Mercury (Hg) is a widespread heavy metal pollutant that threatens the safe production of rice, yet the molecular responses of the two major rice subspecies, indica and japonica, to Hg stress remain inadequately characterized. Here, we integrated physiological and biochemical analyses with root transcriptome sequencing to compare the response strategies of indica (NH701, N1311R) and japonica (NHH, WN) seedlings exposed to Hg stress. Although Hg exposure markedly inhibited growth and induced oxidative damage in both subspecies, Hg-tolerant genotypes maintained greater growth vigor and retained more Hg in roots than sensitive genotypes, with the highest capacity observed in the tolerant indica cultivar. Transcriptome profiling revealed that “glutathione metabolism” and “phenylpropanoid biosynthesis” were core pathways activated in both subspecies. However, their downstream defense strategies exhibited subspecies-preferred patterns. Japonica preferentially reinforced peroxidase-mediated antioxidant systems and lignin biosynthesis to strengthen cell wall barriers. In contrast, indica coordinately upregulated sulfur assimilation and glutathione metabolism, enhanced ABC transporter-mediated vacuolar sequestration, and modulated ZIP family metal transporters as part of a basal transcriptional response, collectively restricting Hg detoxification and retention. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis further identified OsWRKY24 (Os01g0826400), OsNAC4 (Os01g0816100), and OsHSFA4D (Os05g0530400) as hub transcription factors that may orchestrate these subspecies-preferred regulatory networks. Collectively, our findings uncover characteristic detoxification strategies in rice under Hg stress: a “chelation-sequestration” mode in indica and a “barrier-antioxidation” mode in japonica. These results advance understanding of the genetic basis underlying subspecific variation in heavy metal adaptation and provide a theoretical framework and candidate targets for breeding low-Hg-accumulating rice cultivars.

Cold stress severely restricts rice growth, development, productivity, and geographical distribution. Here, we performed dynamic transcriptome profiling to investigate cold tolerance and cold-responsive metabolic pathways across distinct seedling growth stages in japonica rice cv. Nipponbare. We found that cold tolerance in Nipponbare seedlings exhibited a non-linear, V-shaped pattern: it gradually declined from 2 to 14 days after germination and then showed an upward trend from 16 to 24 days. Integrated analyses of RNA-seq, RT-qPCR, and physiological parameters indicated that 4-day seedlings primarily relied on a passive cold-resistance mode characterized by ‘low metabolism with high basal reserves’; 22-day seedlings adopted an active mode featuring ‘a strong antioxidant enzyme system with activation of secondary metabolism’; whereas 14-day seedlings represented a key transition stage marked by ‘growth-defense imbalance’. Collectively, our study elucidates seedling-age-dependent differences in cold tolerance and the corresponding metabolic regulatory mechanisms in Nipponbare, providing a theoretical basis for genetic improvement of cold tolerance in rice.

Rice (Oryza sativa L.) is a major staple food crop worldwide. Drought stress induced by extreme weather severely limits its growth and yield. Proteins containing domains of unknown function (DUF) play important roles in plant stress responses, but their regulatory mechanisms remain largely unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that the plasma membrane-localized protein OsDUF1223 functions as a negative regulator of drought tolerance in rice seedlings. Under drought stress, OsDUF1223-overexpressing lines exhibited lower survival rates, higher water loss rates, and reduced antioxidant enzyme activities and osmolyte accumulation. Transcriptomic and physiological analyses revealed that OsDUF1223 modulates drought responses through ABA signaling and nitrogen response pathways. Collectively, this study elucidates that OsDUF1223 regulates drought tolerance at the seedling stage in rice through functional association with the ABA and nitrogen signaling pathways, thereby providing a candidate gene resource for the genetic improvement of drought tolerance in rice.

Arsenic contamination of paddy soils threatens rice productivity and food safety. This study evaluated the protective role of selenium against arsenic toxicity in four rice genotypes: a conventional line (F531B), a selenium-biofortified line (F531B-Se), and two naturally selenium-rich genotypes (Z2195B and Z2195A/YNS). Plants were grown in soil amended with arsenic at 0–40 mg kg⁻1. Agronomic traits and yield components were measured, arsenic accumulation was quantified in roots, stems, leaves, and grains, and antioxidant enzyme activities (SOD, CAT, POD, and GR) were assessed at heading and maturity. Expression of key arsenic transport and detoxification genes was analyzed by targeted qPCR in roots, stems, and leaves at 30 mg kg⁻1 arsenic. Arsenic stress reduced growth and yield in a dose-dependent manner, with strong genotype-specific responses. The naturally selenium-rich genotype Z2195A/YNS showed the highest resilience, maintaining yield and accumulating the least arsenic in grains. Selenium enrichment enhanced antioxidant capacity across tissues, showing a biphasic response with peak activity under moderate arsenic stress. Compared with F531B, both naturally selenium-rich genotypes and the selenium-biofortified line maintained stronger redox balance. Gene expression analysis revealed reduced expression of arsenite influx transporters (OsLsi1, OsLsi2), enhanced vacuolar sequestration (OsABCC1), and activation of arsenate reduction and redox-related pathways. Selenium accumulation or biofortification confers multi-level protection against arsenic toxicity by limiting arsenic translocation, strengthening antioxidant defenses, and reducing yield penalties. Z2195A/YNS represents a promising genotype for cultivation in arsenic-contaminated regions to improve rice productivity and food safety.

Excessive salt accumuln in soil is one of the most important abiotic stresses in agricultural environments. The Domain of Unknown Function 868 (DUF868) family, comprising 15 members in rice, has been identified in the protein family database. In this study, we cloned and functionally characterized OsDUF868.12, a member of the OsDUF868 family, to elucidate its role in rice response to salt stress. A series of experiments, including RT-qPCR, Agrobacterium-mediated transient transformation in tobacco for localization analysis, phenotypic characterization, physiological and biochemical index measurement, and leaf staining, were conducted to investigate the function of OsDUF868.12 under salt stress. Transcriptional analysis revealed that OsDUF868.12 exhibited the most significant response to low temperature and salt stress. Preliminary subcellular localization studies indicated that OsDUF868.12 is localized in the cell membrane. Phenotypic Identification Experiments showed Overexpression lines of OsDUF868.12 enhanced resistance to salt stress and increased survival rates, while knockout lines of OsDUF868.12 were opposite. Physiological and biochemical assessments, along with leaf staining, demonstrated that overexpression of OsDUF868.12 improved the activity against oxidative stress.under salt stress. Furthermore, overexpression of OsDUF868.12 elevated the transcription levels of positively regulated salt stress-related genes. These findings suggest that overexpression of OsDUF868.12 enhances rice tolerance to salt stress at the molecular level through a series of regulatory mechanisms. This study provides valuable insights into the functional roles of the DUF868 family in plant responses to abiotic stress.

Soil salinization is becoming a huge threat to reducing productivity of rice (Oryza sativa L.) around the world. Previous studies have found that some Domain of unknown function (DUF) proteins play an essential role in the growth and development of plants. The DUF936 family is reported to respond to abiotic stresses, but the specific molecular mechanisms of its members remain elusive. In this study, OsSSID6 (Salt-Stress Induced DUF936 protein) is found at the cell membrane and the protein’s expression could be affected by several abiotic stresses. The CRISPR/Cas9 knockout lines increased salt tolerance in rice, whereas the overexpression lines showed more sensitivity. And meanwhile the similar changes of ROS-scavenging capacity were observed both in knockout and overexpression lines. Transcriptome analysis identified that the expression of genes linked to multiple metabolic pathways, including phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis, and stress response, was significantly up-regulated in KO lines. Our findings reveal that OsSSID6 gene modulates rice salt stress tolerance by orchestrating a network of metabolic pathways, including those involved in the reactive oxygen species (ROS) scavenging system, phenylpropanoid and flavonoid biosynthesis and stress response-related mechanism. sThese results provide important information for engineering salt-tolerant crops.

Copper is an essential trace element that supports numerous physiological functions; however, excessive copper accumulation can disrupt cellular and biological processes. In this study, forty-eight male mice were randomly divided into four groups (n = 12): Control (fed normal rice), Cu300 (300 mg/kg copper), Cu300+Se (Cu300 + selenium-enriched rice), and Cu300+iSe (Cu300 + 1 mg/kg iSe), and were treated for 180 days. Copper exposure resulted in reduced body weight, hepatomegaly and nephritis, elevated copper deposition in organs, oxidative stress, and significant declines in RBC, HGB, and WBC counts, leading to anemia and immunosuppression. Selenium supplementation, effectively mitigated these effects by reducing copper accumulation, restoring antioxidant balance, and enhancing selenoprotein-related functions. Histopathological analysis revealed that copper toxicity induced hydropic degeneration and focal necrosis in hepatic and renal tissues, effects that were significantly attenuated by selenium supplementation. Transcriptomic profiling revealed that selenium-enriched rice reversed copper-induced gene expression changes. In the liver, selenium treatment significantly upregulated protective genes such as Slc7a, Bola1, Uqcrq, Dtx1, and Znrd2, while downregulating stress-related genes like Trim75, Dpm3, Moxd1, Tnfrsf25, and Gpr75. In the kidneys, selenium enhanced the expression of detoxification and immune-modulating genes (Mt1, Mt2, Rhbdl1, Crisp3, Mif) and suppressed stress-related genes (Nnt, Ifi44l, NLRP12, Eno1b, Ugt1a), demonstrating its role in mitigating oxidative and inflammatory stress. Collectively, these findings demonstrate that selenium-enriched rice exerts potent protective effects against chronic copper toxicity through multiple mechanisms: (1) restoration of mitochondrial function, (2) attenuation of ER stress and apoptosis, (3) enhancement of antioxidant and detoxification pathways, and (4) modulation of metabolic and immune responses. This study highlights selenium-enriched rice as a promising nutritional intervention for mitigating chronic copper toxicity and maintaining hepatorenal health.

The DUF protein family is a class of functional proteins containing conserved structural domains that are widely involved in biological processes such as plant seed development, yield formation and response to adversity. Previous research has demonstrated that the heterologous expression of ZmDUF1645 from maize (Zea mays) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) markedly enhances grain yield and influences drought tolerance. However, its effects under other stress conditions remain poorly understood. This study aims to elucidate the role of ZmDUF1645 in rice grain traits and cold tolerance. To this end, the maize gene ZmDUF1645 was expressed in rice, resulting in transgenic plants that exhibited significantly increased yield but reduced grain quality. Further analysis revealed that ZmDUF1645, with functional conservation to its rice homolog OsSGL, exerts pleiotropic effects when ectopically overexpressed in rice. It enhances yield by upregulating GIF1 to promote panicle development, increase grains per panicle, and elevate thousand-grain weight. However, it impairs grain quality (reduced amylose, abnormal starch granules, higher chalkiness) via repressing GBSS1/AGPS2, and compromises cold tolerance by disrupting redox homeostasis, inhibiting superoxide dismutase - SOD; peroxidase - POD; proline - Pro, and downregulating genes related to starch synthesis/energy metabolism. These findings highlight the pleiotropic effects of ZmDUF1645 on rice yield, quality, and stress resistance, offering valuable insights for future crop genetic improvement.

Low temperature stress represents a significant abiotic stress factor affecting rice yields. While the structure and some of the functions of cell cycle protein-dependent protein kinase inhibitor (CKI) family proteins have been the subject of study, their relevance to cold tolerance in rice has been less investigated. In this study, we cloned OsEL2 (LOC_Os03g01740) and constructed anti-expression lines of this gene. The resulting lines exhibited significant cold sensitivity and displayed greater oxidative damage than wild type Nippobare (Nip). However, the activities of antioxidant enzymes, such as catalase (CAT), were significantly elevated in OsEL2-AX plants in comparison to Nip following exposure to 4 °C stress. RNA sequencing revealed the presence of 18,822 differential genes, with the majority of them being expressed with temporal specificity. The Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway enrichment analysis revealed that a considerable number of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) are involved in the metabolism of amino acids, lipids, and terpenoids. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed a close relationship between the genes in the turquoise and light green modules and rice cold tolerance traits. These genes were predominantly enriched in terpene metabolism and the metabolism of various plant secondary metabolites, suggesting that OsEL2 influences rice cold tolerance through the metabolism of these two classes of substances. An analysis of the genes within these two modules using transcription factor (TF) enrichment and KEGG enrichment revealed that they are predominantly regulated by mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) and ethylene signaling pathways. Furthermore, we found that tryptophan metabolism, phenylalanine metabolism, and monoterpene synthesis were enriched in down-regulated pathway enrichment analysis. In addition, we also found that the MAPK signaling pathway was enriched in the KEGG enrichment analysis of AX2 with Nip. The results demonstrate that anti-expression of OsEL2 is associated with a notable decline in rice tolerance to cold stress.

Chronic exposure to arsenic, a prevalent toxic metalloid, is a major public health concern. This study is aimed at investigating whether dietary intervention with selenium-enriched rice could effectively mitigate chronic arsenic-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in mice and at comparing its efficacy to an inorganic selenium-fortified diet. Over 18 weeks, seven experimental groups were evaluated for body/organ weights, selenium/arsenic accumulation, histopathological changes, oxidative stress markers, molecular mechanisms, and metabolomics alterations in the liver and kidneys. Arsenic exposure reduced body weight, increased organ weight, caused significant liver and kidney damage, and decreased antioxidant enzyme activity. Conversely, both selenium diets improved body weight, enhanced antioxidant activity, and mitigated oxidative stress and inflammation by upregulating Nrf2, SOD1, SOD2, GPX1, GPX2, CAT, MT1, and MT2 while downregulating Tnf-α. Crucially, selenium-enriched rice demonstrated superior efficacy compared to inorganic selenium due to its enhanced bioavailability, resulting in a greater reduction of arsenic accumulation and improved health indicators. Metabolomics analysis revealed arsenic-induced dysregulation of 325 and 441 metabolites in the liver and kidneys, respectively, affecting phosphatidylcholine, spermidine, glutathione, and glycerophospholipid-related pathways. Selenium supplementation partially restored these metabolic imbalances. Organ-specific responses highlighted the liver's role in arginine/proline metabolism and the kidneys' vulnerability to oxidative stress. These findings underscore the protective role of selenium-enriched rice in combating arsenic toxicity through enhanced antioxidant defenses and detoxification pathways, suggesting it as a promising dietary intervention for arsenic-exposed populations.

Escalating global warming threatens rice (Oryza sativa L.) growth and yield, making research into thermotolerance mechanisms imperative. OsLEML2, identified as a heat-responsive gene through microarray screening, was investigated in this study. It was found that overexpression of OsLEML2 reduces thermotolerance in transgenic plants. RT-qPCR analysis and physiological parameter measurements revealed that OsLEML2 disrupts reactive oxygen species homeostasis as well as suppresses HSF-HSP signaling. This gene affects the expression of auxin biosynthesis genes and catabolic genes, thereby influencing auxin homeostasis and regulating the heat tolerance of rice. Additionally, OsLEML2 potentially regulates thermotolerance by maintaining cellular auxin homeostasis through facilitating the efflux of excess auxin or its sequestration into the central vacuole, and by modulating pollen viability through the regulation of pollen reactive oxygen species levels. Collectively, our functional characterization has identified OsLEML2 as a negative regulatory factor in heat stress responses, providing a potential genetic target for enhancing thermotolerance in crops via molecular breeding strategies.

Soil salinity and heat stress are major abiotic stress factors restricting rice growth, development, and yield potential. DUFs (Domains of Unknown Function) are proteins with structurally conserved but functionally undefined domains, widely present across organisms. The DUF846 family has been demonstrated to participate in plant growth and development as well as trans-Golgi network sorting and secretion. However, their functional roles in abiotic stress tolerance responses in rice remain poorly understood. In this study, we focused on OsDUF846.2, a member of the rice DUF846 family. Our investigation revealed that OsDUF846.2 responds to both salt and heat stress in rice. Following salt and heat stress treatments, OsDUF846.2 overexpression lines exhibited more severe damage, lower survival rates, elevated reactive oxygen species (ROS) and malondialdehyde (MDA) accumulation, reduced antioxidant enzyme activities, and decreased proline and soluble sugar contents compared to wild type (WT). Transcriptome analysis indicated that OsDUF846.2 may enhance the sensitivity of rice to salt stress and heat stress by regulating salt stress-related pathways such as cytoskeletal stability and antioxidant defense system, and heat stress-related pathways such as protein homeostasis maintenance and RNA metabolism. These findings indicate that OsDUF846.2 negatively regulates the response of rice to salt stress and heat stress.

Chaling wild rice (Oryza rufipogon Griff.) can survive winter due to its extreme cold tolerance, whereas cultivated rice (Oryza sativa L.) cannot. Here, we found that the expression level of OsCYCBL1 decreased relatively less at low temperatures in Chaling wild rice compared with cultivated rice. Transgenic assays of OsCYCBL1 in Nipponbare (Nip) showed that overexpression of OsCYCBL1 promoted cold tolerance. Transcriptome profiling, RT-qPCR analysis, and physiological parameters measurement indicated that overexpression of OsCYCBL1 maintained better DNA damage repair capacity, balanced the cell cycle, enhanced reactive oxygen species (ROS) homeostasis, and increased wax content, directly affecting the ICE-CBF-COR cascade. Moreover, OsHTR702, a gene that interacts with OsCYCBL1, also positively regulates rice cold tolerance by affecting the ICE-CBF-COR cascade and increasing ROS homeostasis at low temperatures. In addition, overexpression of OsCYCBL1 and OsHTR702 enabled rice to survive through winter. Taken together, the current results indicate that OsCYCBL1 and OsHTR702 are related to cold tolerance in rice, making them potential targets for enhancing crop resilience to cold stress.

In a gene chip analysis, rice (Oryza sativa) OsSMP2 gene expression was induced under various abiotic stresses, prompting an investigation into its role in drought resistance and abscisic acid signaling. Subsequent experiments, including qRT-PCR and β-glucuronidase activity detection, affirmed the OsSMP2 gene's predominant induction by drought stress. Subcellular localization experiments indicated the OsSMP2 protein primarily localizes to the cell membrane system. Overexpressing OsSMP2 increased sensitivity to exogenous abscisic acid, reducing drought resistance and leading to reactive oxygen species accumulation under drought stress. Conversely, in simulated drought experiments, OsSMP2-silenced transgenic plants showed significantly longer roots compared with the wild-type Nipponbare. These results suggest that OsSMP2 overexpression negatively affects rice drought resistance, offering valuable insights into molecular mechanisms, and highlight OsSMP2 as a potential target for enhancing crop resilience to drought stress.

Recent studies have demonstrated that selenium (Se) reduces the accumulation of heavy metals in rice tissues. However, the interaction between Se and mercury (Hg) in rice genotypes with high Se content remains to be further investigated. In this study, we used high Se genotypes Z2057B and Z5097B and low Se genotype Yuenong to explore the dynamics of Se and Hg in various tissues. The results showed that high Se genotypes, coupled with low concentrations of exogenously applied Se, significantly reduced the uptake of Hg in rice plants. The findings indicated the following order of Hg accumulation: Roots> third leaf > second leaf > first leaf > stem > grains. Observations revealed that both high Se genotypes and Se supplementation significantly restricted the majority of Hg concentration in roots and minimized its translocation to the aerial parts of the rice plant. In high Se genotypes subjected to mercury stress, MDA accumulation was significantly reduced, and SOD antioxidant activity was enhanced in stem and leaves at jointing, booting, heading, and maturity stages as compared to low Se genotypes. The application of 1.0mg of Se per kg soil significantly improved the agronomic and physiological characteristics, reduced the Hg contents in aerial parts, and increased the Se contents in polished rice grains. Hence, the results lead to the conclusion that (i) cultivating high Se rice genotypes is a viable approach to decrease the Hg accumulation in rice grains and serves as a crucial strategy to fulfill daily Se requirements, particularly for populations suffering from Se deficiency (ii) supplementing ordinary rice with 1-3mgkg-1 of Se can effectively reduce Hg accumulation and improve the quality of the grains.

Rice is among the world's top three food crops and is a staple food for more than half of the world's population. The body cannot directly synthesize selenium, and its deficiency causes different diseases, so consuming selenium-rich rice can supplement the body's selenium requirements. People are paying more attention to food health, and selenium-rich rice is gradually becoming part of people's vision. In this experiment, selenium-rich microcapsules were prepared using selenoproteins extracted from selenium-rich brown rice. These selenoprotein microcapsules demonstrated higher reducing and free radical scavenging ability than bovine serum albumin. In vitro experiments, selenoproteins microcapsules demonstrated 0.93% reducing capacity, 95% DPPH free radical ability, and 58% hydroxyl scavenging ability. Different selenoprotein microcapsules and sodium selenite doses were used to investigate their impact on D-galactose-injected aging mice. Selenoprotein microcapsules helped maintain body weight and alleviated the abnormally elevated organ coefficients. At the same time, a high dose of sodium selenite caused selenosis, organ congestion, edema, and hypertrophic hyperplasia. It was observed that 60 mu g kg- 1 selenoproteins had a good repairing impact on oxidative damage in the liver and kidneys, improved T-AOC, SOD, and GPx activity, and reduced MDA contents in all organs. In comparison, 100 mu g kg- 1 selenoproteins led to selenosis, and 30 mu g kg- 1 was less effective and insufficient in relieving aging effects in mice. The results showed that the proper selenium intake relieves oxidative and biological stress. The study provides basic information about selenoproteins microcapsule preparation from selenium-enriched rice and its application in the health care system.

Haloacid dehalogenase-like hydrolase (HAD) superfamily have been shown to get involved in plant growth and abiotic stress response. Although the various functions and regulatory mechanism of HAD superfamily have been well demonstrated, we know little about the function of this family in conferring abiotic stress tolerance to rice. Here, we report OsHAD3, a HAD superfamily member, could affect drought tolerance of rice. Under drought stress, overexpression of OsHAD3 increases the accumulation of reactive oxygen species and malondialdehyde than wild type. OsHAD3-overexpression lines decreased but antisense-expression lines increased the roots length under drought stress and the transcription levels of many well-known stress-related genes were also changed in plants with different genotypes. Furthermore, overexpression of OsHAD3 also decreases the oxidative tolerance. Our results suggest that overexpression of OsHAD3 could decrease the drought tolerance of rice and provide a new strategy for improving drought tolerance in rice.

Biological control has gradually become the dominant means of controlling fungal disease over recent years. In this study, an endophytic strain of UTF-33 was isolated from acid mold ( Rumex acetosa L.) leaves. Based on 16S rDNA gene sequence comparison, and biochemical and physiological characteristics, this strain was formally identified as Bacillus mojavensis . Bacillus mojavensis UTF-33 was sensitive to most of the antibiotics tested except neomycin. Moreover, the filtrate fermentation solution of Bacillus mojavensis UTF-33 had a significant inhibitory effect on the growth of rice blast and was used in field evaluation tests, which reduced the infestation of rice blast effectively. Rice treated with filtrate fermentation broth exhibited multiple defense mechanisms in response, including the enhanced expression of disease process-related genes and transcription factor genes, and significantly upregulated the gene expression of titin, salicylic acid pathway-related genes, and H 2 O 2 accumulation, in plants; this may directly or indirectly act as an antagonist to pathogenic infestation. Further analysis revealed that the n-butanol crude extract of Bacillus mojavensis UTF-33 could retard or even inhibit conidial germination and prevent the formation of adherent cells both in vitro and in vivo . In addition, the amplification of functional genes for biocontrol using specific primers showed that Bacillus mojavensis UTF-33 expresses genes that can direct the synthesis of bioA , bmyB , fenB , ituD , srfAA and other substances; this information can help us to determine the extraction direction and purification method for inhibitory substances at a later stage. In conclusion, this is the first study to identify Bacillus mojavensis as a potential agent for the control of rice diseases; this strain, and its bioactive substances, have the potential to be developed as biopesticides.

Temperature stresses, including low- and high-temperature stresses, are the main abiotic stresses affecting rice yield. Due to global climate change, the impact of temperature pressure on rice yield is gradually increasing, which is also a major concern for researchers. In this study, an H1 histone in Oryza sativa (OsHis1.1, LOC_Os04g18090) was cloned, and its role in rice's response to temperature stresses was functionally characterized. The GUS staining analysis of OsHis1.1 promoter-GUS transgenic rice showed that OsHis1.1 was widely expressed in various rice tissues. Transient expression demonstrated that OsHis1.1 was localized in the nucleus. The overexpression of OsHis1.1 reduces the tolerance to temperature stress in rice by inhibiting the expression of genes that are responsive to heat and cold stress. Under stress conditions, the POD activity and chlorophyll and proline contents of OsHis1.1-overexpression rice lines were significantly lower than those of the wild type, while the malondialdehyde content was higher than that of the wild type. Compared with Nip, OsHis1.1-overexpression rice suffered more serious oxidative stress and cell damage under temperature stress. Furthermore, OsHis1.1-overexpression rice showed changes in agronomic traits.