Abstract Herein the bioaccessibility of Mn, Cu, Zn, Cd, and Pb, selected from essential and toxic elements, was determined in commercially sold vegetable purees intended for infant and toddler consumption. Chemical fractionation studies using water, acetone, diethyl ether, chloroform:methanol, and n-hexane were employed to predict the importance of the protein and lipid parts of a matrix to assess the bioaccessibility data. In addition, in-vitro gastrointestinal digestion was performed to determine the bioaccessibility of the elements using a five level, three factor central composite design (CCD) to maximize the elemental solubility. The total elemental concentrations in all of the fractions were determined by inductively coupled plasma – mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Based on the consumption of one jar of vegetable/rice-based baby food, Zn was 1.3% of the recommended dietary allowance and Mn was 4.2% of the adequate intake level, while Cu was almost 100% of the adequate intake level. Additionally, Pb was always below the detection limit and Cd was sometimes under the detection limit for the percent bioaccessibility. However, in some samples, Cd was as high as 80% of the tolerable weekly intake level depending on the body weight.

A multielemental determination methodology in conjunction with an organic acid analysis that were supplemented with other stress parameters and an ultrastructural analysis used herein to study Verbascum olympicum Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) under Mn stress. Uptake and accumulation characteristics of B, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, and Zn were evaluated in 8-week-old seedlings grown in Hoagland’s nutrient solution and exposed to 5 (CK), 50, and 200 μM MnSO4 for 7 days. Hydrogen peroxide levels were determined to evaluate oxidative stress, and changes in compatible substance levels (total phenolic contents, glutathione and glutathione disulfide levels) were determined to assess antioxidant defense mechanisms. The distribution of manganese on the root surface was characterized by scanning electron microscopy images and energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis. The levels of nicotinic acid, which is involved in nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide biosynthesis, were determined in roots and leaves to assess tolerance mechanisms. V. olympicum exhibited the ability to cope with oxidative stress originating from excessive Mn, while increased Mn concentrations were observed in both roots and leaves. The translocation factor of B was the most affected among other studied elements under the experimental conditions. Total nicotinic acid levels exhibited a trend of reduction in the roots and leaves, which could be attributed to the appropriate metabolic progress associated with oxidative stress based on the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide cycle that may reach glutathione in response to manganese stress during plant growth.

A rapid and simple method was developed for the determination of selenium in biological fluids by direct electrothermal atomic absorption spectroscopy. The operation parameters of a commercial longitude heating furnace combined with a graphite filter furnace, graphite thread (tube-in-tube atomization system), and a Pd-Mg chemical modifier were proposed, and the corresponding analytical characteristics for the determination of Se at concentrations greater than or equal to 0.0025mg/kg in blood, urine, saliva, and breast milk samples were established. Recovery values of Se with the proposed method varied within 93 to 107% for these matrices. Relative standard deviations for the analysis of certified material were also compatible; values of 5 and 7% were achieved for blood serum and urine, respectively. The relative standard deviation obtained by the proposed method did not exceed 8%, and the total time for Se determination was 5 to 7min. The novelty of this technique is that it offers an effective tool for removing the interferences from 10 to 20g/L organic and 1.0 to 1.5g/L mineral components in the materials and for significantly reducing the background absorption of light caused by their presence.

In this study, total concentrations and bioaccessibility of some essential and toxic elements (As, Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn) were determined in commercial fruit purees intended for baby consumption as complementary foods. Enzymatic in vitro digestions were performed to simulate the stomach and the intestine conditions. A five-level, three factor central composite design, was applied to optimize the open-wet digestion methodology as well as enzyme amounts used in vitro methods to achieve maximum elemental levels. Rice flour and baby food composite certified reference materials analysis were applied to optimize the digestion parameters and evaluate the accuracy of the optimized method. Water fractions of samples were analyzed and evaluated in terms of their suitability for risk assessment studies by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Recommended dietary allowance level of 1.3% for Zn, adequate intake levels of 15.3%, 0.04%, 4.4% and 68% for Cu, Mg, Mn and Cr, respectively were achieved as well as 20%, 6% level and 2% tolerable intakes of Cd, Ni and As, respectively. Thus, contribution of the consumption of one jar of fruit based complementary baby food to diet of infants aged up to 12 months were assessed.

In this study, a sequential Sr fractionation scheme was developed for wheat flour matrix. The lipid, water-soluble, and starch fractions were separated successfully. Total and fractionated Sr was determined by ICP-MS. The limits of detection and quantification of the technique were 4.4 and 17.7 μg L−1, respectively. The distribution of Sr was varied between 21.2–31.3%, 28.1–51.2%, and 22.9–49.3% in water-soluble, starch, and residue fractions, respectively. The lipid-bounded strontium was only determined for sample 3 as 0.42 mg kg−1. Additionally, water-soluble content was divided into sub-fractions. The accuracy of the experimental procedure was tested with NIST-8436 durum wheat flour. The certified and sum of the fractionated Sr concentrations were in good agreement with a recovery of 105.0% of the stated concentration. Moreover, simulated in vitro digestion methods were also applied to find out the bioaccessible Sr and to investigate the statistical correlation between fractions and gastrointestinal digests.

We aimed to evaluate the elemental (W, Mo, Zn, Fe, Cu, Co, Bi, Mn, Cd, Cr, As) composition of some plant species spread around the abandoned tungsten mining area of Uludağ Mountain. The plant species tested were Anthemis cretica and Trisetum flavescens which are grown in this area and they are pioneer species on these contaminated sites. W levels in soils were found up to 1378.6 ± 672.3 mg/kg dry weight in contaminated areas. The leaf W contents of the selected plant species were found 41.1 ± 24.4 and 31.1 ± 15.5 mg/kg dry weight for A. cretica and T. flavescens, respectively. Our results indicate that the elemental composition of species changed by the increased tungsten and some element concentrations in soil without detrimental effect. So, these species can be useful tungsten removal and some elements from contaminated sites.

An analytical procedure was proposed to study the operational fraction of Cu in ripe-fresh, sun-dried and sulphited-dried apricots harvested from either treated Bordeaux mixture or unexposed trees. Based on the methods that consists pressurized liquid extraction procedure and solid phase extraction to separate diverse Cu fractions on different sorbents such as Dowex 50Wx8-40 and Amberlite XAD-7, and then flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS) and ion selective electrode were used for off-line determination of Cu concentrations in the effluents obtained.Total copper concentrations in different processing the apricot samples exposed to Bordeaux mixture were 4.58, 4.48 and 4.25 μg/g in ripe fresh, sun-dried, sulphuring-sun drying, respectively. However, Cu concentrations in the organic apricot samples were determined 2.92; 2.97 and 2.25 μg/g. While circa 40-59% of total copper are extractable with water solvent including about 67-68% cationic copper, 25-33% organically bound copper and 26- 44% labile in Kabaasi apricot samples. Besides, while about 27-48% of total copper are extractable with methanol: water solvents containing about 40-23% cationic copper, 60-78% organically bound copper and 56-71% of copper was absorbed in the stomach.It was applied to analytical procedures for Cu speciation in the apricot samples were verified and validated.

The influence of tungsten on the uptake and translocation of essential elements (B, Bi, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Pb, Zn, and W) of Plantago holosteum around the abandoned tungsten mine works on Uludag Mountain, Turkey was evaluated. Open-wet and Kjeldahl digestion procedures were applied to the samples before elements were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. Accuracy was evaluated using standard tea and spinach leaf and soil-certified reference materials. The novel approach of this work identified P. holosteum as a possible candidate bioaccumulator species, which was widespread in the tungsten mining area and provided overall, realistic evaluations for many elements, particularly W. Thus, the specific behavior of the selected species separated this species from the others in this damaged ecosystem. The W concentrations in soils and plants were in the range from 6 to 2591 mg kg(-1) dry weight and 0.6 to 85.3 mg kg(-1) dry weight, respectively. The concentrations of elements in soil samples from the waste removal pool were higher than those from the unpolluted sites, and all elements except manganese increased in plant samples.

In this study, the total contents, leachability into tea infusions, and bioaccessibility of lithium from black, Earl Grey, and green teas were evaluated by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. Leachabilities were evaluated after infusion for 2, 5, or 10min. Bioaccessibility was determined in vitro under simulated stomach and intestinal digestion conditions. Addition of lemon juice, sugar, or milk for consumption, and calcium, tannic acid, and citric acid as additives were evaluated to determine if they affected bioaccessibility of lithium from black tea. The bioaccessible lithium contributed to 0.01%, 0.02%, and 0.03% of the recommended dietary allowances of lithium for black, Earl Grey, and green tea samples, respectively. These contributions may increase up to 4.4 times or decrease up to seven times with certain additives.

The bioavailability of copper in wheat flour is reported based on chemical fractionation using water, diethyl ether, n-hexane, methanol, acetone, and chloroform/methanol to identify copper-bound matrix sites. The total copper concentrations in the fractions were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. In vitro gastrointestinal digestion was performed using pepsin and pancreatin enzyme solutions at defined pH values for bioavailability studies. The bioavailable forms of copper in the samples were 61-80% of the total concentration. Extraction with n-octanol and activated carbon adsorption studies were evaluated to compare their efficiencies to the enzymatic approach.

Determination of Rare- Earth Elements in White Marbles by Inductively Coupled Plasma Source Mass Spectrometry Nurhayat Özdemir, Şeref Güçer Abstract Marmara (23), Afyon (31), Uşak (17) and Paros(9) white marble samples were analyzed by ICP-MS for the quantitative determination of rare earth element (REE) concentration The levels of the isotopes of rare earth elements 139La, 140Ce, 141Pr, 146Nd, 147Sm, 151Eu, 157Gd, 159Tb, 163Dy, 165Ho, 167Er, 169Tm, 173Yb and 175Lu Full Text: PDF DOI: 10.15640/jcb.v4n2a3

This study evaluates the elemental (W, Mo, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, Cr, Co, B, and Bi) composition of Marrubium astracanicum Jacq. (Lamiaceae), around the abandoned tungsten mine on Uludağ Mountain, Turkey, to determine if it is an appropriate candidate for phytomonitoring and/or phytoremediation purposes. Three sample sites were selected around the mine for soil and plant sampling. Two sites approximately 500 m from the mine were assumed to be unpolluted sites. The other site was selected from a waste removal pool (WRP) and was assumed to be a polluted site. The soil and different organs (roots, leaves, and flowers) of plant samples were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) to determine the elemental content. The classic open wet digestion procedure was applied to the samples with 5 mL HNO3 and 3 mL H2O2 in a borosilicate glass vessel for the roots, leaves, and the flowers of the plants. Kjeldahl digestion was used for the soil samples. The W, Zn, Fe, Cu, Cd, Mn, Pb, B, and Bi contents were found to be higher in the soil samples from the waste removal pools compared with the samples from the unpolluted sites. We also found that the elemental composition of M. astracanicum has generally been increased by the activity of the tungsten mine, and there were significant correlations between the elemental contents of the soil samples and plant parts, except for Mo and Cr. The high level of many elements in the soil samples indicates the presence of contamination related to tungsten-mining activity on Uludağ Mountain. Assessing the elemental contents of M. astracanicum, we can suggest this species as a candidate for phytoremediation purposes of W-contaminated sites due to its high W-accumulation capacity.

In this study, in vitro simulated enzymatic digestion methods combined with n-octanol extraction, activated carbon adsorption, and chemical fractionation studies were applied to wheat flour samples to assess the bioaccessibility of manganese. Matrix characterization by macro chemical compositions of the samples and fractionation studies were evaluated in the context of enzymatic digestibility using also a new methodological approach to assess the accuracy of in vitro methods. Manganese levels in fractions and digests were determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). Additionally, water fractions were analyzed by reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography coupled online to ICP-MS for rapid screening of the free manganese contents. The limits of detection achieved for this hyphenated technique were 3.6 mu g L-1 for manganese. The bioaccessible levels of manganese in the samples were found to be in the range from 64 to 67% of the total amount. The manganese content in water fractions achieved by the on-line hyphenated technique was found compatible with respect to bioaccessibility of manganese. Furthermore, recommended daily intake values together with the bioaccessible levels were used for the risk assessment studies. Depending on the recommended dietary allowance of manganese for adults, 100 g of flour may supply 14-24% of daily manganese intake. (C) 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Oleaster flours were produced from two different genotypes (GO1 and GO2) and methods (peeled oleaster flour: POF and unpeeled oleaster flour: UPOF). Oleaster flour samples (OFs) contained high levels of dietary fibers and micro minerals. The contents of Fe, Cu, B, and Cr in flours obtained from oleaster fruits were higher in UPOF than in POF samples. Palmitic acid was the major fatty acid which was followed by oleic acid and lignoceric acid. All samples contained greater amount of saturated fatty acids (SFA) as compared to mono unsaturated fatty acids (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Among seven different organic acids detected, the level of citric acid was the highest and it was followed by malic, acetic and oxalic acids. High nutritional contents of oleaster flour indicated that it is a good source of dietary fiber, micro minerals, as well as organic and fatty acids.The water solubilities (WS) and water absorption capacities (WAC) of oleaster flours were adequate for their utilization. They also seem to have an improving effect on emulsion properties of albumin. These results highlighted that it is possible to use the oleaster flour in some processed foods such as bakery goods, dairy products (ice cream and yoghurt), beverages and confectionery. Moreover, the oleaster flour could also be used in the preparation of low-fat, high-fiber dietetic products due to its high dietary fiber content.

Verbascum olympicum Boiss. (Scrophulariaceae) were studied as a candidate plant for remediating the Ni polluted soils. The metabolic responses, such as nitrate assimilation (nitrate reductase and glutamine synthetase activity) and antioxidant system activity [superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) activity], of this species exposed to nickel in Hoagland's nutrient medium were investigated as remediation performance parameters. The accumulation of nickel and the variations in the content of some elements (B, Cu, Fe, Mg, Mn, Mo and Zn) and some growth parameters, such as the water content, biomass production, and contents of chlorophyll and soluble protein, were also examined. The accumulation of Ni in both the roots and leaves varied depending on the exposure times and doses. Increased oxidative stress was suggested by the increases in the activities of SOD, CAT and APX. Although some element contents were inhibited by Ni treatments, these inhibitory effects was decreased depending on the time, and even these elements are accumulated in roots. These results are the novelties in the use of this species in biotechnology.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of copper (Cu) stress on accumulation and transport of trace elements, nitrogen assimilation, and growth parameters of Verbascum olympicum. Eight-week-old seedlings were grown in Hoagland's solution and exposed to 0, 50, 250, or 500 mu M CuSO4 for seven days in laboratory conditions. Bioaccumulation of trace elements (boron, bismuth, cobalt, Cu, iron, lithium, manganese, molybdenum, nickel, lead, zinc) in the roots and leaves was determined by inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry after one, three, and seven days. Chlorophyll content, nitrate reductase, and glutamine synthetase activities, soluble protein content, and biomass were determined. Copper accumulated in the roots and leaves (up to 19609.8 and 256.2 mg kg(-1) dry weight, respectively). Other trace elements accumulated to higher levels in the roots of Cu-treated plants compared with those of control plants. High Cu concentrations decreased nitrogen-assimilatory enzyme activities. Compared with control plants, those treated with high Cu concentrations showed lower chlorophyll contents, total protein contents, and biomass. Nitrogen assimilation and growth parameters of V. olympicum were negatively affected by Cu treatment but mineral nutrition was not severely disrupted. The results support the suitability of V. olympicum as a candidate for phytoremediation of Cu-contaminated soils.

Copper is known as either an essential or toxic trace element in foods to living organisms at sufficient or excess intake levels, respectively. In this study, in vitro simulated gastric and intestinal digestion methods combined with n-octanol extraction and activated carbon adsorption were applied to Turkish hazelnuts (Corylus avellana L.) to evaluate the bioaccessibility of copper. Additionally, analytical fractionation procedures based on water, diethyl ether, n-hexane, and methanol extractions were applied to identify copper-related matrix structures. The macrochemical compositions of the samples were determined to be associated with the fractionation results. The total contents of copper in the samples, digests, and fractions were determined by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry after microwave-assisted digestion, and additional validation was performed using atomic absorption spectroscopy. The limits of detection and quantification were 0.016 and 0.053 mg kg−1, respectively. The bioaccessibility of copper was found to be in the range from 16 to 31 % for hazelnut samples. The recommended dietary allowance of copper for adults is 0.9 mg daily, and considering this value, 100 g of hazelnuts supplies 33–44 % of daily copper intake.

Gunumuzde ulkemizde gida maddeleri icin eser element duzeylerinin saptanmasi gida kimyasi acisindan onemini surdurmektedir. Bu acidan mg/kg ve μg/kg duzeyinde elementlerin dogru ve kesin sonuclarla belirlenmesi halk sagligi acisindan onemlidir. Bolgemiz acisindan buyuk onem tasiyan sofralik zeytinlerde toksik ozellik gosteren metal kaynaklarinin belirlenmesi ve uygun cozum yollari onerilmesi acisindan calismamiz onem tasimaktadir. Kullanilan analiz semalari icinde hizli ve hataya neden olmayan ornek hazirlama islemlerinin belirlenmesi amaclanmistir.