对照组、单独照射组、包合物低、中、高剂量组(分别以35,70,140 mg/kg的包合物灌胃)、染料木素混悬液组(70 mg/kg的染料木素灌胃),每组10只;另选取30只C57B/L雄性小鼠进行生育实验,随机分为正常对照组、单独照射组和包合物组(140 mg/kg的包合物灌胃).单独照射组、包合物低、中、高剂量组和染料木素混悬液组小鼠均接受4 Gy X射线一次全身辐射.各治疗组给予相应剂量的药物灌胃,每天1次,辐射前和辐射后分别连续给药2周.辐射后21dl观察睾丸组织病理变化,检测精子活力.辐射后36 d开始将生育实验的各组雄鼠与正常雌鼠连续合笼,记录受孕率和窝仔数.结果 当染料木素与羟丙基β-环糊精的摩尔比为1∶3时制备的包合物包合率最高,3批次的包合率分别为94.49％,92.87％和91.63％,溶解度提高了 405倍,显微镜成像图片与扫描电子显微镜图片均提示包合物与物理混合物在结构和微观形貌上均有着明显差异,说明包合物制备成功.睾丸组织病理结果显示,与正常对照组比较,单独照射组小鼠睾丸生精小管萎缩明显,生精上皮出现大量空泡结构;与单独照射组比较,染料木素混悬液组小鼠睾丸生精上皮空泡占视野面积比例无差异,而包合物低、中、高剂量组小鼠睾丸生精上皮空泡占视野面积比例减小(P＜0.05).小鼠精子活力结果显示,与正常对照组比较,单独照射组小鼠精子活力下降(P＜0.05);与单独照射组比较,染料木素混悬液组小鼠精子活力有升高的趋势,但差异没有统计学意义,而包合物低、中、高剂量组小鼠精子活力升高(P＜0.05).雌鼠生育情况统计结果显示,与正常对照组比较,单独照射组雌鼠受孕率和平均窝仔数降低(P＜0.05);与单独照射组比较,包合物组受孕率和平均窝仔数升高(P＜0.05).结论 染料木素羟丙基-β-环糊精包合物制备成功,并且显著提高了染料木素对睾丸电离辐射损伤的保护作用.

目的 观察敲低Geminin对人脑胶质瘤细胞放疗敏感性的影响.方法 利用GEPIA和CGGA数据库分析Geminin在脑胶质瘤组织中的表达及与生存期的相关性.实验分为两组:si-GL2组(对照组)和si-Gem组(干扰组),设计siRNA干扰序列(si-Gem)和阴性对照序列(si-GL2),分别转染脑胶质瘤细胞LN229和U87,qRT-PCR和Western blot检测转染效率及蛋白表达水平.流式细胞术检测碘化丙啶(PI)染色后DNA含量分布,进而分析敲低Geminin对DNA再复制的影响.通过Annexin V-FITC/PI法,用流式细胞术检测敲低Geminin对细胞凋亡的影响.CCK-8细胞增殖实验检测敲低Geminin对胶质瘤细胞LN229和U87放疗敏感性的影响.Western blot检测Geminin相关分子Cdt1和DNA相关损伤蛋白γ-H2AX的表达水平.结果脑胶质瘤组织中Geminin的表达水平高于癌旁正常组织,且Geminin表达越高,脑胶质瘤患者预后越差(P＜0.05).与si-GL2组相比,si-Gem组Geminin在LN229和U87细胞中的表达降低(P＜0.05).与si-GL2组相比,si-Gem组敲低Geminin可诱导脑胶质瘤细胞出现DNA再复制表型、细胞凋亡比例显著增加(P＜0.05),脑胶质瘤细胞对放疗敏感性增强(P＜0.05).与si-GL2组相比,si-Gem组Geminin相关分子Cdt1蛋白表达水平降低,γ-H2AX的蛋白表达水平升高.结论 敲低Geminin可以诱导脑胶质瘤细胞出现DNA再复制表型,造成DNA复制压力,并引起自发性细胞周期阻滞及细胞凋亡增多,进而增强脑胶质瘤细胞放疗敏感性,Geminin有望成为脑胶质瘤治疗的新靶点.

Although temozolomide (TMZ) provides significant clinical benefit for glioblastoma (GBM), responses are limited by the emergence of acquired resistance. Here, we demonstrate that exosomal circCABIN1 secreted from TMZ-resistant cells was packaged into exosomes and then disseminated TMZ resistance of receipt cells. CircCABIN1 could be cyclized by eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 (EIF4A3) and is highly expressed in GBM tissues and glioma stem cells (GSCs). CircCABIN1 is required for the self-renewal maintenance of GSCs to initiate acquired resistance. Mechanistically, circCABIN1 regulated the expression of olfactomedin-like 3 (OLFML3) by sponging miR-637. Moreover, upregulation of OLFML3 activating the ErbB signaling pathway and ultimately contributing to stemness reprogramming and TMZ resistance. Treatment of GBM orthotopic mice xenografts with engineered exosomes targeting circCABIN1 and OLFML3 provided prominent targetability and had significantly improved antitumor activity of TMZ. In summary, our work proposed a novel mechanism for drug resistance transmission in GBM and provided evidence that engineered exosomes are a promising clinical tool for cancer prevention and therapy.

Osteoporosis has become a high incident bone disease along with the aging of human population. Long noncoding RNAs (LncRNAs) play an important role in osteoporosis incidence. In this study, we screened out an LncRNA negatively correlated with osteoblast differentiation, which was therefore named Lnc-DIF (differentiation inhibiting factor). Functional analysis proved that Lnc-DIF inhibited bone formation. A special structure containing multiple 53 nucleotide repeats was found in the trailing end of Lnc-DIF. Our study suggested that this repeat sequence could sequester multiple miR-489-3p and inhibit bone formation through miR-489-3p/SMAD2 axis. Moreover, siRNA of Lnc-DIF would rescue bone formation in both aging and ovariectomized osteoporosis mice. This study revealed a kind of LncRNA that could function as a sponge and regulate multiple miRNAs. RNA therapy techniques that target these LncRNAs could manipulate its downstream miRNA-target pathway with significantly higher efficiency and specificity. This provided potential therapeutic insight for RNA-based therapy for osteoporosis.

Body-protective compound (BPC) 157 demonstrates protective effects against damage to various organs and tissues. For future clinical applications, we had previously established a solid-phase synthesis process for BPC157, verified its biological activity in different wound models, and completed preclinical safety evaluations. This study aimed to investigate the pharmacokinetics, excretion, metabolism, and distribution profiles of BPC157. After a single intravenous (IV) administration, single intramuscular (IM) administrations at three doses in successive increments along with repeated IM administrations, the elimination half-life (t1/2) of prototype BPC157 was less than 30 min, and BPC157 showed linear pharmacokinetic characteristics in rats and beagle dogs at all doses. The mean absolute bioavailability of BPC157 following IM injection was approximately 14%–19% in rats and 45%–51% in beagle dogs. Using [3H]-labeled BPC157 and radioactivity examination, we proved that the main excretory pathways of BPC157 involved urine and bile. [3H]BPC157 was rapidly metabolized into a variety of small peptide fragments in vivo, thus forming single amino acids that entered normal amino acid metabolism and excretion pathways. In conclusion, this study provides the first analysis of the pharmacokinetics of BPC157, which will be helpful for its translation in the clinic.

Osteoporosis, characterized by the destruction of bone resorption and bone formation, is a serious disease that endangers human health. Osteoporosis prevention and treatment has become one of the important research contents in the field of medicine. Acacetin, a natural flavonoid compound, could promote osteoblast differentiation, and inhibit osteoclast formation in vitro. However, the mechanisms of acacetin on osteoclast differentiation and type H vessel formation, as well as the effect of preventing bone loss, remain unclear. Here, we firstly used primary bone marrow derived macrophages (BMMs), endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs), and ovariectomized (OVX) mice to explore the function of acacetin on bone remodeling and H type vessel formation. In this study, we found that acacetin inhibits osteoclast formation and bone resorption of BMMs induced by the macrophage colony stimulating factor (M-CSF) and receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand (RANKL) in a concentration of 20 μM without exerting cytotoxic effects. It was accompanied by downregulation of osteoclast differentiation marker genes (Ctsk, Acp5, and Mmp9) and cell fusion genes (CD9, CD47, Atp6v0d2, Dc-stamp, and Oc-stamp). Moreover, acacetin disrupted actin ring formation and extracellular acidification in osteoclasts. Mechanistic analysis revealed that acacetin not only inhibits the expression of the major transcription factor NFATc1 and NF-κB during RANKL-induced osteoclast formation, but also suppresses RANKL-induced the phosphorylation of Akt, GSK3β, IκBα, and p65. Additionally, acacetin enhanced the ability of M-CSF and RANKL-stimulated BMMs to promote angiogenesis and migration of EPCs. We further established that, in vivo, acacetin increased trabecular bone mass, decreased the number of osteoclasts, and showed more type H vessels in OVX mice. These data demonstrate that acacetin prevents OVX-induced bone loss in mice through inhibition of osteoclast function and promotion of type H vessel formation via Akt/GSK3β and NF-κB signalling pathway, suggesting that acacetin may be a novel therapeutic agent for the treatment of osteoporosis.

The vascular dysfunction of ovarian cancer (OC) contributes to the chemotherapeutic resistance. In this study, we aimed to explore whether exosome-mediated angiogenesis blocking could improve the chemotherapy sensitivity via vascular normalization. Exosomes were armed with RGD on the surface by fusing Lamp2b. Candidate miRNAs related to tumor angiogenesis was detected by qRT-PCR. RGD-modified exosomes were loaded with miRNAs via electroporation. The therapeutic effects of the exosomes on angiogenesis, vascular normalization, and chemotherapy sensitivity were systemically analyzed in the xenograft model. RGD-modified exosomes were relatively enriched in the tumor mass, both the tumor cell and the endothelial cells. Among the miRNA candidates, miR-484 was found down-regulated in both the cancer cells and the angiogenic endothelial cells. In vivo xenograft model experiment revealed that injection of RGD-modified exosomes loaded with miR-484 induced vessel normalization and in turn sensitized the cancer cells to chemotherapy induced apoptosis. Mechanistically, miR-484 simultaneously inhibited the expression of VEGF-A from the cancer cells and the corresponding receptors in the endothelial cells. Targeted delivery of miR-484 via RGD-modified exosomes improves the vascular normalization, sensitizes the cancer to chemotherapy, and prolongs the survival time of tumor-bearing mice after chemotherapy, opening an avenue for the clinical management of chemotherapy resistance.

生物制药学是药学专业本科生的一门专业必修课程,是贯穿于药学、生物技术专业必修课整个教学环节中重要的一环.课程思政是指高校在教学过程中充分挖掘各门课程的思想政治教育资源,发挥各门课程的思想政治教育功能,从而实现全员、全过程、全方位育人.课程思政不是一门课,而是一种育人理念,也是一种教育模式.根据生物制药学的特点和人才培养的需求,本文积极探索了如何将思政内容融入生物制药学课程中.通过提高课程思政的手段和方法,完善教学监督体系及教学团队的建设,提高了课程思政质量,极大地调动了学生的积极性和主动性,激发了学生的创造力,取得了良好的教学效果.

生长分化因子15 (growth differentiation factor 15,GDF15)是一种内分泌激素,是转化生长因子β(trans-forming growth factorβ,TGFβ)超家族成员,与胶质细胞源性神经营养因子(glial cell line derived neurotrophic factor,GDNF)家族受体α样(GDNF-family receptor α-like,GFRAL)-转染重排(rearranged during transfection,RET)异源二聚体受体结合而发挥作用.GDF15作为肥胖、糖尿病、肿瘤、非酒精性脂肪性肝病、缺血性疾病等的生物标志物已成为新药研发的新靶点.目前,世界各制药企业均开展了以GDF15为全新治疗靶点的药物研究,涉及肥胖、肿瘤及厌食综合征等诸多领域,本文综合分析了GDF15靶点的优缺点,探讨并客观评价了基于GDF15的新药研发,将为相关创新药物发现提供科学依据.

《蛋白质研究技术》是对药学和生物学专业学生开展的重要专业基础课程,旨在通过这门课程使学生掌握蛋白质研究领域的基本概念、原理、技术方法和应用.随着信息技术的发展,慕课平台、学习通等交互学习平台的建立,为课程的教学注入新活力.结合该门课程的特点,作者优化了授课内容、创新理论课和实验课授课模式、构建考试与课堂表现相结合的考核体系.通过将慕课和学习通平台引入课堂,采用线上线下混合式教学这一系列改革,调动了学生学习的主动性和积极性,提高其实验技能,激发了学生的创新思维,取得了良好的教学效果.