miR166, as an ancient and large family of plant microRNAs, has been demonstrated to participate in plant growth and development as well as responses to abiotic stress. However, at present, the functions of miR166 gene family members and the mechanism by which miR166 participates in the salt stress response of Chrysanthemums have not been fully studied. This study verified the function of identified miR166 family members in Chrysanthemum, confirming that miR166 positively regulates salt stress tolerance in Arabidopsis thaliana. The miR166 family of Chrysanthemum consists of 10 members, and their mature sequences are highly conserved among different plants; The precursor sequence of cgr-miR166d is approximately 200 bp in length and has a typical hairpin structure, showing a relatively close genetic relationship to ath-miR166f of Arabidopsis thaliana. By constructing the pBI121-cgr-miR166-GUS vector and using the dipping method for genetic transformation of Arabidopsis thaliana, seven cgr-miR166 overexpression transgenic plants were screened and obtained. The expression levels of Arabidopsis thaliana HD-ZipIII family members were suppressed in transgenic plants. Under salt treatment, the seed germination rate and root length of transgenic Arabidopsis plants were significantly higher than those of the wild type. The activities of POD and CAT were significantly increased, while MDA showed no significant change. Additionally, under IAA and ABA induction, miR166 expression was significantly upregulated in both leaf and root tissues of Chrysanthemums. Based on heterologous expression experiments in Arabidopsis, the study demonstrates that the cgr-miR166 gene family exerts a positive regulatory role in plant resistance to salt stress. This gene may achieve its function by targeting and regulating members of the HD-ZipIII family, and it is also related to plant hormones. This study reveals that miR166 is a candidate regulator mediating the salt stress response in Chrysanthemums, providing a theoretical basis for further research on salt-tolerant Chrysanthemum breeding.

Soybean yield is governed by key agronomic traits such as main stem node number, lowest pod height, and branch number. These polygenic traits exhibit substantial environmental variation, and the instability of associated genetic loci identified in single-environment studies constrains their application in molecular breeding. To uncover their stable genetic basis, we conducted multi-environment phenotyping over three years and six locations using a panel of 320 soybean accessions. The Best Linear Unbiased Prediction (BLUP) model was employed to integrate phenotypic data and control for genotype-by-environment interactions. Subsequently, genome-wide association studies (GWAS) were performed using BLUP-integrated phenotypic values to capture stable genetic effects, with optimal model using the Mixed Linear Model (MLM). As a result, a total of 22 significant single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) loci were identified. Among these, 10, 7, and 5 significant loci were associated with main stem node number, lowest pod height, and branch number, respectively, representing stable genetic signals across multiple environments. These loci primarily clustered on chromosomes 19, 8, and 18. Within these associated regions, we predicted eight high-confidence candidate genes. Functional annotation revealed that these genes are significantly enriched in pathways related to cell wall biosynthesis, energy metabolism, and stress response. This study provides effective genomic resources derived from a multi-environment GWAS framework. These stable loci and candidate genes directly facilitate the molecular breeding of soybean varieties with improved yield-related traits and environmental adaptability.

Background: INDETERMINATE DOMAIN proteins (IDDs) are a plant-specific transcription factor family, and members of this family play crucial roles in regulating growth and development as well as environmental adaptation. However, a comprehensive analysis of the IDD family in soybean [Glycine max (L.) Merrill] is limited. Methods and Results: A total of 27 GmIDD genes were identified in the soybean genome, unevenly distributed across 14 chromosomes, and their encoded proteins all harbor a conserved INDETERMINATE (ID) domain with two Cys2His2 (C2H2) and two Cys2HisCys (C2HC) zinc finger motifs. Phylogenetic analysis classified these GmIDD genes into three subgroups. Soybean GmIDD genes exhibit high homology with their Arabidopsis thaliana IDD counterparts. Cis-acting element analysis indicated that the promoters of GmIDD genes are enriched in light-responsive elements (such as Box4), hormone-responsive elements (such as ABRE and AuxRR-core), and abiotic stress-responsive elements (such as MBS and LTR). The qRT-PCR results showed that GmIDD3/5/14/22/26 were upregulated under salt stress, while GmIDD8/9/10/12/16/17/19/20/23/24/25/27 were obviously downregulated during treatment. Under drought stress, the expression levels of GmIDD4/6/7/10/14/16/19/22/24/25/26/27 were upregulated during the treatment. The expression levels of GmIDD1/2/3/4/12/14/15/16/17/18/22/23/25/26 were induced by short-day conditions, whereas GmIDD9/13/19/21 were induced by long-day conditions in soybean leaves. Conclusions: This study provides a theoretical basis for further understanding the functions of the soybean IDD gene family in abiotic stress tolerance and photoperiod adaptability.

Soil salinization, caused by natural processes or human activities, is characterized by excessive soluble salts in the soil. It severely impairs normal plant growth and development. The TRANSPARENT TESTA GLABRA1 (TTG1) gene encodes a WD40 repeat protein that participates in multiple key biological processes, including trichome development, cuticular wax biosynthesis, photosynthetic efficiency regulation, and salt stress response. These functions enable TTG1 to support the growth adaptation of Arabidopsis thaliana under different environmental conditions. In this study, CRISPR-Cas9-mediated TTG1 knockout lines of A. thaliana, generated in a previous study, were used as experimental materials. In this study, CRISPR-Cas9-generated TTG1 knockout lines (from a prior experiment) were used as experimental materials. Genomic DNA was extracted from candidate lines, followed by nested PCR validation and Sanger sequencing to eliminate false-positive individuals. Phenotypic characterization of confirmed positive mutants was conducted to dissect the role and regulatory mechanism of TTG1 in plant salt stress tolerance.

Backdoor attack poses a serious threat to deep neural networks (DNNs). An adversary can manipulate the prediction of a backdoored model by attaching a specific backdoor trigger to the input. However, existing defenses are mainly aimed at detecting backdoors in the digital world, which cannot meet the real-time requirement of application scenes in the physical world. We propose a LayerCAMenabled backdoor detector (LeBD) for monitoring backdoor attacks in the object detection (OD) network, YOLOv5. LeBD ultilizes LayerCAM to locate the trigger and give a risk warning at run-time. In order to further improve the precision of trigger localization, we propose a backdoor detector based on counterfactual attribution LayerCAM (CA-LeBD). We evaluated the performance of the backdoor detector on images in the digital world and video streams in the physical world. Extensive experiments demonstrate that LeBD and CA-LeBD can efficiently locate the trigger and mitigate the effect of backdoor in real time. In the physical world scene, the detection rate of backdoor can achieve over 90\%.

Soybean (Glycine max (Linn.) Merr.) is a widely-cultivated crop, the yield of which is markedly affected by adverse environmental conditions. Soil salinization, in particular, has led to the degradation of agricultural land, resulting in poor plant growth and decreased crop yields. In plants, serine/threonine protein kinases (STKs) are involved in the plant response to a variety of abiotic stresses. Our previous study identified a transcription factor (GmWRKY20) involved in plant stress resistance, which can directly regulate the expression of GmSTK12. Here, we investigated the effect of the stress-responsive gene GmSTK12 (Glyma.12g198200), which encodes a serine/threonine protein kinase, on soybean salt tolerance. Overall, the overexpression of GmSTK12 (GmSTK12-OE) resulted in increased salt tolerance. Under salt stress, GmSTK12-OE soybeans exhibited significantly increased chlorophyll and proline (PRO) contents; decreased relative electrical conductivity; decreased malondialdehyde (MDA) and superoxide anion (O2−) contents; and increased activities of the antioxidant enzymes catalase (CAT), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and peroxidase (POD). The nitroblue tetrazolium chloride (NBT) staining experiment further confirmed the reduced accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in GmSTK12-OE soybean leaves. We further determined the Na+ and K+ contents in soybean leaves and roots and found that the Na+ content and Na+/K+ ratio in GmSTK12-OE soybean leaves and roots were significantly lower than those of WT (williams82) soybeans. Furthermore, quantitative real-time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis revealed that the expression of three SOS pathway genes (GmSOS1, GmSOS2a, and GmSOS2b) was upregulated in GmSTK12-OE soybeans under salt stress. Taken together, the results indicate that GmSTK12 is involved in the mechanism of soybean response to salt stress.

大学生创新教育是高等教育不可或缺的部分,已经成为高等教育全面改革的重要内容.高校在相关政策的指导下,大力发展大学生创新教育,通过搭建创新驱动为导向的平台,实施大学生创新创业训练计划等,吸引广大师生积极参与科研创新训练活动.大学生创新创业训练计划是构建大学生学业、专业、创业和就业四位一体的知行合一的创新人才培养体系的路径之一.以东北农业大学经济管理学院为例,从大学生创新创业训练计划中的创新训练项目的选题来源、科研团队分工和指导教师作用等方面阐述自我模式和协同模式的各自特征及两种模式对科研创新训练的影响,并提出以协同模式为主,通过培养大学生的科研兴趣、掌握扎实的理论知识和指导教师的有力推动及学校制度层面的支持等途径提升大学生科研创新能力.

Photoperiod is one of the main climatic factors that determine flowering time and yield. Some members of the INDETERMINATE DOMAIN (IDD) transcription factor family have been reported to be involved in regulation of flowering time in Arabidopsis, maize, and rice. In this study, the domain analysis showed that GmIDD had a typical ID domain and was a member of the soybean IDD transcription factor family. Quantitative real-time PCR analysis showed that GmIDD was induced by short day conditions in leaves and regulated by circadian clock. Under long day conditions, transgenic Arabidopsis overexpressing GmIDD flowered earlier than wild-type, and idd mutants flowered later, while the overexpression of GmIDD rescued the late-flowering phenotype of idd mutants. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing assays of GmIDD binding sites in GmIDD-overexpression (GmIDD-ox) Arabidopsis further identified potential direct targets, including a transcription factor, AGAMOUS-like 18 (AGL18). GmIDD might inhibit the transcriptional activity of flower repressor AGL18 by binding to the TTTTGGTCC motif of AGL18 promoter. Furthermore, the results also showed that GmIDD overexpression increased the transcription levels of flowering time-related genes FLOWERING LOCUS T (FT), SUPPRESSOR OF OVEREXPRESSION OF CONSTANS1 (SOC1), LEAFY (LFY) and APETALA1 (AP1) in Arabidopsis. Taken together, GmIDD appeared to inhibit the transcriptional activity of AGL18 and induced the expression of FT gene to promote Arabidopsis flowering.

近年来中国老年人口数量快速增长,给社会发展带来了一定程度的养老负担和经济压力.然而,老年群体的发展并不是静止的.随着微信、支付宝等社交媒体和移动支付方式的迅猛发展,老年群体的社交形式和消费习惯受到了潜移默化的影响,新一代老年人口消费的潜力巨大,前景广阔.本文基于中国健康与养老追踪调查最新数据构建"社交活跃度"指数,利用普通最小二乘估计和工具变量两阶段回归模型分析社交活动对中国新一代老年人口消费的影响.实证结果表明社交活动确实会对中国新一代老年人口消费产生显著影响,学历程度较高、经济状况较好及较高的社交活跃度会对新一代老年人口消费产生积极正向影响.老年人积极参与社交活动能够显著促进其衣着、食品、日常居住杂费、文娱出行(旅游)以及医疗保健等方面的消费.参与多项社交活动且参与频率高对中国老年人口消费水平的提升作用尤其明显.因此,一方面老年人应积极主动参与丰富多彩的社交活动,尤其应注重学习和构建与互联网使用相关的线上社交模式;另一方面国家和社会应继续完善老龄化制度与政策,尤其应该对老年网络消费、老年旅游出行等较新较热行业加大支持和引导力度,为挖掘老年消费潜力提供成熟而完备的保障体系.

中国特色大国外交的提出标志着中国外交的大国转向,中国开始以大国的主体身份开展对外交往.然而,由于传统大国外交所显示出的国强必霸的历史道路,同样拥有"大国外交"限定词的中国特色大国外交也常常被质疑会走上与传统大国相同的道路.从大国外交的特性出发可以发现,传统大国外交的国强必霸道路体现在维持大国地位、维护大国利益、推广大国意志和承担大国责任四个方面,核心特征是以强凌弱和强强争霸.但当前世界处于百年未有之大变局的时代特性和中国的和平崛起进程,使中国不能也不愿走这一道路.因此,中国特色大国外交的时代选择就是思考如何打破国强必霸的逻辑,实现中国的和平崛起.中国要在上述四个方面开创不同于传统大国外交的新路,实现中国与世界的双赢.

边界具有双重属性,全球化时代的“去边界化”进程加快了边境地区由屏障功能向中介功能转化的速度,推动了边境地区的开放.边境功能的转换过程深刻影响了中国边境地区的跨境关系,也给边境安全带来了新的挑战.从动态性视角看,边境安全面临的最大挑战是安全的不确定性增强,具体表现为安全问题从产生到解决的每个阶段都更加复杂.边境地区多层次的跨境关系使得边境安全面临多源头的威胁,边境地区逐渐增强的流动性使安全问题的演变难以预测和控制,而推动边境地区发展的开放进程则使边境安全问题解决的独立性下降.面对边境地区日益紧密的发展关系及安全的新挑战,需要构建一种新型周边关系,即体现多层次性、共生性和开放性的周边关系.在此基础上,充分发挥次国家政府在边境安全治理中的核心作用,在边境地区塑造共生安全理念,并实现合作共赢的实践引领,从而在发展中建构安全,共同有效地应对新时代边境安全面临的新挑战.

The flowering time and plant height of soybean are important agronomic characters, which control the adaptability and yield of soybean. R2R3 MYB transcription factor plays an important regulatory role in plant growth and development. In this study, soybean GmGAMYB gene of R2R3-MYB type was induced by long-days (LDs). GmGAMYB showed higher transcriptional levels in the flowers, leaves and pods of soybean. Overexpression of GmGAMYB in transgenic soybean showed earlier flowering time and maturity in LDs and short-days (SDs). GmGAMYB interacted with GmGBP1 and might promote flowering time by up-regulating the expression of GmFULc gene in soybean. Moreover, the expression level of GmGAMYB was also induced by gibberellins (GAs) and the plant height of GmGAMYB-ox plants was significantly increased, which was caused by the enlargement of internode cell in stem. Furthermore, GmGAMYB overexpression led to increased GA sensitivity in the hypocotyl of soybean seedlings compared with WT. GmGAMYB may be a positive regulator of GA response of promoting plant height by up-regulating the expression of GmGA20ox gene in soybean. Together, our studies preliminarily showed that the partial functions of GmGAMYB in regulating flowering time and GA pathway.

知行合一导向的科研人才培养是人才创新能力培养的路径之一.文章从有助于激发大学生科研兴趣、创新思维导向、凝练科学问题能力及团队协作能力四个方面阐述知行合一导向的大学生科研能力培养的必要性,并以国家级大学生创新训练项目为例,提出知行合一大学生科研能力培养的路径.

图们江三角洲地缘区位优势明显,但多年来东亚地区国家间的政治竞争通过路径依赖作用于跨境微观区域,导致该地区经济发展乏力,合作意愿缺失.中国提出"一带一路"倡议后一直试图将东北亚地区纳入其中,从次区域合作的视角来看,"一带一路"塑造了自上而下合作的次区域合作形态,丰富了次区域合作的内容,并将沿线各次区域连为一体,加强了次区域间的互动,这给图们江次区域合作带来了巨大的发展机遇."一带一路"建设在缓解地缘政治压力和促进次区域经济发展提高内生动力方面加快了图们江次区域合作的进程,其未来发展依赖于地方政府、国家、次区域及跨次区域各个层次的推动.

Soybean yield is a complex quantitative trait, which is greatly affected by environmental conditions. The main objective of this study is not only to identify specific traits contributing to yield in different latitudes, which can be further used in breeding, but also to identify the outperforming varieties, as this can help to select new lines with these traits. One hundred and seventy-three soybean genotypes were tested in three different ecological environments, including Harbin, Changchun, and Shenyang in China during 2015-2016 cropping seasons. The evaluation on the different agronomic and physiological traits indicated that the soybean varieties with higher plant height, more nodes of main stem, branches, pods, grains, and 100-grain weight, or longer growth periods may have higher yield. Pods, grains and 100-grain weight can be used as direct selection criteria for yield increase, and likewise the other traits such as plant height, nodes of main stem, branches, growth periods indirectly affected yield by affecting the three traits above. The effect of genotype × environment (G × E) interaction on different agronomic traits was significant. The representativeness and discriminability for grains yield per plant was the most significant in Harbin, which could be used to screen varieties with high yield and wider adaptability. Genotype "Suinong 1" was considered stable with higher value of grain yield per plant than other genotypes used in this study. As the yield of certain soybean cultivars may be significantly reduced if they are grown in a region as little as 2°N beyond its normal cultivation latitudes, therefore, the identification and analysis on the stable and widely adaptive soybean genotypes would be very important, and it would provide the significant reference accordance of soybean variety selection for the soybean breeders.

农业生产性服务与农村一二三产业融合协调发展是实现农业适度规模经营、农业增效和农民增收的客观要求,是实现传统农业向现代农业转变的重要举措,也是实现乡村振兴的必要途径.该研究从农业生产性服务和农村一二三产业融合的内涵本质出发,阐述了二者的耦合机理和协调模式;构建了农业生产性服务与农村一二三产业融合的评价体系,并以2016年黑龙江省部分地域的统计数据为样本,利用熵值法和耦合协调度模型测量了各地二者之间的耦合协调度,探讨了二者协调度的地域分布特征.结果 表明:目前,黑龙江省的部分地域农业生产性服务与农村一二三产业融合的耦合协调度整体上不高,且整体上农村一二三产业融合发展水平略低于农业生产性服务发展水平,并根据实证结果为政府部门提升农业生产性服务与农村一二三产业融合的耦合协调发展水平提供政策建议.

Background As a photoperiod-sensitive and self-pollinated species, the growth periods traits play important roles in the adaptability and yield of soybean. To examine the genetic architecture of soybean growth periods, we performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) using a panel of 278 soybean accessions and 34,710 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) with minor allele frequencies (MAF) higher than 0.04 detected by the specific-locus amplified fragment sequencing (SLAF-seq) with a 6.14-fold average sequencing depth. GWAS was conducted by a compressed mixed linear model (CMLM) involving in both relative kinship and population structure. Results GWAS revealed that 37 significant SNP peaks associated with soybean flowering time or other growth periods related traits including full bloom, beginning pod, full pod, beginning seed, and full seed in two or more environments at -log 10 ( P ) > 3.75 or -log 10 ( P ) > 4.44 were distributed on 14 chromosomes, including chromosome 1, 2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 17, 18, 19. Fourteen SNPs were novel loci and 23 SNPs were located within known QTLs or 75 kb near the known SNPs. Five candidate genes ( Glyma.05G101800 , Glyma.11G140100 , Glyma.11G142900 , Glyma.19G099700 , Glyma.19G100900 ) in a 90 kb genomic region of each side of four significant SNPs (Gm5_27111367, Gm11_10629613, Gm11_10950924, Gm19_34768458) based on the average LD decay were homologs of Arabidopsis flowering time genes of AT5G48385.1 , AT3G46510.1 , AT5G59780.3 , AT1G28050.1 , and AT3G26790.1 . These genes encoding FRI (FRIGIDA), PUB13 (plant U-box 13), MYB59, CONSTANS, and FUS3 proteins respectively might play important roles in controlling soybean growth periods. Conclusions This study identified putative SNP markers associated with soybean growth period traits, which could be used for the marker-assisted selection of soybean growth period traits. Furthermore, the possible candidate genes involved in the control of soybean flowering time were predicted.

Additional file 4. The soybeans with stable below- or above-average flowering time.

社会调查研究作为农林经济管理专业重要的实践环节,在培养学生综合运用所学知识解决实际问题的能力提升方面具有重要的作用.本文将项目教学法引入农林经济管理专业的社会调查实践教学中,阐述了项目教学法的内涵和特点,分析了项目教学法应用于社会调查实践教学的价值,详细介绍了项目教学法在社会调查实践中实施确立项目、制定计划、计划实施、成果展示以及项目评价的五个阶段,对促进农林经济管理专业的理论知识与社会调查方法相结合具有重要的创新意义.