Background:In India, the cosmetics industry has expanded significantly because of changing lifestyles and increased awareness. In terms of earning the most money from the personal care and cosmetics industry in 2021, India is ranked fourth globally. Many cosmetics sold in India include ingredients that cannot be used on humans.Objective:To assess knowledge, attitudes, and practice toward the uses of cosmetics and cosmetovigilance in India.Methods:A cross-sectional study was conducted, from April to May 2022, among the general population living in the Delhi NCR region, India. Study questionnaires (printed and survey link) were distributed in public as well as at workplaces for the survey.Results:Around 268 (54.78%) females and 223 (45.21%) males participated in the survey. Amongst the total respondents - 407 (83%) agreed that they are using cosmetic products on a daily basis, females 229 (85.44%), being the majority users compared to males 178 (80%), with a significant P value = 0.011. Most of the people reported side effects of shampoos - 7.13% (hair fall, hair thinning, dryness of the scalp, itching), followed by allergic reactions to moisturizers - 5.70%.Conclusion:Because of the right safety and effectiveness mentorship of cosmetics, regulatory agencies and stakeholders should adopt this broadly. Cosmetovigilance needs to be put into practice.

Background Atopic dermatitis is an abnormal skin condition that impacts a significant number of people in the US, with an estimated 9.6 million children and 16.5 million adults being affected by it. The study aimed to characterize and optimize clove oil-based nanomicelles for the possible topical use of bacterial infection-led atopic dermatitis. Clove oil-loaded nanomicelles were produced and carefully analyzed for vesicle diameter, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential, morphological attributes, entrapment efficiency, in vitro release, stability, dermatokinetic parameters, 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging behavior and antibacterial activity. Different models, such as Korsmeyer, Higuchi, first order, and zero order were employed to evaluate the in vitro release from the formulations. Results The average size of the clove oil nanomicelles was found to be 100.15 nm with a PDI of 0.2104; they were observed to be darker against a light background. The evaluated mean zeta size was 121.3 nm, the zeta potential was − 15.31 mV. The inhibitory concentration 50 (IC 50 ) of the formulation was 61.32 ± 0.98 μg/mL; clove oil was 73.56 ± 1.63 μg/mL, against ascorbic acid was 54.51 ± 0.79 μg/mL. Among the four models tested for in vitro release kinetics, the Korsmeyer Peppas model was followed by the nanomicelles formulation. Clove oil nanomicelles generated a higher concentration of 148.68 w/v on the skin epidermis within 1.5 h, whereas the conventional formulation exhibited 55.287 w/v. Moreover, clove oil nanomicelles generated a higher concentration of 125.84 µg/mL on the skin's dermis within 2 h, whereas the conventional formulation produced 68.263 µg/mL. The nanomicelles also inhibited bacterial growth within a 24-h period. Conclusions The study presents initial evidence regarding the potency of clove oil-based nanomicelles and their enhanced efficiency on the skin. Thus, the prepared formulation can further be studied and incorporated for the possible use against bacterial infection-led atopic dermatitis. Graphical abstract

Ficus religiosa L., a member of the Moraceae family, is a medicinal plant having a number of pharmacological properties. The anti-inflammatory and analgesic actions of an ethanolic extract of F. religiosa bark FRE (at 100 and 200mg/kg dosages) and the biomarker component quercetin QC (at 5 and 10mg/kg doses) were investigated. The estimate of quercetin was carried by using an HPTLC analysis of FRE. Additionally, qualitative and quantitative screening for key important phytocomponents was done using dried, ground plant stem barks. By using molecular docking, the molecular interaction profile with several anti-inflammatory drug targets was examined. Both the FRE as well as QC showed a substantial decline in paw volume when compared with the relevant control groups (p<0.01 & p<0.001). Following the administration of acetic acid to mice, the FRE and QC both demonstrate a substantial lengthening of the paw licking or leaping towards Eddy's hot plate as well as a decrease in the number of writhes (p<0.01 & p<0.001). This study supports the use of these herbs in conventional medicine to treat pain and inflammation by through similar mechanism as compound quercetin (QC).

In recent years, unique physicochemical properties of amphiphilic block copolymers have been utilized to design the polymeric micelles for brain-specific delivery of drugs, proteins, peptides and genes. Their unique properties such as nano-size, charge-switching ability, stimuli-responsive cargo release, flexible structure, and self-assembly enable them to overcome limitations of conventional dosage forms that include rapid drug release, drug efflux, and poor brain bioavailability, and poor stability. These limitations hinder their therapeutic efficacy in treating brain diseases. Their ease of functionalization and enhanced penetration and retention effect make them suitable nanocarriers for the diagnosis of various brain diseases. In this context, the present manuscript provides an insight into the progress made in the functionalization of micelles such as the incorporation of stimuli-sensitive moieties in copolymers, conjugation of cargo molecules with the core-forming block via responsive smart linkers, and conjugation of active ligands and imaging moieties with the corona forming block for brain targeting and imaging. Further, the review also expounds on the role of polymeric micelles in delivering neurotherapeutic to the brain. Some patents related to polymeric micelles formulated for brain delivery are also enlisted.

For many decades, the thiazole moiety has been an important heterocycle in the world of chemistry. The thiazole ring consists of sulfur and nitrogen in such a fashion that the pi (π) electrons are free to move from one bond to other bonds rendering aromatic ring properties. On account of its aromaticity, the ring has many reactive positions where donor–acceptor, nucleophilic, oxidation reactions, etc., may take place. Molecules containing a thiazole ring, when entering physiological systems, behave unpredictably and reset the system differently. These molecules may activate/stop the biochemical pathways and enzymes or stimulate/block the receptors in the biological systems. Therefore, medicinal chemists have been focusing their efforts on thiazole-bearing compounds in order to develop novel therapeutic agents for a variety of pathological conditions. This review attempts to inform the readers on three major classes of thiazole-bearing molecules: Thiazoles as treatment drugs, thiazoles in clinical trials, and thiazoles in preclinical and developmental stages. A compilation of preclinical and developmental thiazole-bearing molecules is presented, focusing on their brief synthetic description and preclinical studies relating to structure-based activity analysis. The authors expect that the current review may succeed in drawing the attention of medicinal chemists to finding new leads, which may later be translated into new drugs.

INTRODUCTION:Diabetes mellitus (DM) is the most common metabolic disease and multifactorial, harming patients worldwide. Extensive research has been carried out in the search for novel drug delivery systems offering reliable control of glucose levels for diabetics, aiming at efficient management of DM.AREAS COVERED:Polymeric micelles (PMs) as smart drug delivery nanocarriers are discussed, focusing on oral drug delivery applications for the management of hyperglycemia. The most recent approaches used for the preparation of smart PMs employ molecular features of amphiphilic block copolymers (ABCs), such as stimulus sensitivity, ligand conjugation, and as a more specific example the ability to inhibit islet amyloidosis.EXPERT OPINION:PMs provide a unique platform for self-regulated or spatiotemporal drug delivery, mimicking the working mode of pancreatic islets to maintain glucose homeostasis for prolonged periods. This unique characteristic is achieved by tailoring the functional chemistry of ABCs considering the physicochemical traits of PMs, including sensing capabilities, hydrophobicity, etc. In addition, the application of ABCs for the inhibition of conformational changes in islet amyloid polypeptide garnered attention as one of the root causes of DM. However, research in this field is limited and further studies at the clinical level are required.

Introduction: Self-medication can be described as the use of medications with therapeutic intent without prescription or supervision of the physician. The World Health Organization has considered Self- medications as one of self-care elements that comprise hygiene, nutrition, lifestyle, living condition, and income level. Self- Care is a practice that people do, to maintain wellness and prevent illness. Hence current study conducted to measure the prevalence of knowledge and attitude about self- medication practice among the communities of Eastern province, Saudi Arabia. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study was conducted among 532 participants via an online survey. Survey questionnaire was distributed over the Social media platform. Results: The results indicate that among the age group 15 to 25 years (43.42%) there’s a high incidence of self-medication practice. Gender comparison indicated that females demonstrated a high prevalence of self-medication than males. Analysis of information from the university graduate students indicated that self-medication was high (46.05%) related with the knowledge of the medications (68.6%). Major medicine that was being used to self-medicate was Analgesic/painkiller (80.26%). It is essential to mention that the use of antibiotic was slightly low (12%). Among the health problems that provoked self-medication, headache was the main health problem (58.83%). Conclusion: Self-medication was found to be alarmingly high among the population of Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. So, it is imperative to increase the awareness among the population about the risk of this practice and how to practice self-medication more responsibly to avoid unwanted outcomes.

The study was aimed to design a nano emulsion formulations of Sage oil and to determine its effectiveness in healing the wound using rats as a model. Sage oil nanoemulsion (o/w) was formulated by a spontaneous emulsification method and tested for physicochemical parameters. The wound creation methods namely; circular excision and linear incision were utilized in the present study. Many specifications like tensile strength, DNA, total protein, Hexosamine and Uronic acid, were estimated from the tissues collected from incised wounds. The antioxidant and antimicrobial activity of the oil was estimated from the wound tissue homogenate. Finally epithelialization period and concentration of TNF-α were also measured. A Significant rise in collagen content by 77.52% and tensile strength by 56.20% were noticed in comparison to control. Reduction in period of epithelialization was noticed by 42.85% in comparison to control. The treatment groups confirmed significant antimicrobial activity in comparison to control. It was evident from the results that Sage oil nano emulsion could be the accelerator in wound healing process and it may be devoid of other drawbacks which would be possible with synthetic drug.

Y The adherences to protective actions are subjective to knowledge, perception, attitude, practice and barriers towards COVID-19 by Saudi residents. The self-design questionnaires were used as a cross-sectional online survey for assessed their social and behavioral parameters during the agonizing time. The cross-sectional study used data collected via an online self-reported questionnaire from 2216 Saudi residents. SPSS software and chi-square test were applied to analyze and categorize significant differences among sectional variables of the parameters. More than 95% of responders were well aware about the main clinical symptoms of COVID-19 infection and had sufficient knowledge about the protocols of five steps to stop the spread of coronavirus. Apositive perception towards COVID-19 was observed, about 55% participants strongly agreed that the coronavirus outbreak could impact the global economy and infection could be successfully controlled by imposing lockdown and by staying at home. The majority of respondents had good practices regarding COVID-19 infection. A high percentage of participants favored wearing masks, cleaning hands and frequently using hand sanitizer. A large number of participant (83.2%; n=1844) agreed that misinformation and rumors are spreading more quickly than the current outbreak of the new coronavirus. The findings suggested that Saudi residents are possessed good knowledge, optimistic attitudes, and appropriate practices towards COVID-19 during the rapid rise of the COVID-19 outbreak. Hopefully, under the combined efforts of WHO, Ministry of Health, Saudi Arabia, all Saudi residents surely will win the battle against COVID-19 very soon.

Journal of Medical VirologyVolume 93, Issue 1 p. 199-201 LETTER TO THE EDITOR COVID-19 in children in Brunei Darussalam: Higher incidence but mild manifestations Shaji George, Corresponding Author Shaji George [email protected] Department of Pediatrics, PMMPMHAMB Hospital, Tutong, Brunei Correspondence Shaji George, Department of Pediatrics, PMMPMHAMB Hospital, Tutong TA1341, Brunei. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMohammad Salahuddin Ansari, Mohammad Salahuddin Ansari Department of Pediatrics, PMMPMHAMB Hospital, Tutong, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorAnto Kalliath, Anto Kalliath Department of Pediatrics, PMMPMHAMB Hospital, Tutong, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorMohammad Jawaid Khan, Mohammad Jawaid Khan Department of Pediatrics, PMMPMHAMB Hospital, Tutong, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorMuhammad Syafiq Abdullah, Muhammad Syafiq Abdullah Department of Medicine, RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Institute of Health Science, PAPRSB, Unversiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorRosmonaliza Asli, Rosmonaliza Asli Department of Medicine, RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorRiamiza Natalie Momin, Riamiza Natalie Momin Department of Medicine, RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorBabu Ivan Mani, Babu Ivan Mani Institute of Health Science, PAPRSB, Unversiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorPui Lin Chong, Pui Lin Chong Department of Medicine, RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorVui Heng Chong, Vui Heng Chong orcid.org/0000-0002-2844-4872 Department of Medicine, RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Institute of Health Science, PAPRSB, Unversiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Department of Medicine, PMMPHAMB Hospital, Tutong, BruneiSearch for more papers by this author Shaji George, Corresponding Author Shaji George [email protected] Department of Pediatrics, PMMPMHAMB Hospital, Tutong, Brunei Correspondence Shaji George, Department of Pediatrics, PMMPMHAMB Hospital, Tutong TA1341, Brunei. Email: [email protected]Search for more papers by this authorMohammad Salahuddin Ansari, Mohammad Salahuddin Ansari Department of Pediatrics, PMMPMHAMB Hospital, Tutong, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorAnto Kalliath, Anto Kalliath Department of Pediatrics, PMMPMHAMB Hospital, Tutong, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorMohammad Jawaid Khan, Mohammad Jawaid Khan Department of Pediatrics, PMMPMHAMB Hospital, Tutong, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorMuhammad Syafiq Abdullah, Muhammad Syafiq Abdullah Department of Medicine, RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Institute of Health Science, PAPRSB, Unversiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorRosmonaliza Asli, Rosmonaliza Asli Department of Medicine, RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorRiamiza Natalie Momin, Riamiza Natalie Momin Department of Medicine, RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorBabu Ivan Mani, Babu Ivan Mani Institute of Health Science, PAPRSB, Unversiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorPui Lin Chong, Pui Lin Chong Department of Medicine, RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, BruneiSearch for more papers by this authorVui Heng Chong, Vui Heng Chong orcid.org/0000-0002-2844-4872 Department of Medicine, RIPAS Hospital, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Institute of Health Science, PAPRSB, Unversiti Brunei Darussalam, Bandar Seri Begawan, Brunei Department of Medicine, PMMPHAMB Hospital, Tutong, BruneiSearch for more papers by this author First published: 20 July 2020 https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26310Citations: 2Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onEmailFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. REFERENCES 1Ludvigsson JF. Systematic review of COVID-19 in children shows milder cases and a better prognosis than adults. Acta Paediatr. 2020; 109: 1088-1095. https://doi.org/10.1111/apa.15270 10.1111/apa.15270 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 2Peng H, Gao P, Xu Q, et al. Coronavirus disease 2019 in children: characteristics, antimicrobial treatment, and outcomes. J Clin Virol. 2020; 128:104425. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104425 10.1016/j.jcv.2020.104425 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 3Panahi L, Amiri M, Pouy S. Clinical characteristics of COVID-19 infection in newborns and pediatrics: a systematic review. Arch Acad Emerg Med. 2020; 8:e50. PubMedGoogle Scholar 4Chong VH, Chong PL, Metussin D, et al. Conduction abnormalities in hydroxychloroquine add on therapy to lopinavir/ritonavir in COVID-19 [published online ahead of print May 13, 2020]. J Med Virol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26004 10.1002/jmv.26004 Web of Science®Google Scholar 5Cui X, Zhang T, Zheng J, et al. Children with coronavirus disease 2019: a review of demographic, clinical, laboratory, and imaging features in pediatric patients [published online ahead of print May 17, 2020]. J Med Virol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26023 10.1002/jmv.26023 Web of Science®Google Scholar 6Miri SM, Noorbakhsh F, Mohebbi SR, Ghaemi A. Higher prevalence of asymptomatic or mild COVID-19 in children, claims and clues [published online ahead of print]. J Med Virol. 2020. https://doi.org/10.1002/jmv.26069 10.1002/jmv.26069 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 7Licciardi F, Pruccoli G, Denina M, et al. SARS-CoV-2-induced Kawasaki-like hyperinflammatory syndrome: a novel COVID phenotype in children [published online ahead of print]. Pediatrics. 2020:e20201711. https://doi.org/10.1542/peds.2020-1711 10.1542/peds.2020-1711 PubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar 8Latimer G, Corriveau C, DeBiasi RL, et al. Cardiac dysfunction and thrombocytopenia-associated multiple organ failure inflammation phenotype in a severe paediatric case of COVID-19. Lancet Child Adolesc Health. 2020; 4: 552-554. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30163-2 10.1016/S2352-4642(20)30163-2 CASPubMedWeb of Science®Google Scholar Citing Literature Volume93, Issue1Special Issue on New coronavirus (2019‐nCoV or SARS‐CoV‐2) and the outbreak of the respiratory illness (COVID‐19): Part‐VIIIJanuary 2021Pages 199-201 ReferencesRelatedInformation

Clobetasol propionate (CP) has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and anti-proliferative activity. The current work aimed to prepare and evaluate the nanoemulsions of CP loaded tea tree oil (TTO) would be stable nanoemulsion. Clinical use of CP is restricted to some extent due to its poor permeability across the skin. So, to increase its permeation across the skin. microemulsion based formulations were prepared and characterized. Microemulsions were prepared by aqueous phase titration method, using TTO, tween 20 transcutol P. and distilled water as the oil phase, surfactant, co-surfactant, and aqueous phase, respectively. Selected formulations were subjected to physical stability studies. Malven Zeta seizer did particle size distribution of nanoemulsion. In surface studies of the optimized formulation were done by Transmission Electron Microscopy. The nanoemulsion (A2) was a colloidal dispersion having average droplet size ranging from 100 to 200 nm. The nanoemulsion (A2) formulation exhibited a narrow size distribution (PI = 0.131). The optimized formulation exhibited viscosity 28.30 +/- 1.91 mP, refractive index 1.403, pH 6.15, and conductivity 10(-4) s cm(-1). The optimized formulation was found that the formulation A2 consisting of 15% oil phase, 35% (S-mix 1:1) and 50% distilled water exhibited 42.52% of cumulative amount of drug permeated (mu g/cm(2)) after 24 h and highest amount of drug deposited in skin 31.06 (mu g/cm(2)). Conclusion: The developed CP loaded TTO nanoemulsion was stable and good deposition of CP in the deeper layer of skin which may result in sustainable and good anti-inflammatory activity for the treatment of psoriasis.

The novel human coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is the major pandemic throughout the globe and its occurrence is due to the presence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV2). That began from Wuhan, Hubei province of China in late 2019 and afterward drastically spread worldwide. It effects around 213 countries and territories around the globe and have reported a total of 8,128,490 confirmed cases of COVID-19. As an unprecedented global pandemic it sweeps the planet and affects each and every human being either physically, mentally or economically. The most common symptoms of COVID-19 are pyrexia, tiredness, and dry cough but in some cases it is asymptomatic. It can be diagnosed by a health care provider based on symptoms and confirmed through laboratory tests. Till date there is not even a single drug or vaccine that can be used for the effective treatment for this disease. The international community is to introduce a global synchronized strength to prevent the outbreak that needs a strong public health response, high level political commitment and sufficient funding. The aim of this review article is to summarise the recent state of awareness, epidemiology and social impact on surrounding due to outbreak of COVID-19 pandemic.

To evaluate the wound healing activity of ethanolic extract of Tamarix aphylla L. on animal model. Wound creation like circular excision and linear incision method were considered for this study. The various parameters were studied like DNA estimation, total protein estimation, estimation of Hexosamine and Uronic acid, estimation of lipid peroxides and antioxidant activity, Tensile Strength of tissues from incision wounds, Antioxidant activity, Antimicrobial activity, Period of epithelialization and finally TNF-a concentration in the wound tissue homogenate were estimated. The treatment groups with the extract showed significant antimicrobial activity with compare to the standard drug. Significantly, 93. 86% increase in the collagen content and significant 52% up regulation in tensile strength was observed in the treated group. 40% reduction was observed in epithelialization period of the treated wounds. The results of the current study confirm that the ethanolic extract of T. aphylla has potent wound healing capacity.

Original Research Article Daunorubicin (DNR) is the potent broad-spectrum antineoplastic drugs widely used in treatment of cancers including acute myeloid leukemia and acute lymphocytic leukemia. But therapeutic use of DNR is limited due to cardiomyopathy. The renin-angiotensin system (RAS) plays crucial role in the development of cardiomyopathy. Changes of heart and increase duration of long-term survival with cardiac hypertrophy by inhibition of the RAS cascade and most effectively involve in the remodelling of the myocardium. Aliskiren (ALK) a recent drug of a direct inhibitor of the renin enzyme and keep safe cardiomyopathy in anthracycline induced toxicity. Also the inhibition of the renin activity by aliskiren may effective and good approach in the safety of Anthracycline induced toxicity. The present study was focused to find the possible outcome of Aliskiren against DNR-induced cardiotoxicity. The acute model dose of 1.25 mg/kg DNR intraperitoneally in sixteen equal increasing doses induced cardiomyopathy in rats. DNR treatment remarkably increased the activities of serum creatine kinase (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), cardiac cell caspase -3 catalase. ALK 100 mg/kg treatment safe the animal heart cell remarkably from rise in CK-MB, LDH and CAT. This study state that ALK save rats from DNR-induced cardiomyopathy.

Daunorubicin ((DNR)) used in oncological practice against a wide variety of solid organ tumors and hematologic malignancies, including leukemia, lymphoma, breast cancer, lung cancer, multiple myeloma and sarcoma. however clinical use of this agent is limited due to cardiomyopathy and cardiac heart failure. one of the important player in the development of cardic hypertrophy and reperfusion injury is renin-angiotensin system. Aliskiren (ALK) a recent drug of a direct inhibitor of the renin enzyme. It Protect cardiomyopathy by the inhibition of the renin activity. Present study is towards the evaluation of protective effcets of ALK 50 and 100 mg/kg/day in rats. The systolic, diastolic, mean BP and heart rate were significantly (P< 0.01) increased in DNR control group as compared to normal control group. Thus the results provide clear evidence that the ALK pretreatment offered significant protection against DNR-induced Hemodynamic parameters changes. Keywords: Daunorubicin, Cardiomyopathy, Aliskiren, Telmisartan and Hemodynamic parameters

Optimized formulations were subjected to various in vivo studies like anti-inflammatory activity, Nickel induced dermatitis, irritation study and Acute and repeated dose dermal toxicity studies. Clobetasol propionate (CP) has anti-inflammatory, immunomodulatory, and antiproliferative activity. The aim of the present work was to test the hypothesis that the addition CP in nanoemulsions would result in enhancement CP delivery and leading to better antipsoriatic activity. Nanoemulsions were prepared by aqueous phase titration method, using Tea Tree oil, Tween 20, Transcutol P, and distilled water as the oil phase, surfactant, co-surfactant and aqueous phase, respectively.We developed a topical O/W nanoemulsion in which drug is incorporated in disperse phase of oil and evaluated its efficacy against different types of in vivostudies. It was also found that the significantly increased their anti-inflammatory activity. It was reported that CP-loaded nanoemulsion significantly increased NTPDase (Nucleoside triphosphate diphosphohydrolases) activity in lymphocytes. This membrane protein is responsible for the hydrolysis of extracellular ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) which is responsible for cell proliferation, differentiation and inflammatory processes. In vivoirritation studies did not show any irritation in spite of having high amount of surfactant. Group treated with CP loaded nanoemulsion gel showed no evident toxicity even on repeated exposure. On the basis of above in vivo study we conclude that developed nanoemulsion is safe for human. Keywords: Clobetasol propionate, In-vivo study, Nanoemulsion, Anti-inflammatory study, Toxicity study

Objective: To monitor drug utilization based adverse drug reactions (ADRs) of antihypertensive agents prescribed in Al-Quwayiyah general hospital, Saudi Arabia.Methods: An open, non-comparative, observational study was conducted on hypertensive patients attending the medicine outpatient department of Al-Quwayyah general hospital, Al-Quwayyah, Saudi arabia. Data were collected by conducting patient interviews. Data were captured for adverse drug reaction monitoring based on Narinjo scale and WHO format.Results: 25 ADRs were observed out of 212 hypertensive patients. Incidence was found to be higher in patients more than 40 y age, and females experienced more ADRs (n = 16, 7.54%) than males, 9 (4.62%). Combination therapy was associated with more number of ADRs (64.0%) as against monotherapy (36.0%). Calcium channel blockers were found to be the most frequently associated drugs with ADRs (n = 8), followed by diuretics (n = 6), and β-blockers (n = 5). Among individual drugs, amlodipine was found to be the commonest drug associated with ADRs (n = 8), followed by torasemide (n = 4). ADRs associated with the central nervous system was found to be the most frequent (48.0%) followed by musculoskeletal complaints (20.0%) and respiratory system disorders (16.0%).Conclusion: ADRs were experienced by taking the antihypertensive drugs prescribed in Al-Quwayyah general hospital, Saudi arabia. The findings would be useful for physicians in rational prescribing. Calcium channel blockers were found to be the most frequently associated drugs with ADRs.

Objective: Aim of to present study was to assess drug utilization pattern of antibiotics use in Lower respiratory tract infection and their adverse drug reaction assessment. Methods: The present study was an observational and prospective study. 110 patients fulfill the inclusion criteria were included in study. Physician prescription records, patient’s medication profile types of antibiotics prescribed were recorded and analyzed. Results: Out of 110 LRTI patients, 74 (67.27%) patients were male and 36(32.72%) patients were female. 72 patients were suffered from bronchitis while 38 patients were suffering from pneumonia. 30 patients were in the age range of 56-65 y, followed by 21 patients who were in the age range of 66-75 y. It has been observed that among all the prescribed antibiotic agentu0027s frequency of β-lactam 199(45.53%), quinolones115 (26.27%), macrolides 53(12.12%) chloramphenicol44 (10.06%) sulphonamide 17 (3.89%) and aminoglycosides 9(2.05%) were prescribed to all the patients. Average 3.97 antibiotic agents were prescribed to all the patients. Majority of drugs were given by oral route (68.19%) and Prescriptions are mainly ordered in brand names. The most frequent co-morbid condition was found to be diabetes mellitus (25.45%) followed by hypertension (16.36%) and coronary artery disease (11.81%).45.45%. Only 23 ADRs were detected in 110 patients. The most common culprit was an amoxicillin with clavulanic acid. Conclusion: The present study provides an overall pattern of antibiotic usage in different patients. The area of concern in the present study is polypharmacy and use of antibiotics in LRTI without following any guideline. ADRs monitoring is also required to prevent noxious effects of drugs by the use of antibiotics.

Objective: The main objective of our study is to explore anti-inflammatory activity at its molecular level like tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interleukin 12 (IL-12) expression, and histopathological study.Methods: As per solubility/miscibility of clobetasol propionate (CP) with tea tree oil (TTO), surfactant and cosurfactant (Smix), and water in a ratio of oil:Smix:water (15:35:50) taken in milliliter for the preparation of nanoemulsion. Induced allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) with dinitrofluorobenzene (DNFB) was used for the study. TNF-α and interleukin 12 (IL-12) were estimated with rabbit antimouse TNF-α and rat antimouse IL-12 antibodies in 1% of bovine serum albumin in phosphate buffer.Results: Topical application of CP loaded nanoemulsion gel inhibits ear inflammation and erythema in DNFB-induced ACD in mice and significantly reduces the intracellular edema and infiltration with inflammatory mediator cells involving of mononuclear cells and neutrophils. CP loaded nanoemulsion gel reduces expression of protein level of TNF-α and IL-12.Conclusion: CP loaded nanoemulsion gel confirmed that anti-inflammatory effects showed more rapidly than the placebo and marketed gel preparation. However, the animals treated with placebo nanoemulsion gel showed a somehow comparable reduction of their inflammation during treatment compared with the marketed gel. This effect may be due to anti-inflammatory effect of TTO. This result suggested that anti-inflammatory activity of placebo nanoemulsion gel may be due to TTO present in nanoemulsion as vehicle.

Pharmacy profession has responsibility for ensuring the safe, effective and rational use of medicines. Effective pharmacy practice requires an understanding of the social context which is practiced, innovative and informative. The aim of the study was to find out the Knowledge towards digital library and innovation in pharmacy practice by Questionnaire based Prospective study on pharmacy-medical professionals. The participant subjects to enrolled in study and asks self prepared 30 questions. The information's were obtained on special form and data was analyzed by SPSS software. The result were found that 66.6% of participants were agrees that digital library makes treatment better where as 33.34% were not able to say about digital library role in better treatment outcomes. 53.33% thought that through 40 % slightly agreed. 56.66% study population positive to say the importance of electronic application of digital library minimize adverse drug reaction, 6.66% were not thought so and contents is increasing day by day in health care profession, 43.33% had negative thinking on the same. 73.33% said and agree to say that this digital library were great innovation of digital library and 66.66% agree to say this digital library is one of the best media for drug information. Our conclusion that more awareness required for application of digital library and in better innovation of pharmacy practice so, society will take more benefit in health care managements, minimizing adverse drug reaction, choose the better choice of drug and in minimizing cost of treatment.