In 2024, a record-breaking marine heatwave (MHW) occurred in the East China Seas (ECSs), lasting four months and featuring consecutive 21 d periods exceeding the extreme heatwave threshold. Based on a mixed-layer heat budget analysis, this study identifies the dominant contribution of increased shortwave radiation, which is closely linked to atmospheric high-pressure anomalies. These high-pressure anomalies were established via a teleconnection pathway triggered by a series of cross-basin extremes. Specifically, extreme warming in the North Atlantic (NA), together with slightly cooler conditions in the eastern equatorial Pacific, produced a pronounced cross-basin sea surface temperature contrast. This contrast subsequently contributed to unprecedented precipitation over North Africa. These remote extremes further excited a strong wave train, ultimately leading to the record-breaking MHW. Under the background of sustained NA warming, this teleconnection pathway becomes more pronounced and continues to facilitate MHW development. This study advances our understanding of the mechanisms by which remote signals trigger MHWs and highlights the potential for increased MHW risk in a warming climate.

The narrow electrochemical window of sulfide electrolytes can lead to different failure mechanisms at the interfaces of the cathode and anode sides. The introduction of distinct modification strategies for the cathode and anode sides increases the complexity of the fabrication process for sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium batteries (ASSLBs). In this work, an integrated modification strategy was employed by introducing lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI) shells during the wet refinement process of Li6PS5Cl (LPSC), which successfully in situ constructed robust fluorinated interfaces on both the cathode and anode sides simultaneously. On the lithium anode side, the decreased electronic conductivity of LiTFSI@LPSC and the generation of fluorinated interface effectively suppressed lithium dendrite growth, which was further confirmed by the DensityFunctional Theory (DFT) calculations. As a result, the Li|LiTFSI@LPSC|Li cell realized the critical current density up to 1.6 mA cm- 2 and stable cycling performance over 1500 h at 0.2 mA cm- 2. On the cathode side, the LiTFSI@LPSC not only enhanced Li+ transport within the composite cathode, but also the LiTFSI shell in situ decomposed into LiF based cathode electrolyte interphase (CEI). The capacity retention achieved 98.6 % after 500 cycles at 2C with LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 (NCM83) at high cut-off voltage of 4.6 V. The functionalized LiTFSI@LPSC facilitates comprehensive, all-in-one interfacial modification for both the anode and cathode sides, significantly simplifying the interface engineering in sulfide-based ASSLBs while delivering exceptional electrochemical performance.

The existing lithium extraction technologies from salt lakes are confronted with a number of challenges, including limited applicability to brines with elevated Mg/Li ratios and low overall lithium recovery rates. Therefore, it is crucial to develop direct lithium extraction technologies tailored to pristine brines. The core challenge in lithium extraction lies in the effective separation of magnesium and lithium. However, conventional methods struggle to efficiently separate Mg 2+ and Li + in a single‐stage process. Lithium superionic conductors, such as Li 1.3 Al 0.3 Ti 1.7 (PO 4 ) 3 (LATP), are capable of exploiting their internal lithium ion vacancies to enhance the kinetic transport disparity between Mg 2+ and Li + , thus enabling efficient separation. By employing a high‐temperature diffusion technique to introduce Ag + into the interstitial sites of the LATP lattice, the local positive charge density around Ag + is increased. This raises the migration barrier for Mg 2+ within the LATP, significantly improving the Li–Mg separation performance, with a notable long‐term separation coefficient exceeding 25 000. Using 2% Ag‐doped LATP, battery‐grade Li 2 CO 3 with a purity of 99.7% can be produced directly from pristine salt lake brine with a Mg/Li ratio of 500 through a single‐stage separation process.

The development of division-of-focal-plane (DoFP) technology has made it possible to acquire full polarization information in a single shot, but its spatially alternating arrangement of polarizers suffers from partial loss of information. Polarization demosaicking methods (PDMs) are essential for recovering high-quality polarization information. Most existing PDMs can be applied only to a few specific monochrome polarization filter arrays (MPFAs) and rely on correspondingly strict assumptions. In this article, we propose a universal PDM using the Newton polynomial and residual interpolation (RI) that can be applied to many different types of MPFAs. Our method first interpolates the intensity component S(0 )of the Stokes vector via the Newton polynomial and reconstructs the polarization channels using RI guided by S-0 . Specifically, S-0 can be expressed as a linear combination of the polarization channels of any three angles, and our method selects the three angles in turn, derives the combination coefficients to obtain four weighted mosaic images, and then weighted averages them to obtain a universal weighted mosaic image, and uses Newton polynomial interpolation to derive the guide image S-0 . To validate our method, we extend the commonly used image quality metrics for measuring the accuracy of the recovered polarization information. Extensive experiments show that our method achieves competitive or better performance compared to other state-of-the-art methods on different types of MPFAs or color polarization filter arrays (CPFAs). The source code is available at https://github.com/ymingsu/UNRI.

Solid polymer electrolytes suffer from the polymer-dominated Li+ solvation structure, causing unstable electrolyte/electrode interphases and deteriorated battery performance. Here, we design a class of selectively fluorinated aromatic lithium salts (SFALS) as single conducting lithium salts to regulate the solvation structure and interfacial chemistry for all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. By tuning the anionic structure, the Li+-polyether coupling is weakened, and the Li+-anion coordination is enhanced. The hydrogen bonding between the SFALS and polymer matrix induces a special "triad"-type solvation structure, which improves the electrolyte homogeneity and mechanical strength, and promotes the formation of an ultrathin and robust Li2O-rich solid electrolyte interphase. Therefore, the stable cycling of more than 1650 cycles (Coulombic efficiency, 99.8%) for LiFePO4/Li half cells and 580 cycles (97.4% capacity retention) for full cells is achieved. This molecular engineering strategy could inspire further advancements of functional lithium salts for practical application of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries.

With the increasing deployment of photovoltaic modules, recycling of waste photovoltaic has become a topic of great concern. Silver (Ag) represents a significant resource in retired crystalline silicon solar cells (RCSSC). However, conventional methods for the recovery of silver are based on the use of harmful inorganic acids, which give rise to environmental concerns. Furthermore, the use of unsuitable chlorine sources may result in the production of target products with a low level of purity. Herein, we reported a new method featured with ecofriendly mixed organic acid to extract and recycle Ag from retired crystalline silicon wafers. Single-factor experiments and response surface optimization experiments were carried out to find the optimal conditions in the leaching step. A process comprising chlorination precipitation, ammonia dissolution, and liquid phase reduction was constructed for the production of silver powder from the leaching solution. This approach resulted in a high silver leaching yield of 97.38 % and silver purity of 99.85 % before purification with an average particle size of 229.7 nm.

Sulfide-based all-solid-state lithium batteries(ASSLBs)with nickel-rich oxide cathodes are emerging as primary contenders for the next generation rechargeable batteries,owing to their superior safety and energy density.However,the all-solid-state batteries with nickel-rich oxide cathodes suffer from perfor-mance degradation due to the reactions between the highly reactive surface oxygen of the cathode and the electrolyte,as well as the instability of the bulk oxygen structure in the cathode.Herein,we propose a synergistic modification design scheme to adjust the oxygen activity from surface to bulk.The LiBO2 coat-ing inhibits the reactivity of surface lattice oxygen ions.Meanwhile,Zr doping in the bulk phase forms strong Zr-O covalent bonds that stabilize the bulk lattice oxygen structure.The synergistic effect of these modifications prevents the release of oxygen,thus avoiding the degradation of the cathode/SE interface.Additionally,the regulation of surface-to-bulk oxygen activity establishes a highly stable interface,thereby enhancing the lithium ion diffusion kinetics and mechanical stability of the cathode.Consequently,cathodes modified with this synergistic strategy exhibit outstanding performance in sulfide-based ASSLBs,including an ultra-long cycle life of 100,000 cycles,ultra-high rate capability at 45C,and 85％high active material content in the composite cathode.Additionally,ASSLB exhibits stable cycling under high loading conditions of 82.82 mg cm-2,achieving an areal capacity of 17.90 mA h cm-2.These encouraging results pave the way for practical applications of ASSLBs in fast charging,long cycle life,and high energy density in the future.

All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are considered to be the most promising candidates for improving battery safety and energy density. Sulfide electrolytes have a narrow electrochemical window, which hinders their applications coupled with high-voltage cathodes. Halide electrolytes with high-voltage endurance can help solve this problem. Herein, the combination of spraying and slurry-coating methods was adopted as a practical route to process a free-standing Li6PS5Cl (LPSCl) asymmetrical electrolyte membrane (19.23 Ω cm2, 75 µm) decorated with a 10 µm Li3InCl6 (LICl) layer. The LICl-LPSCl asymmetrical electrolyte membranes enhanced the high-voltage stabilities to match those of LiNi0.83Co0.11Mn0.06O2 (NCM811) and Li1.2Ni0.13Co0.13Mn0.54O2 (LRMO) cathodes. The NCM811∣LICl-LPSCl∣nSi ASSB achieved an initial coulombic efficiency (ICE) of 85.13

The incorporation of lithium metal as an anode material in lithium metal batteries (LMBs) offers a transformative pathway to surpass the energy density limits of conventional lithium-ion batteries (LIBs). However, the integration of lithium metal with traditional carbonate-based electrolytes is plagued by challenges, such as the instability of the solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) and the cathode-electrolyte interphase (CEI) at high voltages and high rates. To address these issues, we designed and tested a novel bifunctional additive, vinyl sulfonyl fluoride (VSF), that demonstrates the ability to stabilize both the SEI and CEI under fast-charging and high-voltage conditions. Through a combination of density functional theory (DFT), molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, and electrochemical evaluations, we show that VSF promotes the formation of thin, uniform, and inorganic-rich interfacial layers, which enhance lithium-ion transport and mitigate the degradation typically observed in high-energy LMBs. Full-cell and pouch-cell cycling experiments reveal that VSF significantly improves cycling stability and rate performance, particularly under extreme conditions. The findings highlight VSF as a promising additive for advancing the commercialization of high-performance LMBs.

Traditional lithium salts typically adhere to the designing principles of enhancing cation-anion dissociation degree to obtain a high electrolyte conductivity. This promotes the invention of lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiTFSI), where the symmetric electron-withdrawing trifluoromethanesulfonyl groups significantly delocalize the negative charge density around the nitrogen atom, thereby weakening the electrostatic interaction between Li+ and the anion. Herein, deviating from the general principle, lithium (methanesulfonyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl) imide (LiMTFSI) is deliberately designed by substituting a unilateral electron-withdrawing trifluoromethyl (& horbar;CF3) group of LiTFSI with an electron-donating methyl (& horbar;CH3) group, to tune the nucleophilicity of the anion. This modification enhances Li-anion interaction, causing the anion to replace the solvent molecules in the Li+ solvation shell. Additionally, the MTFSI- anion exhibits an elevated donor number to facilitate the solubility of LiNO3 in carbonate-based electrolytes. The synergistic effect of these changes suppresses the decomposition of solvent and helps construct a stable solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) enriched with multiple inorganic lithium salts (e.g., Li2S, Li3N, and LiNxOy) on the Li metal anode, which enables the 500 mAh Li||LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 pouch cell to operate steadily for 150 cycles. It is believed this work would provide new insights and another dimension for designing functional anions beyond their role as charge carriers.

Lithium metal batteries operating under extreme conditions are limited by the sluggish desolvation process and poor stability of the electrode-electrolyte interphase. However, rational interphase design is hindered by the ill-defined understanding of interphasial chemistry at the molecular level. Here we design and synthesize a series of sulfoximide salts, lithium bis(trifluoromethanesulfinyl)imide (LiBSTFSI) and lithium (trifluoromethanesulfinyl)(trifluoromethanesulfonyl)imide (LiSTFSI), that possess distinctive oxidizability. Their molecular structure and interphasial chemistry were correlated. An anionic electro-polymerization was induced by the asymmetric LiSTFSI to establish a bilayer catholde-electrolyte interphase (CEI) with LiF dominated inner covered by negative-charged inorganic polymers. LiSTFSI-derived CEI enables superior mechanical stability and accelerated Li+ desolvation that contribute to the stable cycling and superior energy and power densities under ultra-high rate and ultra-low temperature conditions. Industrial pouch cells of 474 Wh kg-1 achieved extreme power density of 5,080 W kg-1 at 30 degrees C and exceptional low-temperature energy and power densities at -20 degrees C (382 Wh kg-1, 3,590 W kg-1) and -40 degrees C (321 Wh kg-1, 1,517 W kg-1). The unclear understanding of the interphase has limited advancements in battery performance. To address this, the authors designed sulfoximide salts with distinctive interphasial chemistry, enabling high-performance lithium metal batteries even under extreme conditions.

Various carbon sources have been employed to prepare porous carbon; yet, the influence of intrinsic characteristics in precursors on the physicochemical properties and performance of porous carbon products remains insufficiently explored. Herein, precursors prepared by selective treatments yielded porous carbons with unique structures and chemical properties. Significant differences in pore distribution, internal microstructure, and oxygen species were observed, leading to marked variations in electrochemical performance in symmetrical supercapacitors. TX-J-PC, derived from a precursor containing Fe, Ca, and Mg, delivers an exceptionally high micropore proportion of 72.1

The advancement of lithium-based batteries has spurred anticipation for enhanced energy density, extended cycle life and reduced capacity degradation. However, these benefits are accompanied by potential risks, such as thermal runaway and explosions due to higher energy density. Currently, liquid organic electrolytes are the predominant choice for lithium batteries, despite their limitations in terms of mechanical strength and vulnerability to leakage. The development of polymer electrolytes, with their high Young’s modulus and enhanced safety features, offers a potential solution to the drawbacks of traditional liquid electrolytes. Despite these advantages, polymer electrolytes are still susceptible to burning and decomposition. To address this issue, researchers have conducted extensive studies to improve their flame-retardant properties from various perspectives. This review provides a concise overview of the thermal runaway mechanisms, flame-retardant mechanisms and electrochemical performance of polymer electrolytes. It also outlines the advancements in flame-retardant polymer electrolytes through the incorporation of various additives and the selection of inherently flame-retardant matrix. This review aims to offer a comprehensive understanding of flame-retardant polymer electrolytes and serve as a guide for future research in this field.

In recent decades, climate change has led to global warming, glacier melting, glacial lake outbursts, sea level rising, and more extreme weather, and has seriously affected human life. Remote sensing technology has advanced quickly, and it offers effective observation techniques for studying and monitoring glaciers. In order to clarify the stage of research development, research hotspots, research frontiers, and limitations and challenges in glacier mass balance based on remote sensing technology, we used the tools of bibliometrics and data visualization to analyze 4817 works of literature related to glacier mass balance based on remote sensing technology from 1990 to 2021 in the Web of Science database. The results showed that (1) China and the United States are the major countries in the study of glacier mass balance based on remote sensing technology. (2) The Chinese Academy of Sciences is the most productive research institution. (3) Current research hotspots focus on "Climate change", "Inventory", "Dynamics", "Model", "Retreat", "Glacier mass balance", "Sea level", "Radar", "Volume change", "Surface velocity", "Glacier mapping", "Hazard", and other keywords. (4) The current research frontiers include water storage change, artificial intelligence, High Mountain Asia (HMA), photogrammetry, debris cover, geodetic method, area change, glacier volume, classification, satellite gravimetry, grounding line retreat, risk assessment, lake outburst flood, glacier elevation change, digital elevation model, geodetic mass balance, (DEM) generation, etc. According to the results of the visual analysis of the literature, we introduced the three commonly used methods of glacier mass balance based on remote sensing observation and summarized the research status and shortcomings of different methods in glacier mass balance. We considered that the future research trend is to improve the spatial and temporal resolution of data and combine a variety of methods and data to achieve high precision and long-term monitoring of glacier mass changes and improve the consistency of results. This research summarizes the study of glacier mass balance using remote sensing, which will provide valuable information for future research across this field.

Lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO 4 ) is widely applied as the cathode material for the energy storage Li‐ion batteries due to its low cost and high cycling stability. However, the low theoretical specific capacity of LiFePO 4 makes its initial capacity loss more concerning. Therefore, lithium compensation by way of prelithiation and applications of sacrificial Li‐rich additives in LiFePO 4 is imminent in elevating the energy density and/or prolonging the lifetime of the LiFePO 4 ‐based Li‐ion batteries (LIBs). Prelithiation in LiFePO 4 is herein carried out by electrochemical and chemical methods and its feasibility is proved on the basis of the electrochemical evaluations such as the initial charge capacity and the cycling stability. In addition, the site of the pre‐intercalated Li‐ions is found via comprehensive physical characterizations and the density functional theory (DFT) calculations. These findings open a new avenue for elevating the energy density and/or prolonging the lifetime of the high‐energy‐density batteries.

A moisture advection scheme is an essential module of a numerical weather/climate model representing the horizontal transport of water vapor. The Piecewise Rational Method (PRM) scalar advection scheme in the Global/Regional Assimilation and Prediction System (GRAPES) solves the moisture flux advection equation based on PRM. Computation of the scalar advection involves boundary exchange, and computation of higher bandwidth requirements is complicated and time-consuming in GRAPES. Recently, Graphics Processing Units (GPUs) have been widely used to solve scientific and engineering computing problems owing to advancements in GPU hardware and related programming models such as CUDA/OpenCL and Open Accelerator (OpenACC). Herein, we present an accelerated PRM scalar advection scheme with Message Passing Interface (MPI) and OpenACC to fully exploit GPUs’ power over a cluster with multiple Central Processing Units (CPUs) and GPUs, together with optimization of various parameters such as minimizing data transfer, memory coalescing, exposing more parallelism, and overlapping computation with data transfers. Results show that about 3.5 times speedup is obtained for the entire model running at medium resolution with double precision when comparing the scheme’s elapsed time on a node with two GPUs (NVIDIA P100) and two 16-core CPUs (Intel Gold 6142). Further, results obtained from experiments of a higher resolution model with multiple GPUs show excellent scalability.

The layered manganese oxide cathode materials suffer from the Jahn-Teller effect of the octahedral Mn3+ ions at low potentials and the anionic oxidation triggered structural degradation at high potentials. Introduction of vacancies in the transition metal layer has proved effective in stabilizing the structure at both the high and low potentials. Herein we specially designed vacancy-containing P2-Na2/3[Zn1/9Mn7/9□1/9]O2 (NZMO-Vac) and vacancy-free P2-Na2/3[Zn2/9Mn7/9]O2 (NZMO) to clarify how the vacancies tailor the spinning states of the Mn3+ ions and benefit the structural stability and kinetic performances. The temperature-dependent magnetic susceptibility demonstrates the increase of the Jahn-Teller inactive low-spin Mn3+ ions in NZMO-Vac at low potentials. Density functional theory calculations and advanced physical characterizations further indicate that the TM vacancies facilitate the generation of the low-spin Mn3+ ions by decreasing the Mn-O bond length during discharging. These findings provide new ideas on designing cathode materials with higher specific capacities and robust structures.

Antarctic basal water storage variation (BWSV) refers to mass changes of basal water beneath the Antarctic ice sheet (AIS). Identifying these variations is critical for understanding Antarctic basal hydrology variations and basal heat conduction, yet they are rarely accessible due to a lack of direct observation. This paper proposes a layered gravity density forward/inversion iteration method to investigate Antarctic BWSV based on multi-source satellite observations and relevant models. During 2003–2009, BWSV increased at an average rate of 43 ± 23 Gt/yr, which accounts for 29% of the previously documented total mass loss rate (−76 ± 20 Gt/yr) of AIS. Major uncertainty arises from satellite gravimetry, satellite altimetry, the glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA) model, and the modelled basal melting rate. We find that increases in basal water mainly occurred in regions with widespread active subglacial lakes, such as the Rockefeller Plateau, Siple Coast, Institute Ice Stream regions, and marginal regions of East Antarctic Ice Sheet (EAIS), which indicates the increased water storage in these active subglacial lakes, despite the frequent water drainage events. The Amundsen Sea coast experienced a significant loss during the same period, which is attributed to the basal meltwater discharging into the Amundsen Sea through basal channels.

Abstract. Antarctic basal water storage variations (BWSV) refer to the mass variations of liquid water beneath Antarctic ice sheet. Identifying these variations is critical to understand the behaviour of ice sheet, yet it is rarely accessible to direct observation. We presented a layered gravity density forward/inversion method for estimating Antarctic BWSV from multi- source satellite observation data, and relevant models. Results reveal spatial variability of BWSV with the mean rate of 43 ± 13 Gt/yr during 2003–2009, which is 21 Gt/yr lower than basal melting rate. This indicates that the basal meltwater beneath Antarctic ice sheet is decreasing with the rate of −21 ± 13 Gt/yr, accounting for 28 % of the mass balance rate (−76 Gt/yr, Shepherd et al. (2018)), and the basal water migrations between basal drainage systems and oceans is non-ignorable in estimating basal mass balance of Antarctic ice sheet. Similar spatial distribution of basal water increases regions and locations of active subglacial lakes indicates that basal water storage in most active subglacial lakes is increasing. In most region of Antarctic ice sheet except Amundsen Sea coast region, the comparison of spatial BWSV and ice velocity displays a positive correlation between considerable basal water increases and rapid/accelerated ice flows, which indicates that BWSV appear to have an important effect on ice flows. Accordingly, we infer that further enhanced flow velocities are expected if basal water continues to increase in these regions.

极地海冰形态在风、流、浪等外界驱动力的作用下不断发生变化,观测极地海冰底面形态特征并分析其变化规律,有助于基于海冰粗糙度信息的冰厚遥感算法和海冰热动力学数值模拟参数化方案的优化,对深入理解极地海冰特征对气候变化的响应有重要意义.首先,基于机载电磁感应系统测得的南极威德尔海西北区域2006年冬季海冰底面起伏数据,建立以龙骨切断深度为辨识参数的非线性统计优化模型,从海冰底面形态中明确区分出局部起伏和龙骨;然后,利用统计方法分析龙骨形态参数,并对龙骨深度和频次的相关性进行分析;最后,通过构造的新参数T分析龙骨深度与脊帆高度之间的相关性.结果 表明,威德尔海西北区域海冰的龙骨最优切断深度为3.8m,龙骨间距是影响强度的主要因素;虽然不同类别海冰的变形程度差异显著,但龙骨形状变化却并不明显;龙骨深度与频次之间的对数相关关系能够很好地刻画龙骨的形态和分布特征;新参数丁与龙骨深度之间存在较强的线性相关关系,相关系数为0.93.所提出的龙骨切断深度确定方法能够更精确地从海冰底面起伏中分离出龙骨,为海冰表面和底面形态相关性研究以及利用海冰表面高度反演底面深度和冰厚提供进一步的理论参考依据.