为探寻苹果树修剪枝条资源化快速利用的方法,以黄瓜(津研四号)为试材,分别测定了苹果枝条培养木霉T11-W后(处理木屑)和同时添加木霉对盆栽黄瓜幼苗生长发育的影响,并与不同添加量的未处理苹果枝条(原木屑)处理和单独木霉T11-W处理进行对比.结果显示:单独木霉T11-W处理对黄瓜幼苗生长促进效应最为显著;原木屑质量分数为0.7％时,添加木霉可改善其对根长的抑制,并能进一步提高根的干物质量;木霉+木屑处理(处理木屑或原木屑)综合评价虽不如单独木霉T11-W处理,但根冠比最高;原木屑处理用量0.35％时,对黄瓜幼苗生长的综合促进作用弱于空白对照,用量0.7％时,促进作用高于空白对照,表明原木屑添加量大,利于黄瓜幼苗生长;木屑在0.35％使用量时,处理木屑对黄瓜幼苗的促生长作用优于原木屑处理.

建国70年来,我国在中药材植物保护研究领域取得了长足进展.笔者利用中国知网(CNKI)数据库,以国家中药材产业技术体系确定的28个"十三五"重点中药材品种为基础,检索了1949—2019年中药材植物保护研究的有关文献;并对检索文献进行分析,总结建国70年来中药材植物保护研究的发展历程和研究进展;同时对中药材植物保护研究存在的问题进行梳理并提出相应的解决思路.以期为中药材植物保护事业未来发展提供参考.

In order to clarify the transmission characteristics of Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) by Bemisia tabaci biotype Q adults, the residence time of ToCV in B. tabaci biotype Q adults, the virus acquisition efficiency and transmission efficiency of B. tabaci biotype Q adults were studied with RT-PCR detection. The rate of B. tabaci biotype Q adult carrying virus reduced gradually with the time after they left the viruliferous tomato plant, which was 85.73％ at first and 17.14％ after 96 h. At the same temperature, the rate of B. tabaci biotype Q adult acquiring virus increased with the feeding time first and then inclined to be steady. When the experiment temperature were 21, 26 and 31℃, the times that the virus acquisition rate of B. tabaci biotype Q adults reached the peak were 72 h, 48 h and 6 h, respectively, and the highest virus acquisition rate were 56.52％, 54.17％ and 61.64％, respectively. At 26℃, the virus transmission efficiency of B. tabaci biotype Q adult increased with the feeding time. The viruliferous percent of tomato plant was 25.00％ when the feeding time was 0.5 h, and it was 91.67％ when the feeding time was 48 h. Temperature had significant influence on the virus transmission efficiency of B. tabaci biotype Q adult; when the feeding time was 48 h, the viruliferous percent of tomato plant was 83.33％-91.67％ when the temperature was 21-31℃, but it was only 16.67％ when the temperature was 16℃. Therefore, B. tabaci biotype Q adult had stronger acquisition efficiency and transmission efficiency for ToCV and should be effectively controlled to prevent the diffusion and spread of ToCV disease.

东亚小花蝽Orius sauteri(Poppius)属半翅目花蝽科小花蝽属,是一种广泛分布于我国北方,可有效控制蓟马等多种小型农林害虫的优良天敌昆虫资源.其若虫是感受滞育信号的敏感虫态,低温短光照可诱导雌成虫进入生殖滞育,高温长光照能解除滞育,此现象对于高纬度地理种群更加明显;适当提高温度可抑制短光照的滞育诱导作用,也可加速滞育解除(Dmitryl&Kiyomitsu,2008).在低温短光照的秋冬季,温室中释放东亚小花蝽对蓟马的控制效果不理想,推测可能是由于生殖滞育减缓其种群扩增,但生殖滞育是否对东亚小花蝽雌成虫的捕食作用具有直接影响尚未阐明.本试验通过研究滞育及解除滞育的东亚小花蝽雌成虫对棕榈蓟马Thrips palmi、二斑叶螨Tetranych usurticae和玉米蚜Rhopalosiphum maidi的捕食功能反应,评价不同滞育状态对其捕食作用的影响,以期为东亚小花蝽的精准释放技术提供理论依据.

In order to control Tomato chlorosis virus (ToCV) disease effectively in solar greenhouses,the occurrence regularity of ToCV disease,its relationship with population dynamics of Bemisia tabaci biotype Q and the control effect of insect-proof net were studied by using RT-PCR detection in Jinan,Shandong Province from 2014 to 2015.The results showed that the number ofB.tabaci biotype Q increased in spring and reached the maximum 0.10 individual/leaf in late May,but the number of B.tabaci biotype Q decreased in autumn and the maximum was 7.42 individual/leaf in early September.The viruliferous percent of B.tabaci biotype Q increased firstly as the growth of tomato plant and then remained stable (20.00％-24.14％ in spring and 30.00％-40.00％ in autumn).The occurrence of ToCV disease was closely related to the number and the viruliferous percent of B.tabaci biotype Q.The incidence of ToCV increased with the time,the highest values of which were 12.00％ in spring and 93.02％ in autumn.The viruliferous percent of ToCV was reduced by using 100 mesh insect-proof net for blocking B.tabaci biotype Q during seedling and growth stages of tomato plants.Therefore,autumn is the key period for controlling the ToCV disease in solar greenhouses,and covering insect-proof net to prevent B.tabaci biotype Q before the outbreak of ToCV is an effective measure and recommended for solar greenhouses.

一、韭蛆危害特性及常规化学防治的弊端 韭菜迟眼蕈蚊(Bradysia odoriphaga),俗称韭蛆,可危害以韭菜为主的百合科、十字花科、葫芦科、伞形科等7科30多种蔬菜,是一种重要的蔬菜害虫.韭蛆能聚集在蔬菜的根、茎等部位危害,导致其腐烂,甚至成片死亡.

Two hundreds of maize were selected by the grid-cell sampling method. The number of Ostrinia fur?nacalis(Guenée), Conogethes punctiferalis(Guenée) and Helicoverpa armigera(Hübner) in maize plants was investigat?ed by splitting the stalks of maize. The geostatistics method was used to evaluate the horizontal distribution of these three pests. In addition, the ecological niche of three pests in maize plants and their interspecific competition were analyzed according to niche theory. The results showed that the horizontal distribution of O. furnacalis, C. punctifera?lis and these three pests in maize field were suitable to fit with spherical, gaussian and spherical model, respective?ly, which all belong to a clumped distribution. Kriging interpolation simulation showed O. furnacalis and C. punctife?ralis as the core distribution pattern. On the vertical dimension, maize ear was the favorite position for the majority of pests, with larvae accounting for 69.82%of the total amount of three pests. O. furnacalis had the largest funda?mental niche breadth, and could damage the whole maize plant. However, the fundamental niche of C. punctiferalis was mainly on the middle and upper part of a maize plant. H. armigera had the narrowest fundamental niche, which was only the part near ear. Our results showed that there was an intense competition among 3 pest species in maize stalk, where pest species could not coexist.

棕榈蓟马是一种世界性的重要害虫,不仅直接取食为害作物,而且可以持久性地传播番茄斑萎病毒属病毒,对经济作物构成威胁.本文综述了棕榈蓟马传播的番茄斑萎病毒属病毒的种类、病原特征以及棕榈蓟马传毒特性等方面的研究进展.

The influence on pupae developmental duration, emergency rate and adult fecundity, egg developmental duration as well as egg hatching rate were studied of Ostrinia furnacalis pupae by low refrigerated stored(T=4~6℃, RH=70±10%)at different time.The results showed that the developmental duration of pupae were not significant difference compared with the controls, while the pupae stored at low temperature for 5, 10, 15 days.However, that of pupae by low temperature refrigeration for 20 days was significantly lower than the controls.The emergency rate of pupae refrigeration stored more than 15 days were significantly lower than the controls, and that of the pupae stored for 20 days was only 29.50%, and cannot emergence after stored 30 days.Low temperature storage also influenced adult fecundity, the numbers of egg and hatching rate per female by low temperature stored pupae for 5 day had no significant difference compared with control.The average numbers of laid eggs per female when pupae stored 10, 15 and 20 days were 122.54, 115.85 and 18.3, the hatching rate were 92.25%, 88.35% and 62.5% respectively, they were significant lower than that of control (309.76 and 97.50%).The egg developmental duration had no difference for all the low temperature storage time.For the conclusion, the best refrigeration stored time of pupae was 5 days under 4~6℃, RH 70±10% condition, and the longest stored time was not more than 15 days.

三、花果期(4月中旬到6月下旬) (一)病虫发生特点 甜樱桃花果期是各种病虫害混发期,小绿叶蝉、绿盲蝽、卷叶蛾、红蜘蛛、金龟子等在4月上中旬陆续开始活动,危害嫩芽、花蕾,4月下旬展叶后转移到叶片上危害;绿盲蝽、卷叶蛾等后期还可危害果实.潜叶蛾也在樱桃展叶后开始活动.前期桑白介防治不利的樱桃园,5月中下旬会再度严重发生.褐斑穿孔病、细菌性穿孔病、叶斑病等病害5月开始发病,借雨水传播.

（三）采果后(6月下旬到11月上旬)<br>　　（一）病虫发生特点<br>　　采果后是甜樱桃病虫害发生的高峰期，穿孔病、叶斑病等病随着气温的升高、降水的增多，病情会越来越严重，一般6月下旬会明显发生，7～8月达到发病高峰。叶螨、小绿叶蝉6月虫口数量开始增加，危害加重，8～9月达到危害盛期。苹小卷叶蛾第一代幼虫6月下旬开始大量出现。梨网蝽6月下旬数量增多，7～8月危害最重。梨小食心虫、毛虫类幼虫在7～8月也时常大量发生。采果后是甜樱桃病虫害防治的关键时期，如果防治不好，将引起樱桃大量落叶，生长不良，树势衰弱，影响花芽分化，导致第二年产量降低、品质下降，必须高度重视。可采取“保叶为主，病虫兼治”的策略。

山东省是全国果品生产第一大省,2014年全省水果面积64.3万hm2,果品产值1020亿元,果业已成为山东省竞争优势强、综合效益好的高效特色产业.但随着劳动力价格的提高,人工费用逐渐成为果园管理支出大项,如何减少用工成为降低生产成本、扩大果品生产的主要手段.果园壁蜂授粉替代人工授粉,不仅成本低廉、管理简单,而且授粉效果好、果品质量高,还能一次投资多年使用,对于促进果品生产节本增效意义重大.2010年,山东省果茶技术指导站承担了省财政支持农业技术推广《果园壁蜂授粉技术推广示范》项目,在全省果品生产重点县市区的苹果园、桃园、梨园、大樱桃园中实施,取得了显著成效,不仅辐射带动了周边地区,且迅速扩大到全省,并在生产实践中不断完善.现将该技术总结如下.

Root maggots are serious pests of Allium vegetable crops, particularly Chinese chives. A national project approved&nbsp;in 2013 to address this problem included research on the biological and ecological characteristics of root maggots, their population dynamics, control methods, and integrated management strategies. With the exception of Gansu and Liaoning Provinces where B. difformis is the most common species, the predominant root maggot on Chinese chives is Bradysia odoriphaga Yang et Zhang. The population dynamics of root maggots in northern, northeastern, northwestern and eastern China were clarified using the yellow sticky trap method combined with investigating larvae in soil. Root maggots have strong cold tolerance but relatively weak heat tolerance and cause the greatest damage to crops in spring, autumn and winter. In summer, root maggots move to different crops and overwinter at a depth of 0-5 cm in soil as mature larvae. Because adults prefer black and brown, a black sticky trap was invented. Covering insect-proof nets with 50-60 mesh was effective in protecting chives against root maggots, moreover the growth of chives was also promoted. Methods for rearing the dominant natural enemy of root maggots, Coenosia attenuata Stein, in laboratories and releasing it in the field, were established. Entomopathogenic nematodes and Bacillus thuringiensis strains with high toxicity to root maggots and a control efficacy in the field of>60%were identified. Ten relatively easy techniques, such as irrigating with ozonized water, reducing the application of insecticides, particularly the drench application of insecticides, were investigated. Technologies for the integrated management of root maggots were established according to local production methods and timing of infestation of chive crops. More than 5 000 farmers and agricultural technicians were trained. Obvious economic, ecological and social benefits followed.

为明确化学防治对日光温室番茄褪绿病毒病的防控效果,通过田间试验和室内PCR检测,评价应用化学杀虫剂防治Q型烟粉虱对日光温室番茄褪绿病毒病的防控作用,并研究病毒抑制剂对日光温室番茄褪绿病毒病的防控效果.试验结果表明,喷施杀虫剂防控Q型炯粉虱后日光温室番茄植株带毒率可降至3.00％.病毒抑制剂20％盐酸吗啉胍可湿性粉剂、0.5％葡聚烯糖可溶粉剂、30％毒氟磷可湿性粉剂在试验条件下对番茄褪绿病毒病的防治效果为44.08％ ～ 52.63％,可在一定程度上减轻番茄褪绿病毒病的危害.

根据多年防治经验，甜樱桃病虫害防治应突出抓好以下4个时期。一、休眠期(11月上旬到3月上旬)（一）病虫发生特点甜樱桃进入休眠期后，害虫和病原菌也停止危害开始以各种形态在枯枝、落叶、土壤和树干的粗皮、裂缝中越冬。越冬病虫是来年病虫害发生和危害的来源，采取有效措施防治，可以有效地压低早春病虫发生基数。

Thrips palmi is one of the most serious insect pests, causing adverse effects on vegetable production. In China, the insect pest was first discovered in Guangdong Province in the 1970s and has gradually become a major insect pest of vegetables, especially solar greenhouse vegetables. For example, in 1993 solanaceous fruit vegetables such as eggplant, green pepper and potato were damaged seriously by T. palmi, and the damage rate was about 90% in the Hangzhou district. In recent years, with the development of solar greenhouse vegetables in northern China, T. palmi has survived through the winter in solar greenhouses and damaged vegetables throughout the year, so controlling these insect pests has become more difficult. Physical control is an important control technique within integrated pest management (IPM), and the color plate trap is one of the most important methods of physical control. The color plate trap can not only reduce the number of T. palmi insects effectively, but can also forecast the occurrence of the insect pests in the field, so this method plays an important role in the IPM of T. palmi. The selectivity of T. palmi to colors in the field has been reported to show significant variation. To discover the photosensitivity of the insect pest, we studied the phototactic and photophobic behavior of T. palmi female adults in response to spectral sensitivity and light intensity by behavior method in the laboratory. The results showed that the phototactic response of T. palmi female adults to monochromatic light at 14 different wavelengths within a 340—605 nm range occurred in a curve with multiple peaks. The primary peak, representing the highest phototactic response

To evaluate the influence of different host plants including apple, wild jujube, jujube, pear and hawthorn on the cold-tolerance substances in overwintering larvae of the peach fruit moth Carposina sasakii Matsumura, we measured the larvae super-cooling capacity, the water content (W), total fat content (TFC), total protein content (TPC) and total glycogen content (TGC) in the body. Results showed that the mean super-cooling point (SCPs) and freezing point (FPs) of overwintering larvae from the 5 host plant fruits differed significantly, ranging from -15.53 to -8.50 degrees C and -11.31 to -4.04 degrees C, respectively. The overwintering larvae fed on hawthorn owned the highest SCP, FP, TGC and the lowest W, while those fed on apple had the lowest SCP, FP, TFC and TGC but the highest W and TPC. The fresh mass (FM) of the overwintering larvae fed on pear was the highest, while those fed on jujube was very low. Those fed on jujube accumulated the highest TFC but the lowest TPC.

近年来，盲蝽在我国棉区和果区迅速爆发成灾，成为重大农业害虫。其中，在黄河流域和长江流域棉区盲蝽已上升为棉花的第一大害虫，一般年份为害损失20%～30%，严重年份超过50%；盲蝽还严重危害苹果、葡萄、桃、枣、茶等经济林果，常常造成大量减产，甚至绝收，并影响翌年产量和效益，大发生年份还可造成死树毁园。

为明确莱阳地区不同栽培模式下单植梨园、单植桃园、混植桃梨园的梨小食心虫Grapholitha molesta(Busck)发生规律,2009-2012年采用性诱芯法对以上果园梨小食心虫的发生规律进行探究并利用有效积温模型预测其发生代数.结果表明:梨小食心虫在莱阳地区一年可发生4代;第1～3代主要发生在桃园,发生时间为4-8月上旬,第4代主要发生在梨园,发生时间为8月中下旬或9月初,为害一直可持续到10月中旬.梨小食心虫在不同寄主上发生时间不同,除第一代发生比较整齐之外,其他世代发生时间不统一,尤其是梨园.单植梨园和单植桃园的梨小食心虫都能单独完成发育世代,但数量有差异.通过比较其差异显著性,单植桃园1～3代明显多于第4代,单植梨园第4代明显多于第1～3代.

棕榈蓟马形态特征<br>　　1.成虫。雌成虫体长1.0～1.1毫米，雄虫0.8～0.9毫米，黄色。触角7节，第1、第2节橙黄色，第3节及第4节基部黄色，第4节的端部及后面几节灰黑色。单眼间鬃位于单眼连线的外缘。前胸后缘有缘鬃6根，中央两根较长。后胸盾片网状纹中有一明显的钟形感觉器。前翅上脉鬃10根，其中端鬃3根，下脉鬃11根。第2腹节侧缘鬃各3根；第8腹节后缘栉毛完整。