Objective:To compare the efficacy of different methods in preparation ofpleural and peritoneal effusion cell blocks in order to optimize the procedure,and explore the clinical efficacy.Methods:120 cases pleural and peritoneal effusion selected in our department from March 2014 to March 2015 were divided into 3 groups using different methods (tube embedding method,centrifugal method and cell blocks kit method) in preparation of cell blocks.The success rate,completeness and detection rate of malignant cells of 3 groups were observed and compared.Results:The success rate of cell blocks kit (96.67 ％) was the highest,then the tube embedding method (92.50 ％),which had no statistically difference (P＞0.05).The success rate of direct centrifugal method was obviously lower than that of the other two methods with statistically significance (P＜0.05).The completeness of cell blocks kit was the highest with the rate of 96.67 ％,then the tube embedding method (94.17 ％),which had no statistically difference (P＞0.05).The completeness rate of direct centrifugal method was 68.33 ％,which was obviously lower than that of the others with statistically difference (P＜0.05).The detection rate of malignant cells of cell blocks kit was higher than that of the others with statistically significance (P＜0.05).Conclusions:Using cell blocks kit in preparation ofpleural and peritoneal effusion can receive the best success and completeness rate,and contribute to improve the detection rate of malignant cells,worthy of application.

Objective To explore the expression of Ki67,p53 and EGFR in gastric cancer and clinical significance.Methods 170 patients with gastric cancer underwent pathological test in our department from May 2014 to May 2015 were se-lected to this study.The expression of Ki67,p53 and EGFR of tumor tissues and para-carcinoma tissues was detected by immuno-histochemical method.Results Expression rate of Ki67,p53 and EGFR in gastric cancer tissues was respectively 71.18%, 55.88%and 45.29%;in para-carcinoma tissues was respectively 31.76%,12.94% and 10.59%.Expression rate in gastric cancer tissues was obviously higher than para-carcinoma tissues with statistically significance (P<0.05).Positive expression was related to the depth of invasion,degree of differentiation,lymphatic metastasis and TNM stages(P<0.05).Ki67 expression was positively correlated with p53 and EGFR(P<0.05),but correlation between p53 and EGFR had no statistically significance (P>0.05).Conclusion Expression of Ki67,p53 and EGFR has close relation with gastric tumor ,which can be used as reliable inde-xes in judgement of tumor malignancy and development.

目的:研究FOXP3在食管癌中表达规律.方法:选择2010年1月～2010年10月在我院接受手术治疗的食管鳞癌患者48例,选取所有患者肿瘤组织及正常食管黏膜组织进行免疫组化分析,观察FOXP3在食管癌细胞系Eca-109、正常食管黏膜细胞系Eca-109、人食管癌组织、正常食管黏膜组织的表达,FOXP3在不同年龄、性别、肿瘤分化程度、肿瘤直径、淋巴结转移上的表达.结果:FOXP3在食管癌组织中阳性表达率(85.42％)显著高于正常食管黏膜组织(14.58％),P＜0.05.FOXP3在正常细胞系表达为阴性,在食管癌细胞系Eca-109中的表达阳性,FOXP3在正常食管黏膜组织中表达阴性,在食管癌组织中表达阳性.在食管癌组织中,FOXP3阳性表达率和食管癌患者的性别、年龄等不同临床病理特征均无关联(P＞0.05),和T分期、TNM分期、肿瘤直径、淋巴结转移、远处转移等存在关联(P＜0.05).结论:食管癌细胞能够表达FOXP3,且其表达水平和食管癌的进展关系密切,可以作为临床诊断及治疗食管癌的重要参考指标.

目的：探讨儿童颅咽管瘤术后继发非酒精性脂肪性肝病的临床病理学特征、诊断及鉴别诊断。方法回顾性分析1例儿童颅咽管瘤术后继发非酒精性脂肪性肝病的临床病理学特征，采用免疫组化EnVison法及特殊染色进行观察。结果镜下见肝小叶结构紊乱，呈肝硬化组织学形态，大部分肝细胞气球样变，肝细胞弥漫以大泡性为主的混合性脂肪变性，可见点灶状坏死。免疫表型：CD34染色未见异常， CK7染色显示胆小管增生显著。特殊染色：Masson染色显示纤维组织增生并围绕肝细胞呈结节样，可见显著的窦周纤维化现象，网织纤维局部破坏。结论垂体功能低下导致非酒精性脂肪性肝病是儿童颅咽管瘤的术后并发症，属于少见病因，诊断主要依靠临床病史特征；肝穿刺活检是诊断该病的有效方法，同时可进行免疫组化及特殊染色辅助诊断以提高早期诊断率；早期诊断及治疗对该类型脂肪性肝病的临床预后有重要意义。

组织细胞坏死性淋巴结炎（histiocytic necrotizing lymphadenitis, HNL）是一种炎性免疫反应性非肿瘤性淋巴结肿大性疾病，1972年由日本藤本吉秀和菊池吕弘首先描述，病因尚不明确，临床表现为发热、淋巴结肿痛（颈部淋巴结肿大多见）、头痛、皮疹等。实验室检查可有白细胞和（或）中性粒细胞减少、EB病毒感染、肝功能损害等，淋巴结活检是诊断本病的主要依据。本病为良性自限性疾病，预后多较良好[1]。为减少对本病的误诊、误治，早期识别HNL，本研究对31例HNL患儿的临床特点、长期预后、淋巴结穿刺活检及超声引导下经皮淋巴结穿刺活检诊断技术的安全性、敏感性进行回顾性分析，现报告如下。

ObjectiveTo retrospectively analyze clinical manifestation, pathological feature,follow-up and treatment of 14 cases of glycogen storage disease (GSD), in order to gain deep insight into the disease. Method Fourteen cases of children patients diagnosed with GSD in Xijing Hospital during the year of 2008 and 2014 were retrospectively analyzed in term of clinical and pathological characteristics, and treatment. Result The initial symptoms of 14 children patients with GSD were all hepatomegaly and hepatic dysfunction, some cases among them were concomitant with hypoglycemia and hyperlipidemia. 5 cases of children GSD were given treatment and follow-up. After treatment of raw corn starch [1.75-2.5 g/(kg·time), 4 times /day], the levels of blood glucose and blood lipid in 3 cases turned to normality, hepatomegaly in 2 cases turned to normality with in half a year.ConclusionIn terms of inexplicable hepatomegaly, hepatic dysfunction, hypoglycemia and hyperlipidemia in children cases, the possibility of GSD should be considered. Raw corn starch is an effective diet therapy for some Children cases.

Under the condition of the proper understanding the connotative meaning,objective and significance of the bilingual education,and combining with the characteristics of pathology teaching,we introduced some experiences in the bilingual education of our department,and also gave some suggestions to the development of Pathology bilingual education.

Radiotherapy is a standard treatment for glioma patient with or without surgery; radiosensitizer can increase tumor sensitivity for radiotherapy. Herein, a synthetic oligodeoxynucleotide containing unmethylated CpG dinucleotides (CpG ODN107) as a radiosensitizer was investigated in vitro and in vivo, and the possible mechanisms were studied in vitro. In the present experiments, the human glioma U87 cell line used herein was resistant to 5 Gy of β-ray irradiation. The results showed that 10 μg/ml of CpG ODN107 in combination with irradiation significantly inhibited cell proliferation both in MTT assay and colony formation experiments. Tumor growth was inhibited by CpG ODN107 in combination with local irradiation but not by local irradiation or CpG ODN107 alone in human glioma xenograft model in nude mice. The inhibition ratio of tumor growth produced by CpG ODN107 (1.7, 5, and 15 mg/kg) in combination with irradiation was 27.3, 67.0, and 65.5 %, respectively. Further molecular mechanisms were studied in vitro. The results showed that the expressions of iNOS, NO, TLR9 mRNA, and NF-κB p50/p65 increased in the cells treated with CpG ODN107 in combination with irradiation. CpG ODN107 in combination with irradiation did not induce apoptosis but induced cell cycle arrest at G1 phase. The said results demonstrated that CpG ODN107 possessed a radiosensitizing effect via TLR9-mediated NF-κB activation and NO production in the tumor cells, leading to cell cycle arrest. Therefore, CpG ODN107 is a potential candidate as radiosensitizer for human glioma.

Objective:To investigate the clinical and pathological characteristics of myofibroma of the kidney(MK).Methods: Clinical manifestations,histological and immunohistochemical features of 1 MK patient was analyzed retrospectively.Results: The main clinical manifestations of MK patient was lumbago,a huge solid and cystic occupying lesion was found in the mid-lower pole of left kidney by CT.Specimen examination after surgery found that a gray nodule was at the lower pole of the kidney with the size of 10cm×7cm×5cm,gray section and tenacious texture.The boundary between the nodule and surrounding tissue was clear and many small cysta and nodules with the diameter less than 1cm were found.The microscopic examination has found: At low power,there were a multinodular proliferation,usually within the periphery of the nodules,there were spindleshaped muscle appearance cells with abundant cytoplasm,lighted staining,long oval nuclei and arranged in short fascicles or whorls.Within the centre of the nodules,were round,short spindleshaped,polygonal and stained nuclei,the cells arranged along the thin-walled small vasules like staghorn which was called hemangiopericytoma-like vascular pattern.Hyaline degeneration can be found in some interstitial substance.Occasional cases have a more random distribution of the two cell types and in some cases.Immunohistochemical results showed the tumor cells were positive for vimentin,focally positive for desmin,SMA,Bcl-2 and HHF-35 but negative for WT-1,EMA,AE1/AE3,HMB45,CD34,S-100,CD117,CD10,ALK.Conclusion: Myofibroma of the kidney is a rare tumor and diagnosed correctly by its characters of clinic,histopathlogy and immunohistochemistry.The first choice of treatment is total tumor resection.

We read with great interest an article titled "Cigarette smoking linked to increased human papillomavirus DNA load" published in "News and Views" section of "CA Cancer J Clin" on April 7,2010.We raised some different points about thirdhand or secondhand smoke that may also be linked to increased human papillomavirus DNA load.Our suggestion was accepted by the editors and the letter we wrote was published in "CA Cancer J Clin" on July 9,2010.

Objective To investigate the role and the mechanism of Apr-1 gene on cholangiocarcinoma QBC939 cell lines proliferation and cell cycle regulation. Methods Apr-1 gene was transfected into QBC939 cells by using liposomes to establish a QBC939 cell model ( QBC939-Apr-1 ) stably expressing Apr-1 gene. Apr-1 mRNA expression and the changes in cell cycle and cell growth of QBC939 cells were analyzed by RT-PCR, flow cytometry ( FCM ) and growth curve before and after transfection. The regulatory effect of Apr-1 gene on the expression of cell cycle-related genes was investigated in QBC939 cells before and after Apr-1 transfection using cell cycle gene microarrays. Results Significant suppression of cell growth was observed with the cell model stably expressing Apr-1 gene. Apr-1 over-expression caused cell arrest from 9% to 13% (P ＜0. 01 ) increase in G2 population. Cell cycle gene microarrays demonstrated that the expression of Skp2 、UBE1 was up-regulated, while the expression of MRE11A 、CKS2 、CDK8 、CDC45 was down-regulated by more than 3 folds. Conclusions Apr-1 gene suppresses QBC939 cell proliferation in vitro, QBC939 cells presented with differences in the expression of cell cycle-related genes after Apr-1 gene transfection.

Objective To construct a recombinant bacillus Calmette-Guérin(BCG) vaccines based on different tandem repeats of MUC1 and GM-CSF, rBCG-MVNTR1/4/8-CSF, and to observe the ability of three recombinant BCG vaccines in the inhibition of breast cancer. Methods After MUC1 variable-number tandem repeats (MVNTR1/4/8) were cloned in a stepwise manner, the E. coli-Mycobacteria shuttle expression vector pDE22-MVNTR1/4/8-CSF were constructed by fusing MVNTR1/4/8 and GM-CSF, and then used to transform competent BCG by electroporation after identification by restriction endonuclease digestion analysis and DNA sequencing. A novel breast cancer vaccines, rBCG-MVNTR1/4/8-CSF was constructed. The expression of fused MVNTR1/4/8-CSF protiens was analyzed by SDS-PAGE and Western blot. The ability of rBCG vaccines inhibiting the growth of breast cancer was observed in hu-PBL-SCID mice. The specific T cell responses in mice were assessed by immunohistochemistry. Results The expression of recombinant MVNTR1/4/8-CSF fusion proteins were detected by SDS-PAGE and Western Blot in rBCG-MVNTR1/4/8-CSF vaccines, respectively. Tumor incidence in mice prophylactic immunized with rBCG-MVNTR4-CSF (37.5%) or rBCG-MVNTR8-CSF (25%) significantly decreased compared with PBS and BCG-pDE22 control ( 100% ) at 42 days after tumor implantation ( P ＜ 0. 05 ). MCF-7 tumor growth inhibition in rBCG- MVNTR4/8-CSF-immunized mice was more significant than that in controls ( P ＜0. 01 ).The inhibition effect of three rBCG vaccines on breast rumor growth appeared to rise with increase of numbers of the tandem repeats of MUC1. Survival rate was 75% of mice in the rBCG-MVNTR4-CSF-treated group and 87. 5% of mice in the rBCG-MVNTR8-CSF-treated groups at 70 days after tumor implantation; however,survival rate was only 12. 5% in control group( P ＜0. 05). The CD4-positive and CD8-positive lymphocytes were detected only in rBCG-MVNTR4/8-CSF-immunized mice. Conclusions rBCG-MVNTR4/8-CSF immunization inhibits breast cancer growth in mice.

病理学是医学课程中重要的桥梁课程,在教学中既要讲解理论基础,又要培养学生的临床思维和分析能力.为此,在病理学教学中开展课堂病例讨论课,并在考试中将临床病例分析作为重要考核内容.教学中以临床病例为主线,把病理学知识与患者的临床症状联系起来,通过让学生自由讨论,开发他们的自主性思维,从而调动学习兴趣,并培养他们独立、能动地获取科学知识的能力和分析解决问题的能力,也有助于培养学生相互协作的团队精神,收到了良好的教学效果.同时,临床病例的选择和讨论题的设计、讨论课的组织过程也是促进教师学习提高的过程.

Objective:To study the significance of Coimmunohistochemical stains for fibroepithelioma of Pinkus in differentiating basal cell carcinoma from trichoepithelioma or trichoblastoma.Methods:We studied androgen receptor,cytokeratin 20,CD34,Ki-67,bcl-2 immunohistochemical expression in 1 fibroepitheliomas of Pinkus,2 basal cell carcinomas and 1 trichoepitheliomas.Results:Similar to basal cell carcinomas,fibroepitheliomas of Pinkus expressed androgen receptors,bcl-2,Ki-67,potentially supporting classification as a basal cell carcinoma.Conversely,fibroepithelioma of Pinkus demonstrated retention of Merkel cells,a feature of benign follicular tumors.Immunophenotypic evidence for the classification of fibroepithelioma of Pinkus remains inconclusive.Conclusion:In small,partial biopsy specimens,coexpression of androgen receptor,cytokeratin20,cd34,bcl-2,Ki-67 may aid the diagnosis of fibroepithelioma of Pinkus.

Background: APMCF1 is a novel human gene first cloned from apoptotic MCF-7 cells. Our previous study found ectogenic APMCF1 could induce G1 arrest in hepatocarcinoma cell line HHCC. In order to search its broad expression profile for further understanding of its mechanism in tumor, we investigated a subcellular location of APMCF1 and performed an immunohistochemistry study including various tumor and normal tissues. Discovery from the expression characterization of AMPCF1 may have applicability in the analysis of its biological function in tumor.Methods: We investigated subcellular localization of APMCF1 by transient transfection in green monkey kidney epithelial cells (COS-7) with a fusion protein vector pEGFP-APMCF1 and detected expression profile in a broad range of normal and malignant human tissues via tissue microarray (TMA) by immunohistochemistry with polyclonal antibody first produced in our laboratory.Results: EGFP-APMCF1 was generally localized in the cytoplasm of COS-7 cell. Positive staining of APMCF1 was found in liver, lung, breast, colon, stomach, esophagus and testis, exhibited a ubiquitous expression pattern while its expression was up-regulated in tumor tissues compared with corresponding normal tissues. Normal brain neuron cells also showed expression of APMCF1, but negative in gliocyte cells and glioma. Both the normal and tumor tissues of ovary were absent of APMCF1 expression. Positive immunostaining for APMCF1 with large samples in liver, colon, esophagus, lung and breast carcinomas were 96% (51/53), 80% (44/55), 57% (30/53), 58% (33/57) and 34% (16/47) respectively.Conclusion: These results revealed a cytoplastic expression pattern of APMCF1 and up-regulated in tumour tissues suggesting APMCF1 may have potential relationship with oncogenesis. The data presented should serve as a useful reference for further studies of APMCF1 functions in tumorigenesis and might provide a potential anti-tumor target.

Objective To explore the expression and location of survivin gene in hepatocellular carcinoma(HCC),and its correlation with histological differentiation,clinical stages,the size of tumors,etiology,treatment,and expression of mutant p53 and Bcl-2.Methods SABC immunohistochemical staining was employed to detect the expression of survivin in 87 cases of HCC tissues,50 cases of adjacent noncancerous tissues,4 types of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines and 27 cases of hepatic tissues without hepatoma deparaffinized sections,respectively.Real time-PCR and Western blot method were employed to detect the expression of survivin mRNA and protein in 8 cases of HCC tissues and 4 types of human hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines,respectively.And the expression of mutant p53 and Bcl-2 was also detected in 30 cases of HCC tissues.The correlation of survivin expression with HBV infection,HCV infection,clinical stages,pathology classification,the size of tumors,and treatment was analyzed in 74 patients who had complete hospitalized records.Results ①The positive expression rate of survivin protein in HCC tissues was significantly higher than in adjacent noncancerous tissues and hepatic tissues without hepatoma(59.77% vs 26.00%,0,P0.01),respectively.Survivin expression showed no correlation with the ages and genders of the patients,the size of tumors,metastasis,clinical stages,pathology classification(P0.05).②The positive rate of survivin mRNA was higher in 8 cases of fresh HCC tissues than in adjacent noncancerous tissues(37.5% vs 0,P0.01).The survivin mRNA and protein were highly expressed in SMMC-7721,HHCC,and HCC-9724,but not HepG2.③In HCC tissues,survivin expression was correlated with mutant p53(χ2=4.693,P=0.030),but not with Bcl-2(χ2=0.25,P=0.617).Conclusion The results indicate that survivin gene can be regarded as a very good target gene in genetic therapy for carcinomas.The detection of survivin expression may have no clinical value for evaluating malignancy degree and prognosis of HCC.

BACKGROUND: Previous studies demonstrated that construction of eoexpression plasmid containing multiple genes on the same vector could improve transfection and expression rates.OBJECTIVE: To construct eukaryotic expression plasmid pcDNA3.1 (+)-MUC1 -GM-CSF by human polymorphic epithclial mucin (MUC 1) and granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor.(GM-CSF) and to observe expression of recombinant plasmid in COS-7 cells.DESIGN,TIME AND SETTING: Gene recombination design,which was carried out in the Animal Central Laboratory,the Fourth Military University of Chinese PLA from September 2005 to December 2006.MATERIALS: Eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1 (+) was presented by Pro.Taylor-Papadimitriou;pGEM-3zf()-GM-CSF plasmid,COS-7 cells,pUCI 8 vector,and E.coli DH5α were made in the center; female BALB/c mice were provided by Experimental Animal Center of the Fourth Military University of Chinese PLA.METHODS: Signal peptide was synthesized with encoded MUCI gene sections to obtain repeated sequence coneatemer after renaturation.Next,the accepted concatemer was cloned with GM-CSF following enzyme identification and sequencing analysis,and then they were put in eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+) to construct eukaryotic coexpression plasmid pcDNA3.1 (+)-MUCI -GM-CSF in order to transform COS-7 cells.MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Gene expression was detected by indirect immunofluorescence and enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).RESULTS: Enzyme identification and sequencing analysis showed that recombinant plasmid contained a fusion gene encompassing human MUC1 repeated sequence concatemer and GM-CSF; moreover,MUC1 expression was detected in COS-7 cells,while recombinant plasmid could induce the production of anti-GM-CSF antibody.CONCLUSION: The recombination between human MUC1 repeated sequence concatemer and GM-CSF gene successfully constructs eukaryotic coexpression plasmid.

Objective To study the effects of CO2 pneumope ritoneum on the abdominal viscera metastasis and peritoneal implantation of gastric cancer cell line MKN45 during laparoscopic gastric surgery.Methods The gastric cancer cells metastatic model was eslhblished by injecting 1 ml(2×107/ml)human gastric cancer cell line MKN45 susDension into the caecum wall of 60 Balb/C mice.Two weeks later,the Balb/C mice were divided into CO2 pneumoperitoneum group(n=30)and laparotomy group(n=30). All mice were sacrificed 7 weeks later to investigate the abdominal viscera metastasis and peritoneal implantation of gastric cancer cells.Results Twenty-seven rats in CO2 pneumoperitoneum group were induced with tumor,including 8 with troear port implantation and 19 with organ metastasis;26 rats in laparotomy group were induced with tumor,including 7 with tracar port implantation and 19 with abdominal viscera metastasis,and the differences between the two groups had no statistical significance(x2=0.007,0.240,0.202,0.106,0.042,P＞0.05).Conclusions CO2 pneumoperitoneum does not stimulate the metastasis of gastric cancer(cells to peritoneum and abdominal viscera in Balb/C mice.Laparoscopic surgery for gastric cancer is safe and feasible.

鉴于病理学实习考核的特点,对多媒体考核方式进行了有益的尝试。通过制作多媒体考试题库和课件,经过实践,具有省时、省力、保护标本、保证考试公平、准确等许多优点,多媒体考核的方式可以代替传统考核方式。

AIM To construct an eukaryotic coexpression plasmid containing the coding region of human MUC1 tandem repeats gene and GM-CSF gene and to identify its expression in COS-7 cell. METHODS MUC1 tandem repeats gene was obtained by synthesizing the segments. After identified by restriction endonuclease digestion analysis and DNA sequencing, MUC1 tandem repeats gene and GM-CSF gene were cloned into eukaryotic expression vector pcDNA3.1(+) to construct recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)-MUC1-GM-CSF. Then the recombinant plasmid was transfected into COS-7 cell by electroporation and the expression of target gene was detected by immunoflourescence and ELISA. RESULTS Restriction analysis and DNA sequencing showed that the recombinant plasmid contained the coding region of human MUC1 tandem repeats gene and GM-CSF gene. The expression of MUC1 and GM-CSF was detected. CONCLUSION The suuessful construction and expression of recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1(+)-MUC1-GM-CSF lay a foundation for further development of DNA vaccine against breast cancer.