注射剂中的可见异物直接关系到患者用药安全,是注射剂一项重要的质量指标,近年来可见异物检查不合格以及由此引起的注射剂召回事件频发.因此,注射剂中可见异物的风险评估、生产过程控制和产品检验应引起高度重视.本文参考美国FDA发布的《注射剂可见异物检查行业指南(草案)》,同时结合国内外相关指南和审评工作,从可见异物概念、风险评估、生产过程控制和样品检查、生命周期管理等方面对注射剂可见异物的控制策略进行介绍,以期为我国注射剂可见异物的控制和评价提供参考.

2017年年初至2022年6月底,按照原料药、剂型和规格统计,国家药品监管部门共批准31个用于治疗儿童神经系统疾病的新化学药品上市,不断满足儿科神经系统疾病临床用药需求.本文根据国家药品监管部门批准的药品说明书以及相关文献,简要介绍近年来获批的神经系统儿童用新化学药品的概况、适应症、作用机制、剂型与规格、品种特点等相关情况.

目的:舒洛地特与低分子肝素都是多糖类抗血栓药物,多方位比较二者的异同,对监管提出建议.方法:从构效关系入手,探讨质控基本要求,对作用机理、临床应用、不良反应等多方位进行全面梳理并比较二者的抗凝、抗血栓强度及临床应用价值.结果与结论:舒洛地特与低分子肝素作为抗血栓药物,二者抗血栓作用相当,抗凝作用舒洛地特比低分子肝素强,并且无出血风险.由于多组分多糖类药物质量控制难度较大,本文提出对原料药和制剂的监管需要从起始物料源头开始,参照生物类似药进行生产全过程质量控制,以保证多糖类药物的质量稳定、安全有效.

洋葱伯克霍尔德菌群(Burkholderia cepacia complex,BCC)在营养有限的水性环境中有较强的生存能力,对一些治疗用抗菌药和常用抑菌剂具有耐药性,可引起囊性纤维化、慢性肉芽肿患者或低免疫力易感人群的严重感染.BCC已被美国食品药品监督管理局(FDA)明确归为不可接受微生物,因此,非无菌水性基质药品中BCC的预防及控制对药品安全至关重要.主要对BCC的特性、检测方法及风险评估和控制策略进行阐述,为非无菌水性基质药品中BCC的研究和控制提供参考.

Ramulus Mori alkaloids, also known as SangZhi alkaloids (SZ-A), is a natural medicine used for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus in China. SZ-A is extracted from Morus alba L., which grows in the natural environment and may be contaminated by heavy metals and harmful elements. These contaminants can enter SZ-A products during the extraction of M. alba, thereby posing a threat to patient health. Therefore, it is necessary to formulate scientific and reasonable limits to ensure patient safety. For this purpose, in this study, we used the extraction process of SZ-A as the object of investigation and determined the content of five harmful elements: Cd, Pb, As, Hg, and Cu in the herb raw material, SZ-A product, and its intermediates obtained in different extraction steps. Next, the transfer rate of harmful elements in the extraction process was used as an indicator to evaluate the ability of different operations to remove harmful elements. Subsequently, the health risks of heavy metals and harmful elements in SZ-A were assessed. Our results demonstrated that M. alba has little risk of contamination by Hg. The cation and anion resin refining processes are the best effective method to remove Cd, Pb, and Cu from the products. However, As is not easily eliminated during the water extraction. There is as much as 87% of As transferred from the herb raw material to the water-extracted intermediate, while Cd, Pb, and Cu are rarely transferred (6% to 17%) under the same conditions. Overall, the results indicate that the regulatory standard limits for Cd, Pb, As, Hg, and Cu contained in natural medicine Ramulus Mori alkaloids are set to 1, 5, 2, 0.2, and 20 μg/g, respectively, which is the most scientific and it can guarantee the safety of patients.

叔丁醇是一种广泛应用于医药化工领域的有机溶剂,具有高结晶温度和高蒸汽压的特点,在冻干过程中易于升华而去除.本文介绍了叔丁醇作为难溶性药物冻干制剂中的助溶剂、多孔结构制剂的冻干溶媒和冰晶生长引导剂等方面的重要作用.另外,也概括了其在纳米制剂、包合物和气凝胶等方面的主要应用,并分析了叔丁醇的国内外质量标准现状、在制剂中的残留和检测方法,以及其安全性的法规要求.通过对已有研究的综述与总结,对当前研究的不足和未来的方向也进行了探讨.

包装系统密封性,又称容器密封完整性,是指药品的包装系统防止微生物侵入以及维持药品各项质量指标持续符合安全和质量要求的能力.包装系统密封性的研究始于产品的开发阶段,并持续贯穿产品生命周期,是无菌药品生产、质量研究和评价的一项重点关注内容.本文参考《美国药典》〈1207〉系列指导原则,从审评角度对无菌药品包装系统密封性的概念和范围、不同产品生命周期阶段的密封性要求、检测方法和验证等相关内容进行介绍和探讨,以期为国内无菌药品的质量研究和评价工作提供有益参考.

13a-(S)-3-pivaloyloxyl-6,7-dimethoxyphenanthro(9,10-b)-indolizidine (CAT3) is a novel oral anti-glioma pro-drug with a potent anti-tumor effect against temozolomide-resistant glioma. 13a(S)-3-hydroxyl-6,7-dimethoxyphenanthro(9,10-b)-indolizidine (PF403) is the active in vivo lipase degradation metabolite of CAT3. Both CAT3 and PF403 can penetrate the blood–brain barrier to cause an anti-glioma effect. However, PF403, which is produced in the gastrointestinal tract and plasma, causes significant gastrointestinal side effects, limiting the clinical application of CAT3. The objective of this paper was to propose a metabolism modification for CAT3 using a self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (SMEDDS), in order to reduce the generation of PF403 in the gastrointestinal tract and plasma, as well as increase the bioavailability of CAT3 in vivo and the amount of anti-tumor substances in the brain. Thus, a CAT3-loaded self-microemulsifying drug delivery system (CAT3-SMEDDS) was prepared, and its physicochemical characterization was systematically carried out. Next, the pharmacokinetic parameters of CAT3 and its metabolite in the rats’ plasma and brain were measured. Furthermore, the in vivo anti-glioma effects and safety of CAT3-SMEDDS were evaluated. Finally, Caco-2 cell uptake, MDCK monolayer cellular transfer, and the intestinal lymphatic transport mechanisms of SMEDDS were investigated in vitro and in vivo. Results show that CAT3-SMEDDS was able to form nanoemulsion droplets in artificial gastrointestinal fluid within 1 min, displaying an ideal particle size (15–30 nm), positive charge (5–9 mV), and controlled release behavior. CAT3-SMEDDS increased the membrane permeability of CAT3 by 3.9-fold and promoted intestinal lymphatic transport. Hence, the bioavailability of CAT3 was increased 79% and the level of its metabolite, PF403, was decreased to 49%. Moreover, the concentrations of CAT3 and PF403 were increased 2–6-fold and 1.3–7.2-fold, respectively, in the brain. Therefore, the anti-glioma effect in the orthotopic models was improved with CAT3-SMEDDS compared with CAT3 in 21 days. Additionally, CAT3-SMEDDS reduced the gastrointestinal side effects of CAT3, such as severe diarrhea, necrosis, and edema, and observed less inflammatory cell infiltration in the gastrointestinal tract, compared with the bare CAT3. Our work reveals that, through the metabolism modification effect, SMEDDS can improve the bioavailability of CAT3 and reduce the generation of PF403 in the gastrointestinal tract and plasma. Therefore, it has the potential to increase the anti-glioma effect and reduce the gastrointestinal side effects of CAT3 simultaneously.

BACKGROUND:Standard chemotherapy with taxanes, such as paclitaxel (PTX), remains the mainstay of systemic treatment of triple-negative breast cancer. Nanotechnology-based formulations have gradually replaced PTX injection and are widely used in China. However, no studies have compared the colloidal stability, antitumor efficacy, and safety of commercial PTX nanoformulations. Additionally, the desire to evaluate preclinical antitumor efficacy in human-derived tumor cells led to the widespread application of immunodeficient mouse models that likely contributed to the neglect of nanomedicines-immune system interactions. The present study investigated the colloidal stability, antitumor efficacy and safety, and nanomedicines-host immune system interactions of PTX nanoformulations. A further comparative analysis was performed to evaluate the clinical potential. RESULTS:Compared with liposome, PTX emulsion and PTX nanoparticle exhibited favorable colloidal stability. PTX emulsion was superior in inducing apoptosis and had a more pronounced inhibitory effect on 4T1-tumor spheroids compared with PTX liposome and PTX nanoparticle. Although PTX emulsion exhibited superior in vitro antitumor effect, no significant differences in the in vivo antitumor efficacy were found among the three types of PTX nanoformulations in an immunocompetent orthotopic 4T1 murine triple-negative breast cancer model. All PTX nanoformulations at maximum tolerated dose (MTD) induced lymphopenia and immunosuppression, as evidenced by the reduction of T cell subpopulations and inhibition of the dendritic cells maturation. CONCLUSIONS:The MTD PTX nanomedicines-induced lymphopenia and immunosuppression may weaken the lymphocyte-mediated antitumor cellular immune response and partly account for the lack of differences in the in vivo antitumor outcomes of PTX nanoformulations. Understanding of what impacts PTX nanomedicines has on the immune system may be critical to improve the design and conduct of translational research of PTX nanomedicines in monotherapy or combination therapy with immunotherapy.

Purpose Lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles have shown great promise in the transdermal delivery of therapeutic agents. Baicalein, a natural bioactive flavonoid, possesses multiple biological activities against dermatosis. However, its topical application is limited due to its inherently poor hydrophilicity and lipophilicity. In this study, the baicalein-phospholipid complex was prepared to enhance the lipophilicity of baicalein and then lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles loaded with the baicalein-phospholipid complex were developed to improve the transdermal retention and permeability of baicalein. Methods Lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles were prepared by the solvent-injection method and characterized in terms of particle size distribution, zeta potential, and morphology. The in vitro release, the ex vivo and in vivo permeation studies, and safety evaluation of lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles were performed to evaluate the effectiveness in enhancing transdermal retention and permeability of baicalein. Results The lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles obtained by the self-assembled interaction of chitosan and lecithin not only efficiently encapsulated the drug with high entrapment efficiency (84.5%) but also provided sustained release of baicalein without initial burst release. Importantly, analysis of the permeation profile ex vivo and in vivo demonstrated that lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles prolonged the retention of baicalein in the skin and efficiently penetrated the barrier of stratum corneum without displaying skin irritation. Conclusion These results indicate the potential of drug-phospholipid complexes in enhancing the entrapment efficiency and self-assembled lecithin/chitosan nanoparticles based on phospholipid complexes in the design of a rational transdermal delivery platform to improve the efficiency of transdermal therapy by enhancing its percutaneous retention and penetration in the skin.

13a-(S)-3-pivaloyloxyl-6,7-dimethoxyphenanthro(9,10-b)-indolizidine (CAT3) is a novel oral anti-glioma pro-drug with a potent anti-tumor effect against temozolomide-resistant glioma in vivo. However, poor lipid solubility has limited the encapsulation efficacy during formulation development. Moreover, although the active metabolite of CAT3, 13a(S)-3-hydroxyl-6,7-dimethoxyphenanthro(9,10-b)-indolizidine (PF403), can penetrate the blood-brain barrier and approach the brain tissue with a 1000-fold higher anti-glioma activity than CAT3 in vitro, its bioavailability and Cmax were considerably low in plasma, limiting the anti-tumor efficacy. In this study, a novel oleic acid-CAT3 conjugate (OA-CAT3) was synthesized at the first time to increase the lipid solubility of CAT3. The OA-CAT3 loaded solid lipid nanoparticles (OA-CAT3-SLN) were constructed using an ultrasonic technique to enhance the bioavailability and Cmax of PF403 in plasma. Our results demonstrated that CAT3 was amorphous in the lipid core of OA-CAT3-SLN and the in vitro release was well controlled. Furthermore, the encapsulation efficacy and the zeta potential increased to 80.65 ± 6.79% and −26.7 ± 0.46 mV, respectively, compared to the normal CAT3 loaded SLN. As indicated by the high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS/MS) quantitation, the monolayer cellular transepithelial transport rate of OA-CAT3-SLN improved by 2.42-fold relied on cholesterol compared to the CAT3 suspension. Hence, the in vitro cell viability of OA-CAT3-SLN in C6 glioma cells decreased to 29.77% ± 2.13% and 10.75% ± 3.12% at 48 and 72 h, respectively. Finally, compared to the CAT3 suspension, the in vivo pharmacokinetics in rats indicated that the plasma bioavailability and Cmax of PF403 as afforded by OA-CAT3-SLN increased by 1.7- and 5.5-fold, respectively. Overall, the results indicate that OA-CAT3-SLN could be an efficacious delivery system in the treatment of glioma.

α-glucosidase inhibitors (AGIs) have been an important category of oral antidiabetic drugs being widely exploited for the effective management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. However, the marketed AGIs not only inhibited the disaccharidases, but also exhibited an excessive inhibitory effect on α-amylase, resulting in undesirable gastrointestinal side effects. Compared to these agents, Ramulus Mori alkaloids (SZ-A), was a group of effective alkaloids from natural Morus alba L., and showed excellent hypoglycemic effect and fewer side effects in the Phase II/III clinical trials. Thus, this paper aims to investigate the selective inhibitory effect and mechanism of SZ-A and its major active ingredients (1-DNJ, FA and DAB) on different α-glucosidases (α-amylase and disaccharidases) by using a combination of kinetic analysis and molecular docking approaches. From the results, SZ-A displayed a strong inhibitory effect on maltase and sucrase with an IC50 of 0.06 μg/mL and 0.03 μg/mL, respectively, which was similar to the positive control of acarbose with an IC50 of 0.07 μg/mL and 0.68 μg/mL. With regard to α-amylase, SZ-A exhibited no inhibitory activity at 100 μg/mL, while acarbose showed an obvious inhibitory effect with an IC50 of 1.74 μg/mL. The above analysis demonstrated that SZ-A could selectively inhibit disaccharidase to reduce hyperglycemia with a reversible competitive inhibition, which was primarily attributed to the three major active ingredients of SZ-A, especially 1-DNJ molecule. In the light of these findings, molecular docking study was utilized to analyze their inhibition mechanisms at molecular level. It pointed out that acarbose with a four-ring structure could perform desirable interactions with various α-glucosidases, while the three active ingredients of SZ-A, belonging to monocyclic compounds, had a high affinity to the active site of disaccharidases through forming a wide range of hydrogen bonds, whose affinity and consensus score with α-amylase was significantly lower than that of acarbose. Our study illustrates the selective inhibition mechanism of SZ-A on α-glucosidase for the first time, which is of great importance for the treatment of type 2 diabetes mellitus.

脂肪乳作为一种药物递送载体,不仅能解决难溶性药物给药问题,还能降低药物不良反应和提高疗效.国内对载药脂肪乳质量要求不断明确和完善,但针对体现载体特性的质量指标的理解和关注还不够.本文概述了国内外载药脂肪乳产品上市情况和质量控制现状,并重点介绍了载药脂肪乳载体特性关键质量指标评价技术与方法,为载药脂肪乳质量研究和控制提供参考.

Efficient mucosal delivery remains a major challenge for the reason of the respiratory tract mucus act as a formidable barrier to nanocarriers by trapping and clearing foreign particulates. The surface property of nanoparticles determines their retention and penetration ability within the respiratory tract mucus. However, the interaction between nanoparticles and mucus, and how these interactions impact distribution has not been extensively investigated. In this study, polymeric nanoparticles loaded with a baicalein-phospholipid complex were modified with two kinds of polymers, mucoadhesive and mucus-penetrative polymer. Systematic investigations on the physicochemical property, mucus penetration, transepithelial transport, and tissue distribution were performed to evaluate the interaction of nanoparticles with the respiratory tract. Both nanoparticles had a similar particle size and good biocompatibility, exhibited a sustained-release profile, but showed a considerable difference in zeta potential. Interestingly, mucus-penetrative nanoparticles exhibited a higher diffusion rate in mucus, deeper penetration across the mucus layer, enhanced in vitro cellular uptake, increased drug distribution in airways, and superior local distribution and bioavailability as compared to mucoadhesive nanoparticles.These results indicate the potential of mucus-penetrative nanoparticles in design of a rational delivery system to improve the efficiency of inhaled therapy by promoting mucus penetration and increasing local distribution and bioavailability.

目的:了解磷脂-壳聚糖自组装纳米粒的研究进展,为新型药物递送载体的研究和开发提供思路.方法:以"壳聚糖""磷脂""纳米粒""自组装""Chitosan""Lecithin""Phospholipid""Nanoparticles""Self-assembled"等为关键词,在中国知网、万方、维普、PubMed、Elsevier、SpringerLink等数据库中组合查询2002年-2018年11月发表的相关文献,对磷脂-壳聚糖自组装纳米粒的形成机制和微观结构、制备方法以及作为药物递送载体的应用等相关研究进行综述.结果与结论:共检索到相关文献499篇,其中有效文献34篇.带正电荷的壳聚糖与磷脂中负电荷基团通过静电相互作用自组装形成脂溶性致密内核、壳聚糖包裹带正电荷水化外壳的核壳结构纳米粒;采用常规的溶剂注入法制得的磷脂-壳聚糖自组装纳米粒,具有良好生物相容性,能促进药物渗透吸收和提高生物利用度等,在口服、经皮、眼部及鼻腔黏膜等给药系统具有广泛的应用前景.今后可考虑对壳聚糖或纳米粒表面进行结构修饰和功能性设计,并进一步探索和研究如何精准调控自组装纳米粒的微观结构、尺寸大小、药物分布以及功能等.

目的:制备右旋去氧娃儿藤宁(CAT)纳米结构脂质载体(CAT-NLC),并建立CAT-NLC包封率测定方法.方法:以油酸增溶CAT并与山俞酸甘油酯为复合脂质载体材料,采用热熔超声分散法制备CAT-NLC;以超滤离心法和葡聚糖凝胶柱法分离游离药物和载药纳米粒,采用HPLC法测定CAT-NLC包封率.结果:制备得到的CAT-NLC为规则球形或类球形,平均粒径为(146.0±1.8) nm,多分散系数为(0.270±0.0009),Zeta电位为(-29.0±0.67)mV;透析法体外释放考察显示4h内CAT的累积释放度为(53.3±3.8)％;超滤离心法和葡聚糖凝胶柱法均能有效分离游离药物和载药纳米粒,平均回收率分别为101.03％(RSD=1.53％,n=9)和100.3％(RSD=2.4％,n=9),采用更适合的葡聚糖凝胶柱法测定CAT-NLC包封率,结果为(80.70±1.80)％.结论:热熔超声分散法制备得到的CAT-NLC,具有体外缓释特性,包封率较高;葡聚糖凝胶柱法可准确、可靠地测定CAT-NLC包封率.

1State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China; 2Beijing Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, People’s Republic of China; 3Research and Development Department, Beijing Wehand-bio Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Beijing, 102600, People’s Republic of China Background: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are critical in tumor progression and

Background: Tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) are critical in tumor progression and metastasis. Selective targeting of TAMs holds great potential to ameliorate the immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment and enhance the efficacy of antitumor therapy. Various liposomes have been developed to target TAMs via cell-specific surface receptors either to deplete or re-educate TAMs. Since immuno-stimulation often initiates with the interaction of nanocarriers with the innate immunity cells such as macrophages, the intrinsic impact of drug-free liposomes on macrophage activation and polarization via cell interaction is one of the most critical issues in nanomedicine for promoting effective immunotherapy. Methods: In this study, conventional bare liposomes, PEGylated liposomes, and mannosylated liposomes were developed and the cytotoxicity, cellular internalization, immunostimulatory activity, targeting efficiency, antitumor efficacy, and mechanism were evaluated in vitro and in vivo. Results: All liposomes displayed an ideal particle size, good biocompatibility, and controlled release behavior. Mannosylated liposomes exhibited superior in vitro cellular internalization and tumor spheroid penetration with the aid of the mannose receptor-mediated TAMs-targeting effects. In particular, mannosylated liposomes promoted the polarization of both M0 and M2 to the M1 phenotype by enhancing the expression ratio of CD86/CD206 in vitro. Of note, mannosylated liposomes could inhibit G422 glioma tumor growth, which may be attributed to the polarization of TAMs, as evidenced by the reduction in expression level of the TAMs surface marker. Conclusion: These results indicate the potential value of mannosylated liposomes in the design of a rational delivery system to enhance the antitumor immune efficacy of immunomodulators by inducing a shift from the M2 to the M1 phenotype.

目的 建立一种专属性好,适用于主药有干扰的脂肪乳中甲氧基苯胺值的测定方法.方法 以醋酸铅为络合沉淀刺,采用络合沉淀法排除主药黄芩素对甲氧基苯胺值测定的影响,并对改进后的方法进行验证分析.结果 醋酸铅对甲氧基苯胺值测定结果无影响,加入量为200 μL(0.4 g·mL-1)时,可排除药物干扰,干扰试验平均回收率为99.39％,RSD为1.73％(n=3),重复性RSD均＜2.0％(n=5).结论 该方法专属性好,测定结果准确可靠,能有效排除药物对脂肪乳甲氧基苯胺值测定的影响,为载药脂肪乳中甲氧基苯胺值控制提供了新的思路和方法.

The development of tumor tissue is a complicated process,which is closely related to tumor microenvironment.In order to simulate the tumor tissue in vivo,non-contact co-culture of human breast adenocarcinoma cells (MCF-7 cells) and human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs cells) using transwell cell culture plate was developed in this study.The cell viability,morphology,cell resistance,cell cycle and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) protein content of co-cultured MCF-7 and HUVECs cells were investigated,and compared with those of separately cultivated MCF-7 and HUVECs cells during the same period.Different to the separately cultured MCF-7 and HUVECs cells,co-cultured MCF-7 and HUVECs cells exhibited higher cell viability,deformed cell morphology,lower cell resistance,higher proportion of S and G2/M phases and higher VEGF protein content (about 1.4-2 times).The double cell model via non-contact co-culture of MCF-7 and HUVECs cells constructed in this study could simulate the interaction between tumor cells and tumor vascular endothelial cells in vivo,which may provide a more realistic model for subsequent study of drug release system in the control of breast cancer in vitro.