如何监督、评价体育家庭作业,经济、高效地操作学校体育比赛,实现课余体育活动智能化管理等是困扰学校体育实操层面的问题.随着人工智能的介入,一些问题正在逐步得以解决,其产生的效果与影响具有重要的研究价值.通过参与式观察法、访谈法等对人工智能技术介入学校体育的效果与发展趋势展开研究.结果表明,人工智能技术能够在监督与评价体育家庭作业、改善课余体育活动质量、提高一些项目的常赛效率、量化过程性评价以及有效地进行学校体育数据化管理等方面具有积极的效果.研究认为,人工智能将在更大范围内对学校体育产生影响,在课外体育活动与专项运动技能测试、体育竞赛、数字化管理、学生体质监测与评价、体育中考等方面将取得更大的突破,同时对可能存在的潜在问题进行了探讨.

自1997年《社会力量办学条例》和2002年《民办教育促进法》颁布以来,政府对民办中小学教育的重视程度逐步提高,民办教育逐渐成为基础教育重要组成部分.[1]其中,学校体育状况是衡量民办中小学整体教育水平的重要标准.[2][3] 2020年,《关于全面加强和改进新时代学校体育工作的意见》再次强调了体育工作的重要性.从研究现状来看,一是有关民办中小学学校体育的研究少,二是民办教育作为教育事业的新生产物,在学校发展上面临诸多困难,影响了学校体育工作健康有序地发展.[4] [5] [6]本文基于深圳市中小学"校园体育一小时"飞行检查的结果,观察民办中小学体育目前的现状与问题,并探究解决方法与路径,为教育部门制定民办中小学学校体育发展策略提供依据.

“大数据”环境对我国冰雪旅游产业的发展起到非常大的促进作用.主要通过文献资料法、逻辑分析法对我国冰雪旅游产业链的发展现状、整合方式及对策进行分析,认为我国冰雪旅游产业链的发展现状存在产业链较短、结构失衡;“大数据”应用水平较低;产业链内部融合度不高及供需失衡等问题.建议争取政府引导促进“大数据”与冰雪旅游产业链整合,加快冰雪旅游产业“大数据”平台建设;建立全方位人才的培养体系;构建多维冰雪旅游价值网链,推动冰雪旅游产业快速升级.

It is of great significance to explore the possible objective law of the drop point of amateur badminton players and to the technical training and strategy of amateur badminton. This study is of 196 men and 106 women badminton amateur according to the technical level the study divided them into normal group and the expert group in Shenzhen and Guangzhou, each group is divided into three levels, a total of six grades to serve, to pick the ball, chop, push the ball, hook the ball, and a high ball, lob technology of four points test and collected objective data, and statistical analysis, research different technology level of amateur badminton players back ball placement control characteristics and differences.

北京联合张家口成功申办了2022年的冬奥会,为推动冰雪运动的发展,提出了“3亿人参与冰雪运动”的战略目标,国家随即出台了一系列的政策,冰雪政策的制定对我国冰雪运动及冰雪产业的发展起到了积极推动作用.运用文献资料法、数据地图分析法,从政策发布主体、发展趋势等方面对当下冰雪运动的相关政策文件进行了分析,发现当前冰雪运动政策发展呈现以下趋势:由中央向地方扩散,东西部发展差异明显,产业化进程加快.未来冰雪运动将持续以政策为主导,政策制定具体化细分化,科技创新将是驱动力,以此为我国冰雪运动的发展提供理论支持.

以全运会的发展历史与办赛理念为研究对象,通过文献资料法、逻辑分析法探究全运会的发展与演变.认为经过多次重要节点的发展,全运会从初期体现的"政治意义"到当下"以人民为中心",其办赛理念随着国家的发展在不断演变.在全民健身理念的引导下,将群众体育纳入全运会中来,扩大全运会参与对象,做到全民参与全会、全民共享全会,应是下一阶段全运会发展的重要内容.

Objective :To grasp the prevalence situation of primary and secondary school students’ obesity of Shenzhen and to study the dangerous factors resulted in obesity in order to provide the basis for further preventing and controlling the students’ obesity .Methods :The“BMI classification reference for screening overweight and obesity in Chinese school‐age chil‐dren and adolescents proposed by Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC )”was used to screen the 3 833 primary school and secondary school students at the age of 8‐16 years in Shenzhen .Among which 195 obese students were picked out to form an “ obesity group” , while another 195 students were chosen to form the “control group” .The behavior factors of the two groups were investigated by the method of closed questionnaire (48 items ) and two rounds analysis were made by using single factor χ2 test and non conditional logistic regression model .Results and Conclusion :7 important factors which were recognized the main reasons re‐sulted in the primary and secondary school students’ obesity were selected :how to describe one’s body weight ,how to control body weight ,the living condition ,time of community sports activities ,mother’ s education level ,how long snacks before bedtime ,the amount of food to eat .That is the main reason causing the behavior of primary and middle school students obesi‐ty .Among them ,the living conditions ,education level of mother ,and body weight describation have not been reported in the previous studies .

目的 研究过氧化物酶体增殖物激活受体δ(peroxisome prdiferator-activated receptor,PPAR δ)基因第1内含子(A76077G)位点变异多态与解放军训练机能指标的相关性.方法对 102名中国北方驻地新兵进行18周耐力训练,训练负荷为5000m长跑,每周进行3次.以心率为标准监控负荷强度,与通气无氧阈对应.运用跑台逐级递增负荷运动方法,对新兵最大摄氧量(maximal oxygen uptake,VO2max)相关指标、跑节省化(running economy,RE)相关指标以及心功能相关指标进行测定.采用聚合酶链反应-限制酶片段长度多型性分析(polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphisms,PCR-RFLP)技术方法测定PPARδ基因第1内含子中(A76077G)位点变异多态.结果 3种基因型的分布频率分别为AA:10人(0.10)、AG:36人(0.35)和GG:56人(0.55),符合Hardy-Weinberg平衡.按基因型分组后,AA基因型人群训练前的VO2max相对值、50W下的心脏指数显著性高于AG基因型人群和GG基因型人群(P＜0.05);AA基因型人群RE时心率变化率、100W下的心动周期的变化率极显著性高于AG基因型人群和GG基因型人群(P＜0.01);测定的其他相关指标与基因型的差异均无统计学意义.结论 ①PPAR δ基因第1内含子(A76077G)多态与初始VO2max相对值、50W下的心脏指数相关联.②RE时心率变化率、100W下的心动周期可作为军人有氧训练的敏感指标,PPARδ基因第1内含子(A76077G) AA基因型人群具有更高的敏感性.

Objective To explore the association between CKB(creatine kinase,brain) gene polymorphisms and the phenotypes of structure and function of left ventricle after endurance training in men of Han nationality in northern China.Methods A group of 102 healthy male in northern China was recruited to undergo aerobic training program for 18 weeks.The rs3759582 and rs3759584 polymorphisms of CKB gene were analyzed by PCR-RFLP.Results Genotype distributions were in Hardy–Weinberg equilibrium at both loci,and no strong linkage disequilibrium was observed between rs3759584 and rs3759582.No significant differences were observed in the baseline structure and function index of left ventricle among groups at both loci before training.The △100WEDD、△150WEDD、△100WSV、△150WSV、△150WSV and △reT after training in those carrying AC were significantly more than those carrying AA at rs3759582(P0.05).The △CO and △COI in AC were decreased,but increased in AA;the △150WCO and △150WCOI were increased in AC,but decreased in AA at rs3759582.Furthermore,significant differences were observed in all △CO、△COI、△150WCO and △150WCOI between AC and AA at rs3759582(P0.05).But no significant differences in the structure and function index changes of left ventricle were observed among groups at rs3759584 after training(P0.05).Conclusions The rs3759584 was not a gene marker in predicting individual endurance trainability on function of left ventricle.The rs3759582 polymorphism might contribute to individual function of left ventricle response to endurance training.

Objective:Taking the mass exercise population as the object,we set up a first domestic grading standard of mass exercise techniques based on a scientific research procedure,aiming at promoting the participation of health building.As a means of refining the national fitness service system and carrying out it in a deep-going way,the Technique Grading Standard of Mass Table Tennis provides for the table tennis amateur lovers a certification standard.Method:The assessment structure of is defined by the questionnaire survey on 27 coaches and experts;the assessment index of mass table tennis technique grading is concluded by interviewing 69 coaches and experts,screening questionnaires and expert argumentation;the index weight of Grade I,II and III are computed by applying the Method of Index Number and Delphi's questionnaires to 15 experts;the assessment standard of mass table tennis technique grading is built by testing 621 table tennis lovers;the assessment standard is inspected by the inner back substitution of all the 621 samples and outer back substitution of 52 persons.Result:Defined an assessment structure of mass table tennis technique grading to assess the level of beginner to sports school by three grades and 9 sub-degrees(Dan);built an assessment index system of mass table tennis technique grading,including three subsystems(junior,intermediate and senior);set up an assessment standard of mass table tennis technique grading structured by six sub-standards(men's junior,women's junior,men's intermediate,women's intermediate,men's senior,women's senior).Conclusion:the inspection result of all-sample inner back substitution and outer back substitution indicates that the standard of this research can be perfectly applied to the technique grading assessment of mass table tennis.

Objective:As more and more attentions are paid to Running Economy(RE) and there is no unified RE test method in China at present,and the O2 computing method and the load intensity selection are not unanimous,this paper aims to deduce single RE load and establish O2 collection and computing time and set up an integrated RE test method that fits the ordinary male youth in China.Methods:63 recruits were taken as the experimental subjects and divided into group A and B.Firstly,the RE test was done at corresponding speed according to 55%,60%,65% and 70%O2max separately on the treadmill and the 5km running performance was tested for group A;the linear correlation analysis was done by taking 5km running performance as the dependent variable and the aforementioned four RE values as the independent variables respectively,and the R2 determination coefficient method was applied to judge the linear relationship between RE and 5km running performance to find out the optimum linear model;using 5km running performance as the criterion,the curve fitting was done based on the four related coefficients r got from R-RE and 5km running performance so as to deduce the optimum RE load running speed.In addition,the RE and 5km running performance were tested for group B to verify the validity of the optimum load;50% subjects from group B were selected randomly to test the RE again to verify the reliability and stability of the retest.Results:The running speed of 11.5km/h could be used as the optimum load to test RE for ordinary male youth in China,which is expressed by the units of ml/kg/min;the O2 mean value of the final 2min should be computed as the RE value;the validity test showed that the RE result tested at the speed of 11.5 km/h is representative;the RE retest is highly reliable.Conclusion:An integrated RE test method is established.

In order to study the correlations between polymorphic loci rs 131758 and rs 470117 in the carnitine palmityl transferase-1β(CPT-1β) gene region,as well as the haplotype they form,and the changes of sensitivity in-dexes before and after aerobic endurance training,and to probed into the feasibility to use them as sensitivity mark-ers for aerobic endurance training,the authors carried out 18-week aerobic endurance training on 102 youngsters of the Han nationality in northern China,measured "running economization"(RE) related indexes before and after training by using the method of gradually increasing treadmill exercise load,and cardiac structural indexes under different load conditions(at calm,50W,100W,150W,in the recovery period) before and after training by adopting the way of exercising with gradually increased quantitative load under the limit of layback style riding,acquired cardiac function related indexes from cardiac structural indexes,dissected the genotypes of polymorphic loci rs 131758 and rs 470117 of genome DNA of the testees by using the MALDI-TOF MS method,analyzed the correlations between the changes of relevant indexes before and after training and the different genotypes of polymorphic loci,and revealed the following findings:1)type AA of locus rs 131758 was correlative to the training sensitivity of heart rate(ΔHRRE) at running economization after training;2)type AA of locus rs131758 was correlative to the training sensitivity of left ventricular rear wall thickness(ΔPWS) at the end of systole after training;3)haplotype AT formed by loci rs 131758 and rs 470117 was correlative to the training sensitivity of stroke output volume index(ΔSVI),cardiac cycle(ΔT) and cardiac output index(ΔCOI) at calm after training.The said findings indicate that type AA of locus rs 131758 and haplotype AT formed by loci rs 131758 and rs 470117 can be used as molecular markers for aerobic endurance training for people of the Nan nationality in northern China.

Objective This research aims to deduce optimum and single running economy(RE) speed,in order to establish a simple and effective RE test.Methods Sixty three male recruits were served as subjects in this study,they were running respectively at the intensities of 55%,60%,65% and 70%VO2max.The 5km running performance of the subjects in the adaptive period was also tested.The linear correlation analysis was done between 5km running performance(as dependent variable) and the four relative quantities of RE(R-RE)(as the independent variables),and the optimum linear model was judged according to the R2 coefficient.In addition,another 26 matched subjects were chosen to confirmed the validity of the optimum running speed.Results It is concluded that 11.5 km/h running speed seems to be the optimum load of RE test for Chinese men aged 18～23 years.

As fuzzy mathematics has gained prominent advantage in physical fitness evaluation with fuzzy boundary,the establishment of the fuzzy membership function is a primary task before its application.However,few studies have done at present,there are some perplexing questions in several literatures on the establishment of fuzzy membership function,which influences the application outlook of fuzzy mathematics in physical health evaluation at a certain extent.In view of this,by analyzing the two literatures on the establishment of the membership functions,this study puts forward questions and summarizes them.Then,it establishes new membership function according its establishment theory and used the data in the literatures to test the scientificity and ratio-nality of the new membership function.Based on this,the four and five grade membership function commonly used in physical evaluation was established.

Introduction:To investigate the association betweem-252A/G polymorphism of FECH Gene and aerobic ability in men of Han nationality in Northern China.Methods:102 healthy young male soldiers of Han Nationality in Northern China were recruited to undergo 18-week 5000m running 3 times a week.The VO2max、 RE were measured before and after protocol.GeneScan and gene sequencing was used to analyse the-252A/G polymorphism.The association of the polymorphism with initial endurance capacity and endurance training response was analysed.Result:1)Before endurance training,the running economy baseline(RE/HR、 RE/rVO2) in AA genetype was significantly lowerer than in GG genetype(P0.01);2)After endurance training,the changing rate of VO2(△VT/VO2)in AA genetype was significantly higher than in GG genetype(P0.05),the changing rate of running economy(△RE/HR)in AA genetype was significantly lower than in GG genetype(P0.05).Conclusion:The AA genetype of-252A/G polymorphism inFECH Gene has association not only with initial aerobic capacity but also with the sensibility to endurance training,so it could be the genetic marker in predicting endurance training response.

Objective:In this paper,in order to screen the sensitivity molecular markers of aerobic training,the association of 7 SNP and the haplotypes in AMPKα2 region with response to left ventricular structural and functional parameters after aerobic endurance training were researched.Methods:18-weeks aerobic endurance training was completed by 102 health male young people.Parameters of left ventricular structures and functions were measured on resting,incremental exercise(50W,100W and 150W) and recovery state before and after training.The genetype were determined by MALDI-TOF.The relativity between changes of parameters and genetypes were analyzed.Results:1) rs1418442,rs11206889 and a certain haplotypes are responded to the sensitivity of IVSD and LVMI.2) Certain haplotypes are responded to the sensitivity of SVI/150W.Conclusion:rs1418442,rs11206889 and certain genetypes of AMPKα2 can be served as sensitivity molecular markers of heart responded to endurance training of northern Han Nationality Chinese.

Objective:To study the association between polymorphism in FPN1 gene and response to left ventricular functional parameters after aerobic endurance training,in order to screen genetic markers of aerobic endurance training and provide evidence to genetic individual program.Methods:102 health males were completed 18-weeks aerobic endurance training.Echocardiography was used to measured parameters of left ventricular functions on resting state before and after training,and incremental exercise.The genotypes were examined in SNP rs1123110,rs4145237 by PCR-RFLP and association between gene polymorphism and parameters of left ventricular function were adopted association studies with training response phenotypes.The increment of 100W/SV and 100W/SVI with CC genotype in rs1123110 were significantly higher than TT genotype,and decrease in the amount of CO and COI were significantly higher than TT and TC genotype.Result:The rs1123110 and rs4145237 polymorphism of FPN1 gene can be used as genetic markers of the response to left ventricular function to aerobic training.

Objective The association of polymorphisms in calcineurin genes with the phenotype of aerobic endurance,as well as the effect of training on the calcineurin gene isoforms were investigated.Methods One hundred and two healthy young men of Han nationality in northern China were enrolled in this study.The possible association of 55 polymorphisms in the calcineurin gene isoforms PPP3CA,PPP3CB,PPP3CC,PPP3R1 and PPP3R2 with the maximal oxygen uptake(VO2max)and running economy(RE)at baseline levels,as well as the response of VO2max and RE to the 18-week endurance training program was studied.Two-way(genotype,training)ANOVA was used to compare the baseline VO2max and RE among genotype polymorphisms with the VO2max and RE after training.Results We found a significant association between:(1)baseline VO2max and the rs2850965 and rs3804423 polymorphism in the PPP3CA gene;(2)training responsiveness of VO2max and both the rs3804358 polymorphism(PPP3CA)and the rs4671887 polymorphism(PPP3R1);(3)training responsiveness of RE and PPP3R2.Conclusion Results suggest that polymorphisms in the calcineurin genes possibly could partially explain the individual variations in aerobic endurance.Further study of this association is needed.

Objective:To explore the association between VEGF and its receptors genes polymorphisms and aerobic performance phenotypes. Methods:102 young men of Han nationality in northern China underwent an 18-week long-distance running program. VO2max,RE and left ventricular structure and function were tested before and after training. The genotypes were examined in VEGF and its receptors genes by PCR-RFLP. Results: It was found that no significant differences in baseline levels and the response to training of VO2max and RE between VEGF and its receptors genotypes were observed. However,there was an association between VEGF and its receptors genes polymorphisms and left ventricular structure and function. The carriers of the A allele (CA + AA genotypes) in SNP/C-2578A of VEGF gene,AA genotypes in SNP/A+193019G of VEGFR1 gene and AT or AA genotypes in SNP/A+18487T of VEGFR2 gene were better in left ventricular structure and function. Conclusion: The-2578C/A genetic polymorphism of VEGF gene,the +193019A/G genetic polymorphism of VEGFR1 gene and the +18487A/T genetic polymorphism of VEGFR2 gene may be the genetic markers for the response of left ventricular function to 18-week long-distance running. But the sample size would need to be expanded further.

目的:探讨性激素结合球蛋白(SHBG)基因(TAAA)n多态在中国北方汉族男性中的分布特征及其与有氧能力的关联性.方法:102名中国北方汉族健康青年男性受试者进行为期20周、每周3次5000米匀速跑的有氧耐力训练,训练前后分别测试VO2max和RE相关生理指标.使用GeneScan和测序方法分析SHBG(TAAAA)n多态等位基因和基因型.进行该多态与有氧能力初始值和耐力训练效果的关联性分析.结果:(1)在中国北方汉族男性中观察到(TAAAA)6～10次重复等位基因和11个基因型.其中,9次重复等位基因分布频率最高,10次重复等位基因分布频率最低;(2)当分别以7、8和9次重复作为分割点划分基因型时,发现长链组VO2max相关指标训练前初始水平平均值均大于短链组.其中,按7次重复划分时,≥7次基因型携带者训练前VO2max和VO2max时的VE初始值均有高于<7次携带者的趋势(P均为0.06);(3)不同基因型组间V02max和RE各指标的耐力训练敏感性无显著性差异.结论:SHBG基因(TAAAA)n多态与男性有氧能力指标初始水平可能存在一定的关联性,推测重复次数较多的等位基因携带者的有氧能力初始水平较好,但与耐力训练敏感性无关联.