Achieving a simultaneous balance of cost, efficiency, and operational stability is critical for the commercial viability of perovskite photovoltaics. Planar-junction carbon-based perovskite solar modules (C-PSMs) represent a promising platform toward this goal, offering low-cost fabrication and long-term environmental stability enabled by thick carbon electrodes that eliminate the need for encapsulation. However, their power conversion efficiency remains fundamentally limited due to the discontinuous charge percolation and poor heterojunction contact at the carbon/perovskite junction. To overcome these challenges, we present a Holistic Anode Interface Design (H-AID) strategy that integrates two complementary approaches. First, a picosecond laser is used to sculpt a curved perovskite surface morphology, increasing contact area and enhancing charge transfer (Design-1). Second, a gallium-indium eutectic liquid metal is introduced into the carbon paste to fill internal voids and restore conductive pathways (Design-2). Their combination (Design-3) achieves a 42% improvement in module efficiency, reaching 16.88% over a 61.22 cm2 active area, among the highest reported for planar C-PSMs. Moreover, the device retains over 95% of its initial performance after 1200 h under ambient, encapsulated conditions. This work establishes a scalable H-AID framework to unlock cost-efficiency-stability co-optimization in carbon perovskite modules.

Owing to weak spin-orbit coupling, molecular semiconductors are among the few materials supporting room-temperature spin functionality, yet their low spin-transport efficiency (ηs, ∼5%) limits applications. Here, we report molecular spintronic devices featuring vertically asymmetric nanocolumn channels formed by phase separation. These channels confine spins and generate built-in electric fields, boosting room-temperature ηs to 20%-the highest value reported to date, over five times that of unstructured films. Simultaneously, the nanocolumn channels induce pronounced bias-dependent asymmetry, with ηs of 20% at +0.2 V versus 1% at -0.2 V, yielding a record asymmetry factor, significantly outperforming other material systems (e.g., metal oxides, 2D materials, conventional molecular/inorganic semiconductors). This dual achievement of record-high efficiency and strong asymmetry establishes a platform for new spintronic functionalities. As a proof of concept, we demonstrate its potential for information-secure applications via spin-signal encryption elements and two-stage spin true random number generators, integrating structural design with spintronic operation.

The integration of perovskites into flat-panel X-ray imagers (FPXIs) requires thick absorber layers to ensure efficient X-ray attenuation. However, the inherently large thermal expansion coefficient of perovskites leads to significant internal stress buildup during crystallization and thermal cycling, often resulting in grain-boundary sliding, interfacial delamination, and crack formation that compromise film integrity and device reliability. These remain the primary obstacle preventing scalable, high-resolution perovskite X-ray imaging. Here we report an Elastomeric Grain-Boundary Crosslinking (EGBC) strategy that chemomechanically stabilizes thick Dion-Jacobson perovskite films. Specifically, we discover that methylamine (MA) could catalyze trimethylolpropane triacrylate (TMTA) to crosslinks in situ with edge Pb sites through C=O coordination, chemically passivating grain boundaries while simultaneously forming an elastomeric network. This elastic network functions as a mechanical energy reservoir, storing and releasing residual stress energy during thermal cycling, thereby suppressing the aforementioned mechanical failure. The resulting thick perovskite exhibits strong interfacial adhesion and crack-free morphology at 100 cm2 wafer scale. FPXIs fabricated on 4096-pixel thin-film transistor (TFT) backplanes deliver uniform imaging, high deliver a record spatial resolution of 3.5 lp mm−1 (0.70 lp pixel−1) and an ultralow detection limit of 0.22 μGyair s−1, as well as a stable operation under prolonged radiation exposure. This chemomechanical reinforcement offers a scalable pathway to robust, high-resolution, and low-dose X-ray imaging for medical diagnostics and nondestructive testing.

Surface passivation is widely regarded as an effective approach to boost the efficiency and stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). The key to surface passivation lies in understanding the structure–activity relationship of the passivation molecules. Herein, based on density functional theory (DFT) calculations and ab initio molecular dynamics simulations (AIMD), we investigated the effects of molecular anchoring orientation on perovskite surface passivation. The results indicated that anchoring along the diagonal of the lattice (diagonal binding) prevails over binding along the edges (edge anchoring) for surface passivation. Diagonal anchoring demonstrates significantly stronger interaction with the perovskite lattice than edge anchoring, and it increases lattice toughness and flexibility, manifested by greater elasticity in both bond lengths and bond angles. Moreover, diagonal anchoring induces four times the interface charge transfer of edge anchoring. Diagonal anchoring is also more effective in blocking the penetration of water molecules and reducing atomic fluctuations, enhancing moisture tolerance, primarily due to its larger surface coverage area and stronger interaction with perovskite. The elucidated mechanism would inspire the rational design of passivation molecules for high-efficiency photoelectric devices.

Metastable B titanium alloy Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al with a+B dual-phase has found applications in the aerospace industry because of its high strength and good toughness, and the mechanical behavior and microstructural evolution in the alloy have been key issues for numerous investigations. In the present study, we meticulously investigate the dynamic elastic modulus of dual-phase Ti-10V-2Fe-3Al alloy during cooling and report an anomaly in the elastic modulus of the alloy upon cooling. The elastic modulus anomaly is manifested as a continuous softening of the elastic modulus which deviates from Wachtman's equation within a temperature range from 350 K to 200 K. By nanoscale microstructure characterizations, it is demonstrated that such elastic modulus anomaly is closely associated with the strain glass transition characterized by frequency-dependent modulus, invariance of average structure, the formation and growth of nanodomains, and non-ergodicity effect. In aging treatment, the precipitation of a phase enhances the stability of the B matrix and suppresses the long-range ordered martensitic transformation into strain glass transition, giving rise to a continuous decrease of the elastic modulus of the B matrix. This work could be helpful for understanding the evolution in mechanical properties and microstructures of metastable B titanium alloys with a+ Bdual-phase, shedding light on the research and development of advanced metastable B titanium alloys. (c) 2025 Published by Elsevier Ltd on behalf of The editorial office of Journal of Materials Science & Technology.

The layer-by-layer (LbL) fabrication strategy offers precise control over active layer morphology for organic photovoltaics (OPVs), yet its potential is limited by insufficient utilization of excitons and D:A interfaces near the electrodes. Herein, we incorporate a thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) material, DMAC-DPS, into LbL-structured OPVs based on the PM6/L8-BO system to address these issues. DMAC-DPS features a donor-acceptor molecular structure with efficient reverse intersystem crossing (RISC) and energy levels compatible with PM6 and L8-BO, enabling F & ouml;rster resonance energy transfer (FRET) and favorable charge transfer. Systematic characterizations were performed to investigate the effect of DMAC-DPS doping in either donor-PM6 or acceptor-L8-BO layer, as well as in both layers. The optimal performance is achieved by doping 0.1 wt.% DMAC-DPS into acceptor-L8-BO layer, yielding a significantly enhanced PCE of 19.20% from 17.56%, accompanied by a notable increase in Jsc from 25.36 to 27.37 mA/cm(2), while maintaining Voc of 0.906 V and FF of 77.4%. Mechanistic studies reveal that DMAC-DPS enhances exciton generation, utilization, and dissociation near electrodes via efficient FRET, and prolongs exciton lifetime through its intrinsic RISC, thereby suppressing recombination and improving charge dynamics. This work establishes a TADF-mediated strategy to synergistically optimize exciton utilization and charge transport in high-efficiency LbL OPVs.

In this work, three Dy(III) complexes (mono-, di-, trinuclear) were characterized magnetically. All behave as single-molecule magnets. Trinuclear complex 3 owns a much larger spin-reversal barrier (165.90 cm −1 ) than mono- and dinuclear analogues.

Vertically inhomogeneous strain within perovskite crystalline layers remains a critical barrier to achieving high efficiency and long-term stability in perovskite solar cells. Herein, we address this challenge by integrating ascorbyl glucoside into hydrothermally synthesized TiO2 nanocrystals derived from TiCl4 to reduce the surface energy of TiO2 electron transport layer. The small surface energy establishes a liquid/solid/air interface, creating a dewetting effect to trigger stressed perovskite lattice at the bottom region. This design aligns with the liquid/air interface at the top, typically accompanied by formation of an inevitably strained top surface of the perovskite crystals. By precisely controlling crystallization dynamics of the liquid/solid/air interface, we successfully obtained a compressively strained perovskite film that is homogeneously strained throughout the out-of-plane direction. This uniform strain perovskite films deliver outstanding device performance, improving efficiencies to 25.34% of target from 23.20% of control for small-area devices (0.09 cm2), and 24.13% of target from 21.25% of control for large-area devices (1.00 cm2). Moreover, the optimized device demonstrate remarkable operational stability, retaining over 95% (T95) of its initial efficiency for over 2 000 h. The mechanically informed strategy introduces a new paradigm for strain engineering, offering valuable insights into the design of high performance perovskite photovoltaics.

Organic spintronics exploits the spin degree of freedom in molecular and π-conjugated systems for information processing, with the spinterface now recognized as key to spin injection and detection. However, intrinsic and in situ control of electrode-molecular spinterface remains challenging. Decoupling the two electrode-molecular spinterfaces to enable independent interfacial operation provides a promising route toward enhanced functionality in spintronic devices. Here, we present an interface-stabilized organic spin valve (OSV) with programmable logic function, in which the two spinterfaces are successfully decoupled; one is highly reproducible and stable while another remains tunable. The device combines the temperature-dependent organic- Ni80Fe20 (NiFe) spinterface and the pronounced anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) from the NiFe electrode. The overall magnetoresistance (MR) is governed by the interplay between interfacial spin-dependent polarization and AMR. As the temperature increases from 10 to 50 K, the MR peak continuously shifts and finally misaligns. The calculation and simulation results attribute this to the temperature-dependent reconfiguration of the spinterface. Using temperature and magnetic field as independent inputs, reconfigurable logic truth tables can be implemented within a single device. This platform establishes a robust, defect-free architecture for probing spin transport mechanisms and realizing compact, multifunctional spin-logic elements in molecular electronics.

Perovskite-based single junction and tandem solar cells (TSCs) based on self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) still suffer from interfacial losses related to poor wettability during film formation, defect states of perovskites, and suboptimal energy-level alignment of devices. Herein, we propose a composite SAM (Co-SAM) strategy based on tetrahedral-symmetry-driven molecular pinning effect of 4,4',4″,4‴-methanetetrayltetrabenzoic acid (4MA) with Me-4PACz for efficient and durable wide bandgap perovskite solar cells (WBG PSCs) and perovskite/TOPCon TSCs. This design enhances monolayer uniformity on NiOx, improves wettability of substrates, and regulates crystallization through Pb-O coordination and hydrogen bonding, thereby passivating buried-interface defects and optimizing energy-level alignment. As a result, inverted 1.68 eV WBG PSCs achieve a champion efficiency of 23.52%, along with impressive stability, retaining over 80% after 1000 h of thermal aging at 85°C in an N2 atmosphere. Furthermore, the Co-SAM strategy demonstrates excellent generality, boosting the efficiency of 1 cm2 TSCs to 32.26% (certified 32.10%). This work offers a versatile interfacial engineering approach toward highly efficient, stable, and scalable perovskite photovoltaics.

MXene (Ti3C2Tx), which is known for its exceptional hydrophilicity, remarkable electrical/thermal conductivity, and superior mechanical strength, has emerged as an ideal candidate for developing stimuli-responsive actuators. However, current MXene-based actuators are unable to simultaneously achieve both multiple stimuli responses and programmable deformation, which restricts their practical applications in real-world scenarios. Here, we have developed a multi-responsive MXene/paraffin wax (PW)&Fe3O4 actuator with shape programmability by introducing micro-ridge structures. Since the different hydrophilicity and thermal expansion characteristics between the two layers, the actuator exhibits stimuli-responsive deformations under humidity, light, and magnetic field. Additionally, by controlling the orientation of the micro-ridge structures, combined with heat-welding methods, various complex three-dimensional configurations of actuators can be programmed. As proof of concept, several smart devices, such as a biomimetic Trachelospermum jasminoides, a spiral gripper, and a maze robot, are demonstrated, offering new insights for the development of future flexible smart devices.

Ultra-wide bandgap (UBG >2 eV) perovskites are notoriously plagued by rapid crystallization for high defect densities produced that have so far precluded their use as the top cell in triple-junction tandem solar cells (TSCs). Herein, we introduce ammonium benzenesulfonate (ABS) as a molecular electrostatic "handle" that is active in two complementary stages of film formation. During crystallization, ABS slows nucleation rate and suppresses bulk defect generation; during post-treatment it drives surface-ion rearrangement that simultaneously passivates cation vacancies and eliminates interstitial halide defects. Collectively, this complementary dual-stage modulation (CDM) yields strain-relaxed films with reduced non-radiative recombination, prolonged carrier lifetimes, and efficient charge extraction. Consequently, single-junction 2.03 eV devices deliver 15% power conversion efficiency ranking among the highest reported for >2.0 eV perovskites, while monolithic perovskite/perovskite/silicon triple-junction TSCs reach 24.4%, both with substantially improved operational and thermal stability. This work establishes electrostatically mediated, multi-stage processing as a general route to ultra-wide-bandgap absorbers for next-generation photovoltaics.

Mechanoluminescent (ML) fibers that transduce mechanical stimuli into visible light without external power or circuitry offer a bottom-up route toward intelligent textile systems. Despite diverse fabrication strategies, most reported ML fibers exhibit insufficient mechanical robustness and scalability, hindering their transition to textile-grade implementation. Here, we report the first continuous wet-spun manufacturing process for ML fibers. The composite fibers, consisting of ZnS:Mn particles homogeneously embedded within a thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) matrix, achieve high structural and optical quality owing to improved particle dispersion via ball milling, emission tuning through Mn2+ stoichiometry control, and synergistic optimization enabled by coordinated geometric and compositional design. The resulting fibers reach lengths up to 50 m, exhibit a tensile strength of similar to 24 MPa with elongation exceeding 560%, and generate rapid luminescence (<0.3 s). They maintain stable output over hundreds of deformation-recovery cycles, withstand repeated washing, and deliver reproducible impact emission in close agreement with finite-element modeling, demonstrating great reliability and well-understood stress-light coupling mechanism. These attributes enable a successful transition into functional fabrics, enabling real-time visualization of joint motion and external impacts through biomotion-activated optical sensing. This work establishes a scalable and versatile route for ML textiles, opening new possibilities in wearable monitoring, rehabilitation, and safety protection.

Molecular engineering has demonstrated significant potential in modulating the crystallization and interfacial defect passivation of perovskite films. However, the deprotonation of conventional organic ammonium under light or thermal stress compromises the long-term operational stability of perovskite solar cells (PSCs). Here, we designed two multifunctional deprotonation-resistant cycloalkyl amidines with different heteroatoms, tetrahydro-2H-pyran-4-carboximidamide hydroiodide (TPCAI) and tetrahydro-2H-t hiopyran-4-carboximidamide hydroiodide (TTCAI), which were used to precisely regulate the crystallization process and interfacial properties of perovskite films. The larger dipole moment and enhanced electronic properties of sulfur-substituted TTCAI than TPCAI strengthen its interaction with the perovskite lattice. This interaction markedly slows down the crystallization rate, promotes preferential growt h along the (100) crystal plane, reduces defect density, and effectively suppresses non-radiative recombination. TTCAI meanwhile construction of passivation layers on the surface and grain boundaries of the perovskite film through multiple hydrogen-bond interactions, passivates grain boundary defects, which significantly improves the film's environmental stability. Consequently, the TTCAI-modified device achieved a high efficiency of 25.58 %, and the unencapsulated device retained 92 % of its initial efficiency after 1200 h of storage at 65 degrees C under air (RH 30-65 %). This study provides new insights into the rational design of multifunctional amidine ligands toward achieving efficient and stable PSCs. (c) 2025 Science Press and Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences. Published by Elsevier B.V. and Science Press. All rights are reserved, including those for text and data mining, AI training, and similar technologies.

In recent years, the integration of two-dimensional MXenes with transition metal compounds (TMOs, LDHs, TMDs) has attracted considerable attention as an effective strategy for developing high-performance flexible supercapacitors. This review systematically examines advances from the past decade in the rational design, synthesis, and application of MXene/transition metal compound hybrids. We highlight how transition metal compounds serve as spacers to mitigate MXene restacking while contributing abundant redox-active sites, and how MXenes provide conductive networks that enhance charge transfer kinetics. The interplay between these components leads to exceptional electrochemical performance, including high capacitance, energy density, and cycling stability in flexible devices. By critically analyzing synthesis strategies, interfacial interactions, and material properties, this review offers new insights into the synergistic mechanisms and provides guidelines for the future development of MXene-based composites towards practical wearable energy storage.

Organic-inorganic perovskite materials face challenges related to the presence of non-neutralized charge centers, such as positively charged local defects arising from lattice imperfections like point-vacancies and under-coordinated lead ions at lattice edges, hindering their photoelectric intrinsic properties. We introduce 3,3-difluoropyrrolidine hydrochloride (GOSO-005), a novel dipolar molecule, as an effective solution for neutralizing positive charge centers within perovskites. GOSO-005, with its high dipole moment and fluorinated groups, interacts with charged defects to neutralize them, thus reducing defect density and minimizing the effective electron-capturing radius. This neutralizing strategy enhances charge transport, reduces Shockley-Read-Hall recombination, and boosts an impressive efficiency of 26.09% (certified 26.12%) for perovskite solar cells. In parallel, the fluorinated dipolar molecule introduces additional hydrophobicity to the resultant perovskite, thereby significantly enhancing the long-term environmental, continuous illumination operational, and thermal stabilities of the perovskite solar cells.

In this work, the transport mechanisms in p-type superlattice FinFETs are investigated from room to cryogenic temperatures, and their superior performance is experimentally demonstrated compared with conventional silicon-germanium (SiGe) and silicon (Si) channel FinFETs. At room temperature, the superlattice structure achieves an ON-state current (ION) of up to 302 μA μm-1, which is attributed to a conductive two-dimensional hole gas (2DHG) formed at the Si/SiGe heterojunction. TCAD simulations reveal that the 2DHG significantly enhances volume-inversion transport. The observed temperature dependence of Gm and mobility further supports the contribution of the 2DHG to ION. Further analysis with density functional theory (DFT) explains the improved subthreshold swing (SS) by comparing the interface density of states (DOS) of SiGe/HfO2 and Si/HfO2. The reduced interface scattering under volume inversion and the reduced lattice scattering at cryogenic temperatures enable superlattice FinFETs to achieve high ballistic rates (0.81 at 77 K), as validated by low-temperature electrical measurements. Finally, by combining DFT with non-equilibrium Green's function (NEGF) simulations, the superlattice FinFETs are shown to be some of the promising candidates for sub-7 nm technology nodes.