Sustainable fabric waste management by abstracting value added MCC at various acid concentrations.

Allura Red (E129) is a widely used synthetic azo dye in food, pharmaceutical, and beverage industries, whose increasing discharge into aquatic systems has raised environmental and public health concerns. Its recalcitrant nature, potential toxicity, and formation of aromatic amine intermediates during degradation necessitate effective wastewater treatment strategies. Although numerous laboratory-scale studies report high removal efficiencies, a consolidated critical assessment of treatment technologies with emphasis on mechanism, scalability, and sustainability remains limited. This review systematically evaluates major approaches for Allura Red removal, including adsorption, advanced oxidation processes (AOPs), electrochemical oxidation, membrane filtration, photocatalysis, and biological treatments. Adsorption is identified as the most extensively studied technique due to operational simplicity and low cost; however, limitations like adsorbent regeneration, pore blockage, and secondary waste generation hinder large-scale implementation. AOPs and electrochemical methods demonstrate rapid degradation and high mineralization efficiencies (>95%) but are constrained by energy demand and operational costs. Membrane systems provide high rejection rates yet suffer from fouling, while biological methods offer eco-friendly alternatives with longer treatment times. Key research gaps include insufficient pilot-scale validation, limited toxicity assessment of degradation by-products, and lack of life-cycle and techno-economic analyses. Future efforts should focus on hybrid systems, green materials, and scalable sustainable designs.

The present study reports the green synthesis of iron oxide nanoparticles (Fe3O4 NPs) using the ethanolic leaf extract of Rubus ellipticus (RE), supported by GC–MS profiling. 48 phytochemicals including stigmast-5-en-3-ol, phytol, linoleic acid ethyl ester, neophytadiene, and vitamin E acted as natural reducing and stabilizing agents. The RE-mediated Fe3O4 nanoparticles (RE-Fe) were characterized by using XRD, TEM-EDX, and the XPS analysis. XRD confirmed the highly crystalline, phase-pure magnetite with a cubic spinel structure, and TEM revealed about the quasi-spherical particles averaging 37.73 ± 6.03 nm. XPS validated the mixed Fe²⁺/Fe³⁺ oxidation states typical of the Fe3O4. The Biological evaluation showed the excellent antioxidant activity of the RE-Fe compared to the extract, with an IC50 values of 27.93 and 39.06 µg/mL in DPPH and the phosphomolybdate assays. Antidiabetic assays demonstrated the strong α-amylase and the α-glucosidase inhibition (IC50 = 49.54 and 35.21 µg/mL), outperforming the plant extract. RE-Fe also exhibited the potent antibacterial activity against the bacterial strains E. coli and S. aureus, comparable to ciprofloxacin. Molecular docking supported these outcomes, revealing strong interactions of key phytochemicals with TyrRS, DNA gyrase, α-amylase, and α-glucosidase. Overall, Rubus ellipticus is shown to be an effective source for eco-friendly Fe3O4 NPs synthesis with promising biomedical applications.

The development of the sustainable nanomaterials through green chemistry approaches has emerged as a critical strategy to address the environmental and biomedical challenges. In current study, silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) were synthesized via the phytochemically-driven route by using the stem extract of Coriaria nepalensis (CNS), a medicinal plant which is enriched with various diverse bioactive constituents. GC–MS analysis revealed a complex phytochemical profile which is dominated by the presence of phenolics, terpenoids, and the phytosterols, which facilitated the reduction and the stabilization of the nanoparticles. The formation of the Ag-CNS nanoparticles was confirmed by the UV–vis spectroscopy (SPR at 405 nm), while, the XRD analysis indicated a face-centered cubic crystalline structure. TEM analysis also demonstrated the predominantly spherical nanoparticles with an average size of 48.03 ± 18.57 nm, and the XPS confirmed the presence of metallic Ag0 with the phytochemical capping. Biological evaluations revealed that Ag-CNS nanoparticles exhibited significantly enhanced antioxidant activity (IC50 = 35.66 μg/mL), enhanced inhibition of the enzyme against α-amylase and α-glucosidase, and excellent antibacterial potential against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative strains, comparable to standard drugs. Ag-CNS nanoparticles exhibits excellent catalytic potential for the reduction of 4-nitrophenol (4-NP), achieving ~95% conversion within 7 min, following pseudo-zero-order kinetics. The improved activities are due to the synergistic interactions between Ag and surface-bound phytochemicals. Overall, this work highlights CNS-mediated AgNPs as a promising multifunctional nanoplatform for therapeutic, biomedical and catalytic applications.

Hedychium spicatum (HS), a medicinal member of the Zingiberaceae family, was explored for its phytochemical profile and potential in the green synthesis of iron oxide (Fe3O4) nanoparticles (NPs). Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis of the leaf (HSLE) and rhizome (HSRE) extracts revealed major constituents including gamma-Sitosterol (21.47 %), beta-Selinenol (10.68 %), Stigmasterone (8.96 %), Cryptomeridiol (4.34 %), and Stigmasta-5,22-dien-3-ol (4.28 %) in HSLE, while alpha-Cadinol (21.15 %), Pentacyclo dodecane (13.04 %), 5-Hydroxymethyltricyclo undec-2-ene (11.89 %), Elemol (7.93 %), Cryptomeridiol (6.47 %), and Germacrene D-4-ol (5.23 %) were predominant in HSRE. XRD analysis confirmed the crystalline cubic spinel structure of Fe3O4. XPS spectra displayed characteristic Fe 2p(3/2) and Fe 2p(1/2) peaks at similar to 710.8 eV and similar to 724.4 eV, confirming the coexistence of Fe2 + and Fe3+ oxidation states, validating the formation of Fe3O4 nanoparticles. TEM revealed spherical morphology with mean diameters of 36.27 +/- 2.6 nm (HSLE-Fe) and 15.3 +/- 5.1 nm (HSRE-Fe). Antioxidant evaluation showed DPPH IC50 values of 53.79 +/- 0.55 mu g/mL (HSLE), 46.90 +/- 0.11 mu g/mL (HSRE), 39.10 +/- 0.11 mu g/mL (HSLE-Fe), and 30.83 +/- 0.22 mu g/mL (HSRE-Fe), while phosphomolybdate assay values were 61.04 +/- 0.25, 51.56 +/- 0.15, 43.89 +/- 0.29, and 34.74 +/- 0.24 mu g/mL, respectively. Antidiabetic (alpha-amylase inhibition) IC50 values were 53.10 +/- 0.20, 45.07 +/- 0.11, 35.24 +/- 0.15, and 22.23 +/- 0.29 mu g/mL. Antibacterial studies revealed maximum inhibition zones against E. coli and S. aureus for HSRE-Fe. These findings confirm that Hedychium spicatum-derived Fe3O4 nanoparticles possess enhanced antioxidant, antidiabetic, and antibacterial properties, establishing them as promising candidates for biomedical applications.

The study aims to address the mitigation of Cr(VI) contamination in water by the use of biochar-MnOx composites. The biochar was prepared from pine needle waste, a significant contributor to forest fires in the hilly regions of India. The biochar was alkali-treated and modified with aqueous KMnO4 solution to prepare APBMnOx composites. These composites were characterized using FTIR, XRD, XPS, FE-SEM, EDX, and BET surface area analysis, confirming successful incorporation of MnOx within biochar microstructure. Batch adsorption studies revealed that among all composites, APB-M2 demonstrated the highest removal efficiency of 98.3 % for 100 ppm Cr(VI) at optimized conditions (pH 2, 0.3 g adsorbent dose, 90 min). Adsorption isotherm studies revealed that Cr(VI) adsorption on APB-M2 adhered to the Langmuir model (homogeneous adsorption mechanism) with a maximum adsorption capacity of -70 mg/g. The adsorption mechanism is discussed emphasizing the role of positively charged surface in adsorption process and the reduction of Cr(VI) to Cr(III) by MnOx in APBM2 adsorbent. This research holds significance in mitigating pine needle waste while providing an efficient adsorbent for Cr(VI) removal from water.

Conventional flame retardants based on polymeric materials demonstrate high flammability, producing huge amounts of smoke, toxic gases and melt drips upon burning, causing immense damage to living beings and the environment.

The study aimed to develop aneuploid lines of tetraploid wheat (Triticum turgidum var durum, AABB) to provide genetic materials to immunologists in our project for understanding the precise role of gliadins in the induction of Celiac disease occurring in genetically susceptible individuals. The genes for gliadins are coded at gli loci located on the short arms of chromosome group 1 (1AS, 1BS and 1DS) and 6 (6AS, 6BS and 6DS) in hexaploid wheat. An interspecific crossing program was implemented with four hexaploid cytogenetic stocks as female parents crossed with the Indian durum wheat variety HI8663 as the male parent. Molecular marker (EST-SSR) based screening was employed to identify plants in BC1F2 lacking specific chromosomes. The identified plants were selfed and the progenies were reconfirmed for the absence of 1A/1AS or 6A/6AS. Multiplex SSR and gene based markers were employed to ascertain the presence of D chromosomes. The study resulted in the development of nine durum aneuploid lines lacking whole chromosome 1A, three lacking short arm of chromosome 1A, five lacking whole chromosome 6A and four aneuploid lines lacking short arm of chromosome 6A. Interestingly, all the developed lines lacking chromosome 1A or its short arm possessed chromosome 1D. In a few aneuploid lines, one or more chromosomes of D genome were retained. The aneuploid cytogenetic stocks lacking specific chromosomes developed in the present study can be used for further investigation into the role of celiac epitopes present on chromosomes 1A and 6A.

Fabric waste is emerging as an alternate feedstock for extraction of cellulose to reduce the environmental burden. The novelty of this study lies in the comparative evaluation of four mineral acids (H2SO4, HCl, H3PO4, and HNO3) for hydrolyzing hosiery fabric waste (HFW) for cellulose extraction at 2

India has increased its wheat production phenomenally in the last two decades and it now has a buffer stock of 9.7 million tonnes. However, despite the release of several wheat cultivars, the end-use quality traits of Indian wheat varieties have not been explored in-depth to determine the increasing demand of the domestic processing industry as well as export. In this study, 55 wheat genotypes including 47 released varieties, and 8 genetic stocks were grown along with 10 Australian varieties grown during cropping seasons: 2019–2020 and 2020–2021 and diversity in different physiochemical and rheological traits was evaluated. They showed considerable diversity in all the quality traits studied. However, very few genotypes could be found suitable for any one end-use. Five genotypes were found to possess four to five traits for superior bread-making quality. Two varieties and three advanced breeding lines had up to four good chapati quality traits. None of the released varieties investigated had suitable traits for biscuit making; however, two breeding lines possessed requisite quality traits suitable for biscuit making. It is, therefore, concluded that systematic breeding efforts are required to develop genotypes that bring together the most important quality traits in a single genotype to be suitable for domestic industry as well as for export.

Understanding the impact of genotype, environment and their interaction on the expression of quality attributes aids in precise selection for improving wheat quality in breeding programmes. The present study analyzed 41 diverse wheat genotypes grown at three different environments during rabi 2019-20 for 15 quality traits. Location Indore showed high genotypic performance for most of the traits, followed by Delhi, indicating favorable environments for quality trait expression. AMMI and pooled ANOVA analyses revealed significant E+GEI effects for Fe (89.14%), Zn (87.68%), test weight (76.97%), and grain protein content (75.43%). Polyphenol oxidase activity (87.42%) and sedimentation value (66.35%) showed strong genotypic effects, highlighting substantial genetic diversity influencing these traits. GGE biplot analysis identified C306 (G34), C273 (G38), C518 (G39), and C591 (G40) as the best-performing and stable genotypes across locations for grain protein content, gluten components traits, Fe, Zn, and grain hardness. AEC view of GGE biplot highlighted ideal genotypes C273 (G38) and C518 (G39) for falling number, GW322 (G35) and C518 (G39) for damaged starch, and C306 (G34), CS46 (G10), and C591 (G40) for total sugars. C273 (G38), C518 (G39), C591 (G40), and C306 (G34) were identified as highly desirable for multiple quality traits, showcasing their value as parents for simultaneous improvement in wheat breeding programme

Flame-retardants play a crucial role in enhancing the fire safety of various materials. However, the use of traditional halogenated flame-retardants has raised concerns due to their adverse effects on human health and the environment. Therefore, the demand for flame-retardant polymers with improved safety and environmental performance has driven extensive research in developing halogen-free alternatives. Nanomaterials have emerged as promising candidates to enhance the performance of environmentally friendly flame-retardants, however, alone, these nanomaterials do not behave as flame retardants. This review explores various types of nanomaterials utilized as additives in flame-retardant applications. Each category has its unique properties and mechanisms of flame retardancy. It evaluates their efficacy in polymers, textiles, and construction materials, considering factors such as flame retardancy, thermal stability, smoke suppression, and mechanical properties. This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the current state of halogen-free flame-retardants, focusing on their mechanisms, performance, and environmental implications. Strategies for enhancing biodegradability need to be explored to ensure the sustainable use of these materials.

The escalating accumulation of textile waste in landfill sites poses a significant environmental hazard that requires immediate intervention. This study focused on the sustainable and value-enhancing management of used fabrics via chemical recycling. The acid hydrolysis of six distinct types of cotton-based fabric waste (FW) has been conducted for the first time using a milder concentration (10%) of acid. The experiments resulted in the successful extraction of microcrystalline cellulose (MCC). The product underwent various analytical techniques, such as XRD, FTIR, FESEM, TGA, DTG, and PL spectroscopy, to verify the presence of microcrystalline cellulose (I-cellulose). The various sources of cellulose yielded varying results for MCC in terms of the yield (ranging from 28.2% to 80.2%), crystallinity index (ranging from 83.9% to 87%), crystallite size (ranging from 5.287 to 5.952 nm), thermal stability (ranging from 310 degrees C to 327 degrees C), and heat of fusion (ranging from 302 to 364 J g-1). The physico-chemical parameters of these six MCC samples were similar, with the carbon content ranging from 38.7% to 47%. The samples exhibited a range of bulk density values between 0.077 and 0.1975 g cc-1, and a water retention value (WRV) between 91.3% and 95.5%. The efficient retrieval of cellulose from various fabric waste sources offers an eco-friendly and sustainable approach to bolster waste management initiatives for fabric-related refuse. The escalating accumulation of textile waste in landfill sites poses a significant environmental hazard that requires immediate intervention.

Polyphenol oxidases (PPOs) are enzymes found in several plant species, including wheat (Triticum aestivum L.), that contribute to the undesirable brown discoloration of many food products. Wheat serves as a fascinating system for studying PPO function due to its complex genome and economic significance. Over the past two decades, wheat PPOs have received considerable attention due to their well-established role in causing brown discoloration and their suspected involvement in various adverse reactions to wheat-based end products such as bread, chapati, pasta and noodles. Wheat PPOs have been extensively studied over two centuries, with a focus on the PPO activity assay and their role in causing brown discoloration of wheat-based products like pasta, chapati, bread and noodles. This scientific review provides a quick overview of wheat PPOs, emphasising the mechanism, activity assay and characteristics that are pertinent to its function in brown discolouration of wheat-based end products. It covers descriptions of PPOs’ biological roles, the structures and interactions of PPO gene families and the presence of similar forms of PPOs that may alter nutritional characteristics and the end-product quality of wheat. Thus, it provides a basic overview of the PPOs system and impact on wheat end products.

The metabolism of lipoproteins, which regulates the transit of the lipid to and from tissues, is crucial to maintaining cholesterol homeostasis. Cardiac remodeling is referred to as a set of molecular, cellular, and interstitial changes that, following injury, affect the size, shape, function, mass, and geometry of the heart. Acetyl coenzyme A (acetyl CoA), which can be made from glucose, amino acids, or fatty acids, is the precursor for the synthesis of cholesterol. In this article, authors explain concepts behind cardiac remodeling, its clinical ramifications, and the pathophysiological roles played by numerous various components, such as cell death, neurohormonal activation, oxidative stress, contractile proteins, energy metabolism, collagen, calcium transport, inflammation, and geometry. The levels of cholesterol are traditionally regulated by two biological mechanisms at the transcriptional stage. First, the SREBP transcription factor family regulates the transcription of crucial rate-limiting cholesterogenic and lipogenic proteins, which in turn limits cholesterol production. Immune cells become activated, differentiated, and divided, during an immune response with the objective of eradicating the danger signal. In addition to creating ATP, which is used as energy, this process relies on metabolic reprogramming of both catabolic and anabolic pathways to create metabolites that play a crucial role in regulating the response. Because of changes in signal transduction, malfunction of the sarcoplasmic reticulum and sarcolemma, impairment of calcium handling, increases in cardiac fibrosis, and progressive loss of cardiomyocytes, oxidative stress appears to be the primary mechanism that causes the transition from cardiac hypertrophy to heart failure. De novo cholesterol production, intestinal cholesterol absorption, and biliary cholesterol output are consequently crucial processes in cholesterol homeostasis. In the article's final section, the pharmacological management of cardiac remodeling is explored. The route of treatment is explained into different steps: including, promising, and potential strategies. This chapter offers a brief overview of the history of the study of cholesterol absorption as well as the different potential therapeutic targets.

Food grade dyes pose severe health hazards when consumed in excessive amounts or enter body via contaminated water. Despite its harmful effects, Allura Red (AR) is very less explored dye for its removal, especially using agricultural/fruit waste. This study presents efficient removal of an important and unsafe food grade dye, AR via adsorption. Waste watermelon peel waste has been used for the first time for treatmenting wastewater contaminated with AR. Waste was converted to two types of adsorbents, with and without subjecting it to pyrolysis. Both the adsorbents were characterized for functionality and crystallinity and used for conducting adsorption studies. Removal of dye was evaluated by intrinsic strategy of monitoring the model solutions under pre- and post-adsorption conditions. Removal percentage of dye was determined by calculating its initial (C-o) and final (C-f) concentrations in solution using the formula (see Eq. (1)). Various reaction parameters important for adsorption, viz. pH, adsorbent dose, residence time, reaction temperature and particle size were optimized. Results indicate that similar to 80 % and >92 % dye could be removed using 0.5 g/L adsorbent before and after pyrolysis respectively in 3.5 h from its 2 ppm concentration in modelled water.

Ionic liquids (IL) have emerged as the potential class of solvents for various chemical processes and reactions, including gelatinization and chemical modification of starch. Through various studies it has been established that expensive nature of ILs can be counter balanced by employing the mixture of IL/water instead of pure ILs. The IL/water system has the advantage to plasticize starch more effectively due to their synchronal effect and rational viscosity. The properties of ILs can be tempered by preferring particular cations/anions according to the specific type of starch which may be helpful in convenient dissolution and modification of starch. Starch can be modified by esterification or etherification reaction in IL medium to alter their properties and to use it in various application areas. Starch dissolution is subjected to various parameters like type of starch, nature of IL, ratio of IL/water, and temperature which has been discussed elaborately in the present review paper.

The inadvertent release of crude oil and its derivatives into aquatic ecosystems has emerged as a significant and concerning environmental issue, often leading to catastrophic accidents. Ongoing research efforts are diligently working toward devising effective remedies to curtail and alleviate the adverse impacts of these incidents on the delicate balance of aquatic life. Amidst these endeavors, cellulose, an eco-friendly and cost-effective material, has garnered attention for its potential in addressing this formidable challenge. In this pioneering study, we delve into a novel approach by harnessing waste-derived cellulose to combat oil spills within aquatic environments. Specifically, cellulose was extracted from post-consumer waste cloths (PCWCs) and subjected to a transformative treatment involving strategically chosen silanating agents. This treatment facilitated the creation of a three-dimensional, water-repelling matrix, characterized by a remarkable hydrophobic nature, exemplified by a substantial contact angle of 126.2°. The resultant matrix exhibited exceptional reusability, demonstrating consistent performance over five successive cycles, and showcased an impressive oil absorption capacity of up to 24.36 g/g. Notably, the engineered polyester sponge exhibited a remarkable buoyancy, being approximately 28.5 times lighter than water, and boasted a density ranging from 0.026 to 0.040 g/cm3. This innovative approach not only presents a tangible solution for oil–water separation during scenarios of marine or environmental oil spills, but it also offers a sustainable and valuable application for well-processed PCWCs. By effectively harnessing the intrinsic properties of cellulose and employing meticulous design, this study represents a significant stride toward mitigating the ecological impact of accidental oil discharges in aquatic ecosystems.

The learning methodologies used by students are directly proportional to their abilities to learn. Various learning methodologies have been used to gain student acceptance and satisfaction with the module taught by the teacher. In this article, the authors approach the different methods and analyze these methodologies. To determine the impact, they considered both the face-to-face learning process and the online mode of learning to determine the exact effect on the student. So, to address this, a two-way survey was conducted. The first revealed the student satisfaction rate with the course approached through the online mode of learning. Second, a comparative study was made using ANOVA methods between the online way and the face-to-face methodology. A significant observation was made in the test, and it shows that the hybrid model of teaching provides better performance than the face-to-face method.