Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) is a high-value chemical widely used in electronics, textiles, paper bleaching, medical disinfection, and wastewater treatment. Traditional production methods, such as the anthraquinone oxidation process and direct synthesis, require high energy consumption, and involve risks from toxic substances and explosions. Researchers are now exploring photochemical, electrochemical, and photoelectrochemical synthesis methods to reduce energy use and pollution. This review focuses on the 2-electron oxygen reduction reaction (2e- ORR) for the electrochemical synthesis of H2O2, and discusses how catalyst active sites influence O2 adsorption. Strategies to enhance H2O2 selectivity by regulating these sites are presented. Catalysts require strong O2 adsorption to initiate reactions and weak *OOH adsorption to promote H2O2 formation. The review also covers advances in single-atom catalysts (SACs), multi-metal-based catalysts, and highlights non-noble metal oxides, especially perovskite oxides, for their versatile structures and potential in 2e- ORR. The potential of localized surface plasmon resonance (LSPR) effects to enhance catalyst performance is also discussed. In conclusion, emphasis is placed on optimizing catalyst structures through theoretical and experimental methods to achieve efficient and selective H2O2 production, aiming for sustainable and commercial applications.

In this study, a novel perovskite oxide (Co@D-PBSC) for activation peroxymonosulfate (PMS) to degrade organic pollutants in wastewater was developed. Cobalt nanoparticles (Co NPs) and oxygen vacancies (OVs) were introduced to the perovskite oxide lattice via a non-stoichiometric ratio and separate-out strategy. The OVs and Co NPs provided abundant active sites for the activation of PMS and the generation of reactive oxygen species. The Co metal-OVs bridge promote the adsorption of PMS, meanwhile, Co nanoparticles accelerate the Co2+/Co3+ redox cycle, resulting in the production of the main reactive substance, sulfate radicals (SO4 center dot-). The results of catalytic experiments showed that 85 % of ofloxacin (OFX) degradation efficiency was obtained within 1 min at 0.1 g/L Co@D-PBSC, 0.3 g/L PMS, 20 mg/L OFX (150 mL), and solution pH 7.0, which indicated that Co@DPBSC/PMS system exhibits excellent performance. This work demonstrated an efficient perovskite catalyst for PMS activation in wastewater treatment and provided a useful catalyst design strategy for the advanced oxidation processes (AOPs).

In the Fenton-like reaction, revealing the dynamic evolution of the active sites is crucial to achieve the activity improvement and stability of the catalyst. This study reports a perovskite oxide in which atomic (Co0) in situ embedded exsolution occurs during the high-temperature phase transition. This unique anchoring strategy significantly improves the Co3+/Co2+ cycling efficiency at the interface and inhibits metal leaching during peroxymonosulfate (PMS) activation. The Co@L-PBMC catalyst exhibits superior PMS activation ability and could achieve 99% degradation of tetracycline within 5 min. The combination of experimental characterization and density functional theory (DFT) calculations elucidates that the electron-deficient oxygen vacancy accepts an electron from the Co 3d-orbital, resulting in a significant electron delocalization of the Co site, thereby facilitating the adsorption of the *HSO5/*OH intermediate onto the "metal-VO bridge" structure. This work provides insights into the PMS activation mechanism at the atomic level, which will guide the rational design of next-generation catalysts for environmental remediation.

Industrial water splitting has long been suppressed by the sluggish kinetics of the oxygen evolution reaction（OER）,which requires a catalyst to be efficient.Herein,we propose a molecular-level proton acceptor strategy to produce an efficient OER catalyst that can boost industrial-scale water splitting.Molecular-level phosphate（-PO 4 ） group is introduced to modify the surface of PrBa 0.5 Ca 0.5 Co 2 O 5+δ （PBCC）.The achieved catalyst（PO 4 -PBCC） exhibits significantly enhanced catalytic performance in alkaline media.Based on the X-ray absorption spectroscopy results and density functional theory（DFT） calculations,the PO 4 on the surface,which is regarded as the Lewis base,is the key factor to overcome the kinetic limitation of the proton transfer process during the OER.The use of the catalyst in a membrane electrode assembly（MEA） is further evaluated for industrial-scale water splitting,and it only needs a low voltage of 1.66 V to achieve a large current density of 1A cm -2 .This work provides a new molecular-level strategy to develop highly efficient OER electrocatalysts for industrial applications.

Hydrogen peroxide(H2O2)is an environmentally friendly and efficient oxidant,which is widely used in industries like medicine and semiconductor chip.The electrochemical synthesis of H2O2 by Oxygen Reduction Reac-tion(ORR)has great potential to replace traditional anthraquinone method.To commercialize this process,the de-velopment of 2e-ORR electrocatalysts with high activity,high selectivity and long-term stability is imminent.Here,we systematically present the research of currently available metal and non-metal based catalysts,with special em-phasis on the control strategy of surface groups,and resolves effects on bond binding strength and electron transfer pathways of intermediates in the reduction process.We focus on key strategies such as electronic and geometric effects,coordination heteroatom doping,and active sites of nonmetal-based materials,highlighting that appropriate meso-structural engineering and kinetic strategies can further optimize the catalytic activity and H2O2 selectivity of existing catalysts.Finally,we summarize the challenges in exploring the active centers of non-metallic catalysts,the influence of electrolyte environment on catalysts and industrial equipment design with large output power,and pros-pect the future development in electrocatalytic synthesis of hydrogen peroxide.

Electrochemical water splitting, as a promising energy conversion technology, is entirely limited by the slow reaction kinetics due to the large overpotentials for oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in the anode and hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in the cathode. Perovskite oxide nanofibers have been established as one of the most promising catalysts for water electrolysis due to their simple preparation procedure, unique one-dimensional morphology, high specific surface area, controllable nano-size effect, and adjustable compositions. In this review, we firstly systematical summarize the designing strategies, such as electronic structure control (heteroatom doping and lattice oxygen activation), surface/interface engineering, and defect engineering for perovskite nanofiber electrocatalysts to enhance the water electrolysis performance. Based on the OER/HER descriptors and catalytic reaction mechanisms, we further discuss in-depth the significant detail of developing perovskite nanofibers as high-performance OER/HER catalysts to achieve practical application of water electrolysis, including recent advances in bifunctional catalysts for promoting the electrocatalytic activity for OER and HER. Finally, we present new insights for establishing rational OER/HER mechanism and future directions for developing next-generation perovskite nanofiber-based bifunctional catalysts.

Chlorine-doped perovskite oxides were synthesized as efficient electrocatalysts for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in an alkaline medium. The introduction of chloride ions into the perovskite lattice via doping increased oxygen vacancies and altered the cobalt valence state in PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O5+delta (PBSCF). Among the compositions tested, PrBa0.5Sr0.5Co1.5Fe0.5O4.7+delta Cl0.3 (PBSCFCl0.3) exhibited the best OER performance, with a low overpotential of 330 mV at 10 mA cm(-2) and a Tafel slope of 69 mV dec(-1). Detailed characterizations revealed changes in the perovskite crystal structure, oxidation states, and oxygen defects as a result of chlorine doping. Electrocatalytic testing indicated the PBSCFCl0.3 maintained high activity and stability for over 100 h. The enhanced OER kinetics is attributed to chlorine leaching from the lattice, causing surface reconstruction and hydroxide formation, which accelerates proton transfer. This work demonstrates chlorine-doping as an effective approach to tune perovskite properties and promote oxygen electrocatalysis through defect engineering and surface chemical effects.

The efficiency of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) electrocatalysts under acidic conditions is largely determined by the equilibrium of hydrogen adsorption/desorption on the catalyst surface. A promising strategy for enhancing the performance of multimetal‐supported HER electrocatalysts is the utilization of hydrogen spillover. However, current heterostructured catalysts often present challenges such as high interfacial transport barriers, extended reaction paths, and intricate synthesis processes. Addressing these limitations, a novel orthorhombic SrHf 1− x Ru x O 3− δ perovskite oxide is proposed as an exemplary model for an atomic‐level configuration design strategy. This material exhibits a unique synergistic effect of multiple atomic‐level catalytic sites between Hf/Ru pairs, overcoming the aforementioned challenges. This study presents a new cooperative mechanism for HER, consisting of three steps: proton adsorption on the Hf site, hydrogen migration via a strong O‐bridge site, and H 2 detachment from the Ru active site. The high conductivity and unusual charge redistribution within the Hf‐O‐Ru structure further enhance the specific acidic HER activity of SrHf 1− x Ru x O 3− δ . This research paves the way for designing high‐performance HER catalysts for acidic media, leveraging hydrogen spillover and atomic‐scale configurations. The findings have significant implications for the development of efficient, cost‐effective, and environmentally friendly hydrogen production technologies.

AbstractTransition metal oxides are promising electrocatalysts for zinc-air batteries, yet surface reconstruction caused by the adsorbate evolution mechanism, which induces zinc-ion battery behavior in the oxygen evolution reaction, leads to poor cycling performance. In this study, we propose a lattice oxygen mechanism involving proton acceptors to overcome the poor performance of the battery in the OER process. We introduce a stable solid base, hydroxy BaCaSiO4, onto the surfaces of PrBa0.5Ca0.5Co2O5+δ perovskite nanofibers with a one-step exsolution strategy. The HO-Si sites on the hydroxy BaCaSiO4 significantly accelerate proton transfer from the OH* adsorbed on PrBa0.5Ca0.5Co2O5+δ during the OER process. As a proof of concept, a rechargeable zinc-air battery assembled with this composite electrocatalyst is stable in an alkaline environment for over 150 hours at 5 mA cm–2 during galvanostatic charge/discharge tests. Our findings open new avenues for designing efficient OER electrocatalysts for rechargeable zinc-air batteries.

Directly harvesting hydrogen from water represents a green solution toward low-cost, high-efficiency, and sustainable electrochemical energy transfer and storage. Herein, a unique approach to allow maximization of the intrinsic activity and hydrogen adsorption/desorption kinetics with engineering a lattice of rhodium (Rh) for an aqueous zinc-CO2 system is reported. The enlarged Rh- Rh bonding and lattice relaxation of Rh species cause improvement of the adsorption/desorption kinetics of H*, which can directly affect the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). An ultralow overpotential of 6.8 mV is achieved at a current density of 10 mA cm-2 from the permanent lattice relaxed Rh under acidic conditions. In a practical application in the aqueous zinc-CO2 system, its stable hydrogen generation performance is better than that of the benchmark platinum/carbon system. This work might open opportunities for the design and engineering of electrocatalysts for high -efficiency conversion from electric energy to hydrogen energy.

The oxygen reduction reaction is essential for fuel cells and metal-air batteries in renewable energy technologies. Developing platinum-group-metal (PGM)-free catalysts with comparable catalytic performance is highly desired for cost efficiency. Here, we report a tin (Sn) nanocluster confined catalyst for the electrochemical oxygen reduction. The catalyst was fabricated by confining 1-1.5 nm sized Sn nanoclusters in situ in microporous nitrogen-doped carbon polyhedra (SnxNC) with an average pore size of 0.7 nm. SnxNC exhibited high catalytic performance in acidic media, including positive onset and half-wave potentials, comparable to those of the state-of-the-art Pt/C and far exceeding those of the Sn single-atom catalyst. Combined structural and theoretical analyses reveal that the confined Sn nanoclusters, which have favorable oxygen adsorption behaviors, are responsible for the high catalytic performance, but not Sn single atoms.

Hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 ) is an environment-friendly and efficient oxidant with a wide range of applications in different industries. Recently, the production of hydrogen peroxide through direct electrosynthesis has attracted widespread research attention, and has emerged as the most promising method to replace the traditional energy-intensive multi-step anthraquinone process. In ongoing efforts to achieve highly efficient large-scale electrosynthesis of H2 O2 , carbon-based materials have been developed as 2e- oxygen reduction reaction catalysts, with the benefits of low cost, abundant availability, and optimal performance. This review comprehensively introduces the strategies for optimizing carbon-based materials toward H2 O2 production, and the latest advances in carbon-based hybrid catalysts. The active sites of the carbon-based materials and the influence of coordination heteroatom doping on the selectivity of H2 O2 are extensively analyzed. In particular, the appropriate design of functional groups and understanding the effect of the electrolyte pH are expected to further improve the selective efficiency of producing H2 O2 via the oxygen reduction reaction. Methods for improving catalytic activity by interface engineering and reaction kinetics are summarized. Finally, the challenges carbon-based catalysts face before they can be employed for commercial-scale H2 O2 production are identified, and prospects for designing novel electrochemical reactors are proposed.

The efficient utilization of photocatalytic technology is essential for clean energy. Bismuth-based multimetal oxides (Bi2WO6, Bi2MoO6, BiVO4 and Bi4Ti3O12) have aroused widespread attention as a visible light responsive photocatalyst for hydrogen evolution due to their low cost, nontoxicity, modifiable morphology, and outstanding optical and chemical properties. Nevertheless, the photocatalytic activities of pure materials are unsatisfactory because of their relative small specific surface area, poor quantum yield, and the rapid recombination of photogenerated carriers. Therefore, some modification strategies, including morphological control, semiconductor combination, doping, and defect engineering, have been systematically studied to enhance photocatalytic H2 evolution activity in the past few years. Herein, we summarize the recent research progress on bismuth-based photocatalysts, pointing out the prospects, opportunities and challenges of bismuth-based photocatalysts. Eventually, we aims to put forward valuable suggestions for designing of bismuth-based photocatalysts applied in hydrogen production on the premise of consolidating the existing theoretical basis of photocatalysis.

Using the historical simulation from the CESM1-WACCM coupled model and based on the JRA55 and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses, the general statistical characteristics of the major sudden stratospheric warmings (SSWs) in this stratosphere-resolving model are assessed. The statistical and diagnostic results show that CESM1-WACCM can successfully reproduce the frequency of SSW events. As in the JRA55 and NCEP/NCAR reanalyses, five or six SSW events, on average, occur in a model decade. The seasonal distribution of SSWs is also well simulated with the highest frequency in January (35%). The unprecedented low SSW frequency observed in 1990s from the two reanalyses is also identified in a model decade (1930s). In addition, the overestimated duration of SSW events in the earlier WACCM version is not identified in CESM1-WACCM when compared with the two reanalyses. The model can well reproduce the downward propagation of the stratospheric anomaly signals (i.e., zonal wind, height, temperature) following SSWs. Both the modelling and observational evidences indicate that SSWs are proceeded by the positive Pacific–North America (PNA) and negative Western Pacific (WP) pattern. The negative North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) develops throughout the SSW life cycle, which is successfully modeled. A cold Eurasian continent–warm North American continent pattern is observed before SSWs at 850 h Pa, while the two continents are anomalously cold after SSWs in both the reanalyses and the model.

Abstract Good ecological Environment and Atmospheric Environment is an important part of human healthy growth and survival. With the acceleration of the urbanization process, bringing people a lot of material and spiritual enjoyment, but also increased water, soil and atmospheric environment and other serious pollution problems. Under the influence of greenhouse effect, global warming further aggravates the harm to people’s physical and mental health. In this paper, based on ZigBee and GIS technology, the content of real-time dynamic monitoring of urban atmospheric environment is deeply analyzed, and the positioning and targeted warning of pollution sources of solid pollution particles and pollution gases in the city are carried out to further prevent the spread of pollution accidents.

本文概括分析了纳米TiO2的光催化科学技术基本概念及其作用机理,并从水体污染、土壤污染及气体污染这些方面入手,深入研究了纳米TiO2的光催化科学技术在当前环境污染综合治理领域当中实践应用.从而能够进一步了解与把握纳米TiO2的光催化科学技术,将其更好地运用至环境污染综合治理领域当中,凸显纳米TiO2的光催化科学技术应用优势,维护自然环境.

After the recent release of the historical runs by community Earth system model version 2–the whole atmosphere community climate model (CESM2-WACCM), the major sudden stratospheric warming (SSW) events in this model and in its previous version (CESM1-WACCM) are compared based on a modern reanalysis (JRA55). Using the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) definition of SSWs and a threshold-based classification method that can describe the polar vortex morphology, SSWs in models and the reanalysis are further classified into two types, vortex displacement SSWs and vortex split SSWs. The general statistical characteristics of the two types of SSW events in the two model versions are evaluated. Both CESM1-WACCM and CESM2-WACCM models are shown to reproduce the SSW frequency successfully, although the circulations differences between vortex displacement SSWs and vortex split SSWs in CESM2-WACCM are smaller than in CESM1-WACCM. Composite polar temperature, geopotential height, wind, and eddy heat flux anomalies in both the two models and the reanalysis show similar evolutions. In addition, positive Pacific–North America and negative Western Pacific patterns in the troposphere preceding vortex displacement and split SSWs are observed in both observations and the models. The strong negative North Atlantic oscillation-like pattern, especially after vortex split SSW onset, is also identified in models. The near-surface cold Eurasia–warm North America pattern before both types of SSW onset, the warm Eurasia–cold North America pattern after displacement SSW onset, and the cold Eurasia–cold North America pattern after split SSW onset are consistently identified in JRA55, CESM1-WACCM, and CESM2-WACCM, although the temperature anomalies after the split SSW onset in CESM2-WACCM are somewhat underestimated.

本文先介绍了大气污染的污染源以及大气污染对人类的身体、对于环境和气候的影响;接下来介绍了纳米光催化技术的理论、新材料的研究以及催化剂研究中的挑战;最后简单介绍了纳米光催化技术的实际应用.

基于道德哲学视域,以道德行为和道德品质为基本维度来解构创业教育,突出创业教育的道德主体内涵、道德能动性内涵、利益相关性内涵和道德责任内涵等;彰显创业教育的诚实守信、遵纪守法以及团结合作等品质.在当前创业教育道德缺失问题导向下,建构思政工作贯穿全过程的创业教育内涵发展路径,包括坚定社会主义核心价值现德性体系的价值引导、注重培养大学生创业的道德主体能动性、完善创业教育与创业实践道德情境和建立高校创业教育的道德评价机制.