以1989-2019 年的吉林省森林火灾历史数据为研究对象,从地区和火灾原因等空间角度进行林火灾害分析,以不同时间尺度探讨林火发生次数及受害森林面积.结果表明:吉林省森林火灾多发区域为东部地区的白山市、延边朝鲜族自治州和西部地区的白城市,呈现出"东西部地区高,中部地区低"的森林火灾态势,自 2015 年起,火灾次数和过火面积均明显降低;东部地区的延边朝鲜族自治州、白山市和通化市,是较大森林火灾的多发地,由于林下可燃物的连年积累,火潜势大,要严防重、特大森林火灾的发生;在春、秋两季防火期,春季是森林火灾的高发期,节假日、开荒种地、农田收割等重要社会活动的发生、开展时段是森林火灾高发时段;祭祀、农事活动和野外吸烟等,极易引发森林火灾,每月12 日和21 日过火面积相对较大,要重点关注较大森林火灾的发生.掌握林火的发生发展规律及时空动态分布格局,可对吉林省森林草原防灭火提供科学指引.

通过对长白山4种典型针叶树种叶片和树皮进行纯氧气氛下升温速率60℃·min-1的热重分析测试,探讨了其热失重、热裂解和氧化行为,并基于失重过程参数对其燃烧性进行分析.结果 表明:4种针叶树种叶片、树皮的热失重分为3个阶段,拐点温度分别为148.1℃～177.9℃和458.0℃～574.5℃.热裂解和氧化阶段叶片活化能均低于树皮,红松、落叶松和樟子松叶片分子碰撞频率显著低于树皮情形.4种针叶树种叶片、树皮燃烧性能以樟子松树皮的燃烧性最强,红皮云杉树皮的燃烧性最弱.

以吉林省森林土壤为研究对象,采用森林调查资料与实测数据相结合的方法,系统地评估了吉林省森林生态系统土壤的碳储量和固碳能力.结果表明:吉林省森林土壤碳储量为10.21亿t,森林土壤碳密度为116.33 t·hm-2,森林土壤年固碳量为409.95万t.

以长白山主要森林类型红松、蒙古栎、针阔混交和阔叶混交林地表凋落物为实验材料,通过构建不同含水率、风速、载量及高度的可燃物床层模拟野外情况,使用烟头平置、烟头插入和秸秆明火的引燃方式,对每种情况进行9次重复实验,记录出现明火的概率.结果表明,4种森林类型地表凋落物引燃从易到难为红松林、蒙古栎林、针阔混交林和阔叶混交林,3种引燃方式引燃地表凋落物概率从高到低为秸秆明火、烟头插入和烟头平置.Logistic回归模型表明,引燃预测效果为针阔混交林最佳、阔叶混交林次之、红松林最差,引燃方式中烟头平置最佳、烟头插入次之、秸秆明火较差.通过科学手段营林和确保农事活动中秸秆远离林缘边界的方法可以有效控制烟头、秸秆火源对附近森林的危害.

通过典型相关分析的方法,研究了森林防火期内气象要素与森林火险等级的关系,结果表明:平均温度、平均相对湿度、平均风力、雨量平均值、平均火险等级、无雨日平均值、连旱天数最大值、森林火险等级1级、2级和3级次数这10个指标随时间变化呈现出规律变化;这10个变量指标间存在明显的显著相关关系;在0.05的显著性水平下,第1、2对典型相关显著,森林火险2级次数主要取决于气象要素中的平均温度、平均相对湿度、平均风力和平均火险等级,森林火险3级次数主要取决于气象要素中的平均温度、平均相对湿度和连旱天数;气象要素指标典型相关变量V1、V2分别解释气象要素指标总变异的52.8％和4.9％,森林火险等级指标典型相关变量U1、U2分别解释森林火险等级指标总变异的92.6％和6.6％.

选择吉林省44个园林乔木、灌木树种叶片进行理化性质测定和火行为模拟试验.对绝干含水率、厚度、抽提物、灰分、燃点、热值、蔓延速度、消耗质量比、火线强度和驻留时间这10个指标的测定结果表明,各树种叶片的理化性质、林火行为均存在差异,表现出对叶片抗火性不同程度的影响.利用因子分析法分别计算理化性质、火行为指标因子得分,建立指标因子得分模型,得出综合得分.应用逼近理想解排序法,对理化性质、火行为指标综合得分进行TOPSIS分析,得到44个树种叶片的抗火性强弱评价值.乔木树种五角枫、梓树、樟子松等,灌木树种早锦带花、鸡树条荚蒾、珍珠绣线菊等,均表现出较强的抗火性,可以选择作为园林树种混交种植,以提高城市绿化、森林公园树种的抗火性.

本文归纳总结了森林火险预警信号分级、图标及应用途径,提出运用公众媒体、系统内部及预警信号旗等森林火险预警信号的应用途径,对更好地宣传、普及森林火险预警信号,提高林区广大干部群众防御森林火灾的意识具有重要的现实意义.

通过对吉林省18种常见灌木树种的理化指标测定、生物生态学调查和实验室林火行为试验,选取21个指标,应用专家打分法、灰色关联分析法和聚类分析法评价灌木树种抗火性,结果表明:Ⅰ类——抗火性强树种为小叶丁香、金叶榆,Ⅱ类——抗火性较强树种为榆叶梅、红瑞木、小叶女贞、早锦带花和紫丁香,Ⅲ类——抗火性一般树种为珍珠梅、茶条槭、金银忍冬、金山绣线菊、鸡树条荚蒾、山里红、紫穗槐、刺玫蔷薇、连翘和珍珠绣线菊,Ⅳ类——抗火性弱树种为铺地柏.

Combing with the results of comprehensive bio-ecological characteristics investigation,physical and chemical property determination and thermal radiation test,the anti-fire of garden tree species was evaluated.Based on the field investigations and laboratory tests,23 species of garden tree collected from the Changchun City Greening,Forest Park and Jilin Momoge Wetland Ecosystem Research Station were investigated 5 factors including bio-ecology comprehensive score,bark physical and chemical indicators comprehensive score,K1 and a value in bark temperature index model,K2 value in bark quality loss model,which were analyzed by the method of expert scoring,factor analysis,curve estimation,cluster analysis and discriminant analysis.The anti-fire ability of 23 species was divided into three types.Results indicated that Larix olgensis,Rhus Typhina L.,Juglans mandshurica Maxim,Phellodendron amurense Rupr.showed the strongest ability;Populus alba L.var.pyramidalis,Salix matsudana,Prunus padusL.,Populus alba×P.berolinensis,AcernegundoL.,Catalpa ovate,Prunus persica f.rubroplena,Populus simonii×Populus nigra,Betula platyphylla,Euonymus phellomana Loes.,Acer mono Maxim.,Ulmus pumila var.pendula,Fraxinus mandshurica showed the second strong ability;and Pinus sylvestris var.mongolica,Picea korainesis,Quercus mongolica,Pinus tabulaeformis var.mukdensis Uyeki,Pinus koraiensis,Prunus armeniaca had the weak anti-fire ability.This new comprehensive method could be used as an important basis for evaluating the anti-fire of garden tree species.

The forest fire material of 28 years in Jingyuetan national forest park was analyzed.The result showed that it existed 17 times forest fire for 28 years, 12 of them were human-caused fire which accounted for 70.6 % of cause of fire.Spring was high-incidence season.The 5 countermeasure of strengthening forest fire prevention manage and protect force, strengthening forest fire prevention propaganda facilities construction, strengthening forest fire prevention propaganda force, improving forest fire prevention awareness and strengthening forest fire potential safety hazard screening force were raised according to recent forest fire and prevention situation.

选择吉林省17个主要森林类型的地表凋落物测定分析和点烧实验,根据对抽提物、灰分、燃点、热值、1 m2质量、床层高度、风干含水率、蔓延速度、火线强度、驻留时间和可燃物消耗比这11个指标,利用层次分析法和分层聚类,对17个主要森林类型燃烧性进行排序和分类,结果表明:易燃森林林型有2个,依次是白桦林、樟子松林;可燃森林类型有4个,依次是黑松林、针叶混交林、红松林和其他针叶林;难燃森林类型有11个,依次是针阔混交林、落叶松林、云杉林、臭松林、柞树林、阔叶混交林、其他阔叶林、胡桃楸林、椴树林、黄波罗林和杨树林.为不同森林类型地表凋落物火灾预防、控制方法提供重要依据.

The tree species structure characteristic and health condition of 78 main road street trees in the central city ( the ring road) of Changchun city was studied by using the method of field observation.The results revealed that Salix babyloni-ca, Populus alba var.pyramidalis and Acer saccharum which accounted for 12.79%、10.99% and 10.53% of the total number 5 897 in research region respectively were the main species of street trees in research region.The average density was 276 per hectare.The average diameter at breast height, average height, average height under living branch and average crown width were 11.7 cm, 742 cm, 201 cm and 347 cm, respectively.The 43.96%of street trees within ring road were in the state of sub-health level.The health plant, unhealthy plant and medium plant accounted for 17.49%, 10.99%and 27.66%, respectively.

The adventitious bud induction research was carried by using the mature embryo of Abies holophylla as explant. The result showed that the best medium composition of adventitious bud induction of mature embryo of Abies holophylla in primary culture was improved DCR+2.0 mg· L-16-BA, on which 63.16%explants was induced.The best medium was no additive hormonal 1/2SH.The average elongation of adventitious bud was 0.7 cm by cultivating 30 days.It suitable to add 0.1mg· L-1 activated carbon which was most beneficial to the adventitious bud elongation of Abies holophylla.

Leaf area and biomass of one -year-old seedlins of Juglans Mandshurica, Phellodendron amurense, Acerpseudo-sieboldianum and Betula platyphlla were measured and analyzed , results indicated that the relationships between leaf bio-mass and individual biomass followed power function allometry model y =axb, value of a was changed from 2.203 1 ~7.250 5 whereas b was from 0.570 8~1.056 3, perfectly matching Kleiber rule .Juglans Mandshurica showed highest an-nual biomass , most of them distributed in tree trunk and roots , showing highest carbon sequestration ability .Specific leaf area was Phellodendron amurense(282) >Acerpseudo-sieboldianum(227) >Juglans Mandshurica(201) >Betula platy-phlla(156).

为提高长白落叶松苗木质量,探索相应合理的施肥配方,增加肥料利用率,避免由于施肥不当所造成的经济损失及对环境的污染,对长白落叶松S1-1换床苗木进行正交施肥试验,研究氮、磷、钾肥对苗木生长量和叶绿素含量的影响,探讨苗木的施肥效应及苗木的最佳施肥配比.结果表明:影响苗木生长的各肥料因子表现为尿素＞过磷酸钙＞硫酸钾;促进长白落叶松S1-1换床苗木生长的最佳用量为尿素55 g/m2、过磷酸钙200g/m2或150 g/m、硫酸钾60 g/m2或20 g/m2.

This paper mainly introduced the current situation and questions of forest fire danger warning system construction,according to the new situation of forest fire prevention,the improvement countermeasures of forest fire early warning system was been proposed.

Phenological characteristics and growth rhythm of 2 years old seedling ofMagnoliasieboldii K . Koch ,Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Hedl .and Cornus controversa Hemsl were observed in Shihu pro-tection zone of Tonghua ,the results showed that Cornus controversa Hemsl sprouted on April 25 ,was the earliest ;Magnoliasieboldii K .Koch and Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Hedl .sprout on May 3 and May 5 ,respectively .The growing period of Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Hedl .was the shortest , 137 d .Cornus controversa Hemsl was the longest one ,154 d .The growing period of Magnoliasieboldii K .Koch was 146 d .In growing season ,the fastigium of height growth of Sorbus pohuashanensis (Hance) Hedl .seedling was from early June to mid August ,and Magnolia sieboldii K .Koch was from July to August ,Cornus controversa Hemsl was from late June to mid August .

试管苗移栽是植物组培快速繁殖过程的最后一关,是非常重要的环节,其技术决定植物组培工厂化生产的成败.本文分析了试管苗移栽困难的原因,介绍了提高生根试管苗质量及确保试管苗移栽成活的技术方法.

The forest fire danger monitoring is a necessary technology of the scientific fire prevention and adjusting measures to different fire danger rating.In order to built forest fire monitoring system better,the designing principle,division into districts forest fire danger monitoring area and location of forest fire danger monitoring point were discussed,which will provide reference for plan and design of forest fire monitoring system in China.