Organic matter decomposition is beneficial to plant growth and development. However, the overuse of chemical fertilizers poses risks to environmental sustainability and long-term soil health. The integration of organic fertilizers, such as poultry manure, offers a promising solution to reduce dependency on chemical inputs while maintaining crop productivity. The field experiment was conducted at Research Farm of the Department of Soil Science, Naini Agricultural Institute, Sam Higginbottom University of Agriculture, Technology and Sciences, Prayagraj U.P during Kharif season of 2023. An experiment was conducted in Factorial Randomized Block Design (FRBD) with three levels of N:P:K, Poultry manure and two levels of Rhizobium inoculation. The seeds were treated with Rhizobium. Based on the experimental data, the application of 100% Recommended Dose of Fertilizer (RDF), 100% Poultry manure and 100% Rhizobium inoculation not only resulted in maximum growth and yield attributes but also proved to be significantly superior to all other treatments.

Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goid. is a soil- and seed-borne pathogen that causes charcoal rot and various rots and blights of more than 500 crop species. Dry root rot (DRR) also called as charcoal rot which causes yield loss ranged from 25-48 per cent. The pathogen is necrotroph and infects a wide range of crops. It is observed that mycelium of M. phaseolina in cotyledons, plumule and radicle, in the naturally infected seeds of mungbean and cowpea. The disease symptoms are clearly visible from the time of emergence and can be evaluated at various stages of development of the plant. The mechanical plugging of the xylem vessels by microsclerotia, toxin production, enzymatic action and mechanical pressure during penetration lead to disease development. Management of M. phaseolina aim to reduce the number of sclerotia in soil or to minimize the contact of the inoculum and the host. Soil solarization can be a cost-effective method for management of soil borne diseases. Disease suppression by biocontrol agents such as Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride and Bacillus subtilis are the sustained manifestation of interactions among the plant, the pathogen, the biocontrol agent, the microbial community on and around the plant and the physical environment and considerably inhibited growth of M. phaseolina. Essential oils and plant extracts contain a multitude of bioactive substances against fungi, bacteria and nematodes. It has been reported that neem oil, turmeric and garlic was effective against M. phaseolina in in vitro condition. Chemical control is an effective method when seed treatment and foliar spray of carbendazim, topsin M-70, captan, thiram, mancozeb, copper oxychloride against root rot and leaf blight (Macrophomina phaseolina) topsin M-70, captan, thiram, mancozeb, copper oxychloride against root rot (Macrophomina phaseolina). As non-chemical alternative methods can be time-consuming and less effective against soilborne plant pathogens. Chemical control is an effective method of controlling some soilborne diseases in agricultural crops. Varoius workers are reported compatibility of biocontrol agents with fungicides and found that Carbendazim and biocontrol agents Trichoderma viride, T. harizianum were found effective under in vitro and pot condition.

Ama and Vata are the initial elements in the pathophysiology of Tridosha, whereas Amavata is a result of their vitiation. The expense of treatment is a major factor in the economic burden of RA for both the patient and the health and social care systems. Objective: a. To assess the socio-demographic conditions of the patients of Amavata. b. To compare the cost of a one-month treatment of ginger and castor oil with DMARD in the management of Amavata. Methodology: Total 72 patients of RA Fulfilling the inclusion criteria and having symptoms of RA were enrolled for this Interventional study. Patients were treated in two different groups- Group A- 36 clinically diagnosed and registered patients of Amavata were treated by DMARD Group B- 36 clinically diagnosed and registered patients of Amavata were treated with ginger and castor oil. After the completion of the study, total 62 patients came after one month of treatment, so we included 62 patients in this study. 32 patients in group A and 30 patients in group B Results: The average direct cost of treatment of RA patients in 2024 was estimated as Rs. 2669.17 ($31.96)/month in group A (DMARD Group) and Rs. 1386.69 ($16.62) in group B (Ginger and Castor oil). Major part of total direct costs was covered by medicines (Rs. 1583) in group A and Laboratory cost (Rs. 600) in group B. The ratio of one-month cost of DMARD and Ayurvedic medicine (ginger and castor oil) was 12:1. Discussion: The cost of Ayurvedic medicine was very low in comparison to DMARD. Ayurvedic Medicine ginger and castor oil were easily available, safe, effective and cheap.

: Cochlear implants serve as a favorable option for treatment of hearing loss in children. However, there is limited data regarding the type of anesthetic techniques used and its associated complications in such patients. Hence, the primary objective of this study was evaluation of postoperative nausea vomiting (PONV) with three different general anesthesia techniques in pediatric cochlear implant surgeries. The secondary objectives included assessment of intraoperative and postoperative complications : A retrospective analysis of all children less than 13 years, who underwent cochlear implant surgery at our hospital between December 2019 to February 2022 was performed. Appropriate data were noted. Nine patients each were classified into three groups (Group A, B and C) on the basis of anesthetic techniques used in our institution. Group A received inhalational agent for induction and maintenance, with no Non-Depolarizing Muscle Relaxant (NDMR), Group B patients received Total Intravenous Anesthesia with NDMR and Group C received intravenous induction and inhalational agent for maintenance with NDMR. Twenty-seven patients were included. There were no major intraoperative complications. PONV was noticed in two patients of Group A and one patient of Group C. One patient belonging to Group A developed laryngospasm and desaturation. Delayed Awakening was seen in one patient each of Group A, B and C. Overall, four complications were noted in patients of Group A, one in Group B and two in Group C. All complications were mild and were managed successfully. This preliminary study suggests that peri-operative anesthetic complications with all three anesthestic techniques were comparable and safe.

The forty-five genotypes of groundnut were evaluated at Field Experimentation Centre of the Department of Genetics and Plant Breeding, Naini Agricultural Institute, SHUATS, Prayagraj (U.P.) during kharif, seasons of 2021-22 and 2022-23 in four artificially created environments by four different dates of sowing considered as E-I, E-II, E-III & E-IV. The present experiment was carried out in Randomized Block Design with three replications and involved recording observations on 17 yield and its contributing characters. Identifying stable-performing genotypes in the changing environmental scenario is of paramount importance in modern breeding materials. Crop improvement programme mostly depend on the identification of superior and stable genotypes. Mean sum of squares due to environment were found to be substantially distinct for all the traits and the mean sum of square due to genotype were found to be significant for all the characters. The regression coefficients (bi) of the genotypes ranged from -3.40 to 2.52 and the deviation from regression (S2di) ranged from -1.01 to 1.56. Stability parameters of various traits revealed that GJG-18, RG-574 and RG-559-3 pod yield per plant and RS-1 oil content showed high mean performance and regression coefficient close to unity and non-significant deviation from regression stable under overall environments. Thus indicating the importance of non-linear components in determining interaction of the genotypes with environments in the present study according to the Eberhart and Russell (1966) model.

There is little knowledge among farmers on the rate of nitrogen-fertilizer application. Therefore, there is a need to determine optimal rate of nitrogen-fertilizer application on growth and yield of wheat. Accordingly, an field experiment was conducted during the winter (Rabi) season at Crop Research Centre the Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel University of Agriculture and Technology, Meerut, Uttar Pradesh, to study the impact of different nitrogen level and splitting modules on quality, yield and nitrogen uptake by wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) crop. The main object of investigation was to find out the optimum dose and splitting of nitrogen for wheat in irrigated system under integrated nitrogen management approach. The experiment consisting of four nitrogen levels viz. control i.e. 0 kg N ha-1 , 90 kg N ha-1, i.e 120 kg N ha-1 and 150 kg N ha-1 as main plots and four splitting modules M1- 50% N as basal through VC, + 25% at CRI + 25% booting stage through urea, M2-50 % N as basal through FYM + 25% at tillering + 25% at booting stage through urea, M3 -50% N as basal through VC+FYM (1:1), + 25% at tillering + 20% at booting stage and 5 % N as foliar spray at pre flowering stage through urea, M4 -50% N as basal through VC+FYM (1:1), rest based on SPAD reading through urea as sub-plots. The experimental results revealed that the plot which fertilized with 150 kg N ha-1 gave higher yield-attributing characters and yield (grain, straw and biological yield). The application of 150 kg N ha-1 resulted in 0.44, 15.25 and 80.8 per cent during 2016-17 and 0.41, 13.05 and 79.2 per cent during 2017-18 produced the higher grain yield over 120, 90 and 0 kg N ha-1. The content and uptake of nitrogen by grain, straw and total uptake as well as protein content and protein yield were obtained with 150 Kg N ha-1 but differences between 120 and 150 kg N ha-1 were non-significant, during both the year 2016-17 and 2017-18. Among different splitting modules M3 resulted significantly higher entire yield attributes, yield (grain and straw yield), nitrogen content and uptake by grain, straw and total uptake as well as content and yield of protein. The M3 module produced higher grain yield by 7.9, 14.7 and 24.8 per cent during 2016-17 and 8.1, 14.89 and 25.2 per cent during 2017-18 over M4, M1 and M2 splitting modules, respectively.

Background: This study aimed to assess anemic statistics and identify different types of anemia in the adolescent population residing in the Chandigarh area. Methods: The research was conducted focusing on understanding the prevalence of anemia across various age groups. Samples of adolescents residing in Chandigarh were selected, and data collection regarding anemic status was done through medical examinations and laboratory tests. Results: The study categorized anemia into different types, including iron-deficiency anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency anemia, folic acid deficiency anemia, sickle cell anemia, and others based on established diagnostic criteria. Analysis: The findings revealed that anemia is a notable health concern among the adolescent population in Chandigarh. The age group [46-66] exhibited the highest out of total anemic conditions, followed by the age group [16-20]. The remaining age groups [26-30], [36-40], [31-35], [21-25], [41-45] and [10-15] demonstrated varying levels of anemia prevalence. These results suggest that anemia is more prevalent in older age groups, highlighting the potential cumulative effects of nutritional deficiencies or chronic conditions over time. The study's findings underscore the need for targeted interventions and awareness campaigns to prevent and manage anemia, focusing on the identified high-risk age groups. Conclusion: However, it is essential to note that the study has some limitations due to the sample size and specific geographical location. Further research depth and more diverse samples are warranted for anemia prevalence and its associated factors in the adolescent population residing in Chandigarh.

The purpose of this research is to design proniosomal gel drug delivery system of oxymetazoline hydrochloridein a trial to overcome theadverse effects associated with oral administration of the drug. This can be overcome by the use ofvesicular drug deliverysystem. Encapsulation of a drug in vesicular structure can be predicted to prolong the existence of the drug in the systemiccirculation and thus enhance penetration into target tissue and reduce toxicity. Due to the limited solvent system present, theproniosomes formed were the mixture of many phases of liquid crystal, viz. lamellar, hexagonal and cubic phase liquidcrystals. The potential of proniosomes as a transdermal drug delivery system of oxymetazoline hydrochloride was investigated by encapsulatingthe drug in various formulations of proniosomal gel composed of various ratios of sorbitan fatty acid esters, cholesterol,prepared by coacervation-phase separation method. The formulated systems were characterized in vitro for size, vesicle count,drug entrapment, drug release profiles and vesicular stability at different storage conditions. Stability studies for proniosomalgel were carried out for 4 weeks. The method of proniosome loading resulted in an encapsulation yield of 30.6 – 75.4%. In-vitrostudies showedprolonged release of entrappedoxymetazoline hydrochloride. At refrigeratedconditions, higher drug retentionwasobserved. It is evident from this study that proniosomes are a promising prolonged delivery system for oxymetazoline hydrochlorideand havereasonablygood stabilitycharacteristics.

This paper provides a literature review of cutting-edge artificial intelligence-based methods for disaster management. Most governments are worried about disasters, which, in general, are unbelievable events. Researchers tried to deploy numerous artificial intelligence (AI)-based approaches to eliminate disaster management at different stages. Machine learning (ML) and deep learning (DL) algorithms can manage large and complex datasets emerging intrinsically in disaster management circumstances and are incredibly well suited for crucial tasks such as identifying essential features and classification. The study of existing literature in this paper is related to disaster management, and further, it collects recent development in nature-inspired algorithms (NIA) and their applications in disaster management.

Geminiviruses have mastered plant cell modulation and immune invasion to ensue prolific infection. Encoding a relatively small number of multifunctional proteins, geminiviruses rely on satellites to efficiently re-wire plant immunity, thereby fostering virulence. Among the known satellites, betasatellites have been the most extensively investigated. They contribute significantly to virulence, enhance virus accumulation, and induce disease symptoms. To date, only two betasatellite proteins, βC1, and βV1, have been shown to play a crucial role in virus infection. In this review, we offer an overview of plant responses to betasatellites and counter-defense strategies deployed by betasatellites to overcome those responses.

Winter dormancy is a crucial phase in all deciduous trees, which is necessary for bud survival under harsh winter conditions. Onset and release of dormancy are tightly controlled by environmental cues, with ambient temperature playing a major role. Due to global warming, the increasing temperatures would negatively affect the timing of dormancy progression and bud break, resulting in irregular flowering times and a reduction of flowering quality and quantity. Loci that control dormancy and bud break need to be identified to develop genetic markers for breeding new apple cultivars that are more resilient to climate change. An F-1 population derived from a cross between Malus x domestica 'Rote Sternrenette' (RS) and M. orientalis accession MAL0940 was used to identify quantitative trait loci (QTL) for floral bud break. In parallel, the germplasm collection (357 scion cultivars, 27 rootstocks and 63 M. spp) at PFR, New Zealand was subjected to a genome-wide association study (GWAS) on bud break and dormancy transitions. We identified four QTLs on chromosomes 9 and 15 of RS and one QTL on chromosome 15 of MAL0940. The known flowering time genes FLOWERING LOCUS C (MdFLC-like) and INDUCER OF CBF EXPRESSION 1 (MdICE1) were located within the QTL region of chromosome 9, while the genes Short Vegetative Phase b (MdSVPb), DORMANCY ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX gene 1 (DAM1) and DORMANCY ASSOCIATED MADS-BOX gene b (DAMb) were located within the QTL region on chromosome 15. Expression patterns of these candidate genes during bud development will be analyzed in both parents in a further study. This information will be very useful for developing the molecular markers for marker-assisted selection in apple breeding programs.

India is the world’s largest user of groundwater with over 80% of the rural and urban domestic water consumption met by available groundwater, but every year the water table is depleting in different states of the country. There are total 141 blocks in Haryana, out of which 86 blocks (61% of the state’s geographical area) had reached the red zone due to groundwater exploitation. In year 2004, 55 blocks were under the red category zone, which means that 31 more blocks have come under the distressed category in a decade and a half. The depletion in the water table is now a cause of concern in 14 of the 22 districts of Haryana and mainly Ambala, Kurukshetra, Kaithal, Karnal and Panipat are the worst affected. In the absence of adequate surface water quantity, groundwater has become the main sources of irrigation in the state and the total geographical area of Haryana is 44,212 Sq. Km and out of which cultivable area 36,760 Sq. Km (83.15%). The total area under under irrigation is 2974000 ha (81%) i.e. by Canals 11,53000 ha (38.80%) and by tube wells 18,2100 ha (61.20%). Net Area Irrigated is 29,740 Sq. Km. This has resulted into excessive exploitation of groundwater resources. The indiscriminate withdrawal of groundwater has created a declining water table situation in the state. The average rate of decline over the last 48 years has been about 24 cm per year. In addition, fourteen districts out of twenty two have been categorized as over exploited. This paper, therefore, attempts to analyze the problem of declining water table, factors for its depletion and suitable mitigation measures to combat the declining water table problem for sustainable agriculture development in the state.

There has been a marked increase in research publications over the last decade on ventricular tachyarrhythmia (VT) ablation due to increased utility. However there has been no analysis on current publications to draw conclusions on emerging trends and collaboration networks.

In this chapter a systematic investigation of impact of mechanical activation on structural, microstructural, thermal and optical properties of MgO – TiO2 nanocrystalline composite system, synthesized via high energy ball milling techniques. Williamson-Hall (W-H) plot method was employed to understand the signature of the broadening in the XRD peaks and for the estimation of crystallite size of MgO – TiO2 nanocrystalline composite system. It revealed that the peak broadening is not only due to reduced coherently diffracting domain size but also due to a significant strain distribution. The calculated strain was 9.01× 10−3 and the average crystallite sizes were 40–60 nm for 35 hours (hrs) milled powder and this result is very much consistent with transmission electron microscopy (TEM) analysis. The SAED ring pattern indicates that the phase of Mg2TiO4 - nanoparticles was polycrystalline in structure and the distance between crystalline planes was consistent with the standard pattern for a spinel Mg2TiO4 crystal structure. To analyze the lattice fringes for the 35 hrs milled samples high resolution-TEM (HR-TEM) study was carried out and the result revealed that the each particle has single crystalline structure. Morphological studies were carried out by using SEM analysis. The thermal decomposition behavior of the milled powders was examined by a thermo-gravimetric analyzer (TGA) in argon atmosphere. Also, MTO nanoparticles showed a strong absorption at ~356 nm and the band gap values ranged between 3.26-3.78 eV with an increase of milling time from 0 to 35 hr. The mechanically derived MTO nanoparticles showed promising optical properties which are suitable for commercial optoelectronic applications.

Proniosomes, prepared in dry form and hydrated by agitation in hot water to form niosomes provide an alternative with prospective for drug delivery via the transdermal route. The transdermal route of drug delivery has many advantages for administration of drugs in local and systemic therapy. But skin is widely recognized for its effective barrier properties compared with other biological membranes. The low permeability of the skin makes it a dermal delivery is an alternative route, but dermal delivery is an alternative route. Newer drugs of lipophilic nature emerge poor bioavailability, irregular absorption, and pharmacokinetic changes. Therefore, this novel drug delivery system has been proved advantageous over other oral and topical delivery of drug candidates to bypass such disruption. This Proniosomal gel basically is a compact semi-solid liquid crystalline (gel) composed of non-ionic surfactants easily formed on dissolving the surfactant in a minimal amount of acceptable solvent and the least amount of aqueous phase and phosphate buffer. Topical application of gel under occlusive condition during which they are converted into nisomes due to hydration by water in the skin present itself. Proniosomal gels are typically present in transparent, translucent, or white semisolid gel texture, which makes them physically stable throughout storage and transport. This review provides an important overview of the preparation, formulation, evaluation, and application of Proniosomal gel as a drug delivery carrier.

Background.The role of systemic inflammation in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) remains to be defined.This prospective, observational study was designed to analyse the hypothesis that inflammatory biomarkers in stable COPD can be used as measure of disease severity and risk of exacerbation.Methods.We conducted a case-control study in a tertiary care, university-affiliated hospital.COPD patients and controls were matched for sex and age in a 1:1 matching ratio.All COPD patients included in the study had to be clinically stable without a history of exacerbation in the last four weeks and should not have been on oral steroid therapy (in the last 4 weeks) or on long-term oxygen therapy.We included only those patients who had quit smoking.Fibrinogen levels and pulmonary function tests were performed in both the groups. Results.The mean plasma fibrinogen level, total leucocyte count, neutrophil count and erythrocyte sedimentation rate in patients with COPD were significantly higher than that of controls (p=0.001).The study also showed a significant association between plasma fibrinogen levels with severity of COPD (p<0.001) and number of exacerbations in the previous year (p=0.001).Conclusions.Patients with COPD had significantly higher levels of inflammatory markers than healthy individuals.Plasma fibrinogen level was significantly higher in higher Global Initiative for Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease GOLD class and with more number of prior exacerbations.Hence, fibrinogen may act as a surrogate marker of disease activity in patients with COPD and may help to risk stratify COPD patients for future exacerbations.