目的:研究当归种子直播栽培对其产量和质量性状的影响.方法:测定不同海拔高度和播种期、不同覆盖方式和密度、不同海拔高度黑膜覆盖春季穴播栽培条件下种子直播当归的药材产量,检测其有效成分含量.结果:通过对目前当归生产栽培现状、存在问题以及直播栽培的优越性进行分析,当归种子直播栽培能缩短当归生产周期,有效解决抽薹难题,减少育苗环节和毁林开荒对生态植被的破坏,有效保护生态环境.种子直播栽培较传统育苗移栽当归药材产量低,经检测直播当归有效成分浸出物、挥发油和阿魏酸含量均高于中国药典标准,药材质量合格.结论:采用秋季直播栽培技术和黑膜覆盖穴直播栽培等技术,合理密植能有效改善直播当归生长条件,利于提质增效生产.

OBJECTIVE To study the effects of different altitudes and sowing dates on direct sowing Angelica sinensis biomass, yield and quality, and to provide a theoretical basis for Angelica sinensis direct sowing cultivation techniques. METHODS Two factors trials were used to research the influence of altitude and sowing dates on yield and quality of direct sowing Angelica sinensis. The altitudes were located at 2500, 2000 and 1500 m, and the sowing dates were set up at autumn August 29, and Spring April 3 and April 24. The experiments were designed with split plot. RESULTS Under the same altitude, roots and aboveground biomass of direct sowing Angelica sinensis were higher when sowing earlier. In the same sowing date, the root and aboveground biomass was the maximum at 2 000 m altitude, followed by elevation of 1 500 m. At 2 500 m altitude, Angelica sinensis root and aboveground biomass was the minimum. Sowing at 2 000 m altitude at August 29 direct sowing Angelica sinensis showed the highest biomass and yield, reaching 13 840.95 kg/hm2, significantly higher than the other treatments. Compared with transplanting Angelica sinensis in this region, the production of direct sowing Angelica sinensis was also 15. 3% higher. Angelica sinensis medicinal grade was significantly higher than the rest of the process. Angelica sinensis extract, volatile oil and ferulic acid content had reached the standard of Chinese Pharmacopoeia. CONCLUSION Angelica sinensis sowed in late August at 2000 m altitude has the best yield and quality on root length, root diameter, plant height, leaf number, dry and fresh matter accumulation, followed by 1500 m altitude, and 2500 m worst. Therefore, altitude range of Angelica sinensis direct sowing cultivation area can be reduced to 1500-2000 m. CONCLUSION Angelica sinensis sowed in late August, at 2000 m altitude, the indicators like root length,root diameter,plant height,leaf number,and dry and fresh matter accumulation showed the best, followed by 1500 m altitude, 2500 m worst. Therefore, altitude range of Angelica sinensis direct sowing cultivation area can be reduced to 1500~2000 m.

In this experiment, seeds have been used as explants, MS as the basic medium adding NAA and 6-BA on different concentrations to research rapid propagation technology of Sophora flavescens var. The results shows that the best method of sterilization for seeds is 70% ethanol(8 s)+0.1% HgCl2(8 min) which have the lowest contamination rate and the highest seedling rate. The optimal culture medium for subculture is MS+0.1 mg/L NAA+3.0 mg/L 6-BA and MS+0.5 mg/L NAA+3.0 mg/L 6-BA, the highest multiplication rate is 120.2%, 1/2 MS+0.1 mg/L NAA is the best medium for rooting culture. The tissue culture seedling have 1~2 cm roots could be domesticated with natural light for 5 days, and then transplanted in vermiculite have higher survival rate.

对不同海拔高度秋直播当归新旧种子出苗时间、冬前叶片数、越冬率和单根鲜重及小区产量影响的试验结果表明:当归新种子无休眠期或休眠期较短,新种子比旧种子出苗率高;高海拔区温度低出苗时间长,低海拔区温度高出苗快.秋直播当归低海拔区冬前有2片真叶越冬率高,高海拔区和中海拔区冬前都只有1片真叶越冬率低,随海拔升高秋直播当归越冬率降低且旧种子比新种子越冬率高;秋直播当归根系普遍比移栽的当归长,外观商品性状好看.当归小区产量:低海拔+旧种子＞低海拔+新种子＞中海拔+旧种子(ck)＞中海拔+新种子.

为研究氮磷钾配施对甘草(Gl ycyrrhiza uralensi)生长动态和产量的影响,对其进行“3414”氮磷钾配施试验.结果表明,氮、磷、钾配施对株高的促进效应主要表现在6月下旬之前的主茎快速生长期,对根干质量增加效应则主要表现在7-8月根粗和根长增加高峰期;中等水平氮(N2)、磷(P2)、钾(K2)对甘草生物量和产量促进效应最大;氮磷钾配施以N2P2K2时甘草产量最高,达6 500 kg·hm-2,较不施肥增产39.3％.推荐施氮量171kg· hm-2,施磷量292.5 kg·hm-2,施钾量49.5 kg·hm-2.

目的:探索适于直播当归高产栽培的覆盖方式和密度.方法:采用二因素试验进行覆盖方式和密度对直播当归生长动态的影响研究,覆盖方式设覆盖柴胡秆、覆盖麦草、覆盖地膜3个水平,密度设5.3万株/666.7 m2、3.8万株/666.7 m2、3.0万株/666.7 m2 3个水平,裂区设计.结果:当归用种子直播栽培播种时采用覆盖麦草对当归生长的促进效应显著大于覆盖柴胡秆和覆盖地膜的效应,覆盖麦草能使当归出苗后在7、8月份达到较高的植株高度、较高的地上部鲜重和干重及足够的叶数,在8、9月份对根长和根粗促进效应显著,从而提高根鲜重和干重;直播当归根粗、根长、根鲜重和干重均随密度降低呈增加趋势,三种不同密度对直播当归生长效应依次为密度3万株/666.7 m2＞ 3.8万株/666.7 m2 ＞5.3万株/666.7 m2;覆盖方式和密度对直播当归生长互作效应显著.结论:当归直播栽培采用覆盖麦草方式下密度3万株/666.7 m2能获得较高的单株根鲜重和干重,是既能防止当归早期抽薹又能保证直播当归单株产量和品质的一种行之有效的栽培模式.

Three kinds of mineral fertilizer promote the growth and development and yield of Angelica sinensis in varying degrees.The treatments of 4 020 kg/hm2YinRongFeng organic fertilizer and 4 020 kg/hm2XinQing mineral fertilizer have the best indexes.Under the two treatments,the root length,diameter of root and plant height of A.sinensis are better than the other treatments,but is not significantly different on leaf number.The yield reached to 7 843.75 kg/hm2and 7 625 kg/hm2,increase 54.67% and 50.35% compared to the comparison.Under the treatment of 4 020 kg/hm2 YinRongFeng organic fertilizer,the volatile oil increase 0.7% mL/g compared to Chinese pharmacopoeial,the ferulic acid increase 0.075% compared to Chinese pharmacopoeia.In order to ensure the yield and quality.So,it is concluded that 4 020 kg/hm2 YinRongFeng organic fertilizer and 4 020 kg/hm2 XinQing mineral fertilizer can increase the yield an improve the quality.

The effects of mulching method and plant density on agronomic characters and yield of Angelica sinensis direct seeding was studied . The densities were 30 000 plants/hm2, 38 000 plants/hm2 and 53 000 plants/hm2 . The split plot design was adopted in the experiment . The results showed that promoting effects of mulching straw of wheat after seeding were significant on the agronomic characters and yield of Angelica sinensis. The root diameter, root length, root fresh weight and dry weight were increased whith densities decreased . The biomasses of Angelica sinensis were the highest by 444 000 plants/hm2 applied . The conclusion was that mulching straw of wheat combined with 444 000 plants/hm2 were must applied after Angelica Sinensis direct seeding to obtain high root fresh weight, dry weight and yield, and they were 14.70 g, 4.73 g and 6 690 kg/hm2.

An experiment of randomized block design was conducted to study the effect of irrigation on growth dynamic and yield of Glycyrrhiza uralensis.The six levels of irrigation,2 700(W1),3 600(W2),4 500(W3),5 400(W4),6 300(W5) and 7 200(W6) m3/ha,were applied.The plant height,root length,root diameter,aerial dry weight and root dry weight were promoted with different irrigation levels.The results indicated that plant height with W4,W5 and W6 treatments were significant higher(P0.05) than these with W1,W2 and W3 treatments.Growth rate of W6 main stem was 60% faster than W1 and 33% than W2 and W3.The aerial dry weight of W3,W4,W5 and W6 were significant significant higher(P0.05) than W1 and W2.The accumulation rate of the dry matter with W3 was 11% faster than W1.The root length,root diameter and root dry weight increased with increasing irrigation levels,but decreased when irrigation levels were more than 5 400 m3/ha.The root dry weight of W3 and W4 were significant higher(P0.05) than others.The accumulation rate of dry matter of annual and biennial roots with W3 and W4 were faster 50% and 35% than W1,respectively.It was concluded that the yield of annual and biennial roots were higher with 4 500 and 5 400 m3/ha irrigation levels,respectively.However,the irrigation efficiency with 4 500 m3/ha was higher than with 5 400 m3/ha treatment.

The object of this study is to determine the effects of a various concentrations of water extract of Sophora flavescens roots on the germination of Cucumis sativus seeds and seedling growth.The results showed that the water extract depressed seed germination significantly.However,this function decreased as the culturing period increased.For the seedling,lower concentrations from 5 g/L to 50 g/L promoted the growth,such as increasing height,diameter of stems,leaf area,root volume,and seedling dry weight,while the treatment with higher concentrations from 75 g/L to 125 g/L limited the growth.

<正>苦参(Sophora flavescens Ait)为豆科槐属多年生亚灌木植物,又名苦骨、苦槐、水槐、地槐、野槐等。植株高50～120 cm,生于山坡、平原、路旁面向阳处,全国各地均有分布。苦参根为常用大宗中药材,具有清热、燥湿、杀虫、利尿功效。近年除药用外,还广泛用于生物农药的开发,前景十分广阔。但天然苦参资源越来越少,有必要开展苦参的人工栽培。我们在生产实践和试验的基础上总结了水浇地栽培苦参的技术,现将该技术做一总结。

The growth dynamics of Sophora flavescens from different sources which were Chengde City,Hebei Province,Lushi County,Henan Province,Min County and Cheng County,Gansu Province,were studied.The results showed a similar growth dynamics of stem,leaves and root for different source germplasms.The highest number of leaf and leaf dry weight were observed in late August,and for the roots,it appeared in the late October.However,significant differences in terms of biomass among five source germplasms were observed.S.flavescens from Chengde City attained the lowest stem height but the highest root dry weight compared with the others.A relative higher leaf growth rate in the earlier stage and earlier defoliation in the late stage was also observed in Chengde City germplasm,which indicated its early-maturing characteristics.The germplasms from Gansu provience attained the highest plant height with plenty leaves,intermediate production,later defoliation which indicated its late-maturing characteritics.The germplasm from Lushi County,Henan Province attained the lowest production.

The effects of nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) on seedling growth,chlorophyll,Chl concentration,total alkaloids concentration and total alkaloids yield of Sophora flavescens was studied.Four levels of N were applied at the rates of 0 (Control),38,75,and 150 kg/hm2 using urea (N 46%) fertilizer,and three levels of P at 0 (Control),23,and 45 kg/hm2 using single superphosphate (P2O5 12%) in a virgin land test.Seedling stem height,bud numbers,plant fresh weight,root fresh weight,and root dry weight of S.flavescens increased significantly when N and P were applied.The interaction of nitrogen and phosphorus was significant.The treatment of 150 kg/hm2 N and 23 kg/hm2 P led to significantly (P≤0.05) greater stem height,bud numbers,plant fresh weight,root fresh weight and root dry weight than the control (increases of 27.1%,31.7%,123.2%,104.8%,and 120.0% respectively).The results for the treatment of 75 kg/hm2 N and 23 kg/hm2 P were close to these.Root dry weight/root fresh weight and root dry weight/total plant dry weight increased with P applied.The root diameter and the xylem diameter were greatest with 150 kg/hm2 N and 23 kg/hm2 P applied,increasing by 26.4% and 39.8% respectively compared with the control (P≤0.05).There was a significant positive effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on root bark thickness which increased with N and P applied to a maximum at 45 kg/hm2 P applied.The treatment of 150 kg/hm2 N and 23 kg/hm2 P led to significantly (P≤0.05) greater leaflet numbers per plant,leaflet area,plant area,leaflet fresh weight,leaflet dry weight than the control (50.9%,79.8%,168.0%,58.5%,and 87.1% respectively).There were positive effects of nitrogen and phosphorus on seedling Chl concentration,total alkaloids concentration and total alkaloids yield of S.flavescens.Chl concentration and total alkaloids concentration were greatest with 75 kg/hm2 N and 45 kg/hm2 P applied,increasing by 80.3% and 71.0% respectively compared with the control (P≤0.05).It is proposed that the positive effect of nitrogen and phosphorus on root dry weight is due to the positive effect on main root dry weight,and that the root diameter increased with N and P applied due to the increase in xylem diameter and root bark depth,and that total alkaloids concentration increased with N and P applied due to the increase in Chl concentration.

Sophora flavescent is Chinese traditional herb medicine as well as the main plants that are used in the production of biopesticides.However,very rare studies on its diseases and insects are available.This study researched the major species and dynamics occurrence of diseases and insects on potted S.flavescens and field cultivation plants in experimental stations of Lanzhou area,in order to cope with the risk of diseases and insects in the process of culturing the plant.The results found that two fungal diseases and one defoliating insect,in which disease incidence of powdery mildew(Oidium sp.) in field experiment on S.flavescens from Hebei was 6%~30%,and less than 2% from Henan,Min county and Cheng county of Gansu.While,94.4% potted plants from Min county were infected.The disease appeared in July,and peaked in middle September.Leaf spot(Phyllosticcta sophoricola) only found in field experiment,5%~34% plants infected.The disease mainly occurred in July.A moth,Uresiphita sp.attacked 92% plants with an average of 4.5 larvas on each plant.This harmful insect mainly consumed leaves during late August to early September.Fortunately,30% of their larvas were parasitized by Ichneumon generosus.

Seed treatment methods,temperature,illumination and salt concentrations on the seed germination and seedling growth of Sophora flavescens Ait were studied.The results indicated that the seed treated with 98% H2SO4,scalding with boiling water and grinding with sand paper could improve germination rate obviously,and the effect was the best when treated with 98% H2SO4 for 40 minutes.For the seeds of Sophora flavescens Ait,the optimum temperature was 25℃,illumination was not essential to Sophora flavescens Ait seed germination.And the germination potential as well as germination rate under low NaCl concentrations(0.5%) was higher than that of high NaCl concentration,and high NaCl concentrations(0.7%) obviously inhibited seed germination.

<正>苦参(Sophora flavescensAi)t为豆科槐属植物,是我国传统药用植物。苦参的根为常用中药材,有明显的抗菌、消炎、杀虫作用。除在医药上被广泛应用外,近年来又被广泛用于生物农药的开发,随着对苦参中提取的苦参碱应用研究的突破,苦参用量逐渐加大。但是苦参种子一般于10月中下旬成熟,

目的:建立苦参化学成分指纹图谱,比较苦参人工栽培药材与野生药材之间的化学成分差异,为苦参的质量控制提供参考。方法:采用高效液相色谱法测定了3个不同产地的苦参野生药材样品和16个不同产地人工栽培药材样品的的指纹图谱,色谱柱C18(150 mm×6.4 mm),以水-乙腈为流动相,流速0.5 mL/min,检测波长为235 nm。该方法的精密度、稳定性和重复性均好。结果:建立了苦参样品的化学成分指纹图谱,以氧化苦参碱为参照,鉴定15个共有峰,分成5个峰群,经相似度计算,19个苦参样品之间相似度为0.93～0.99。结论:人工栽培药材与野生药材之间存在一定差异,表现栽培年限越低相似度越低。

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of temperatures and illumination on germination of Sophora flavescens seeds.The result showed that each of the imbibition rate,germination rate and germination index were different significantly(p0.01) at different temperatures.The imbibition rate and germination rate were very low when the temperature for germination was 10 ℃,then were faster when the temperature was 20 ℃,25 ℃,30 ℃ respectively.The mustiness rate was the highest when the temperature was 35 ℃,and the germination rate was decreased also.The optimal temperature for germination was 20 ℃ to 30 ℃.Dark more favored germination than light though the seeds could germinate at light condition.

The experiment was conducted to study the effects of different sowing date on seedling emergence rate,winter survival rate and growing characteristics of Sophora flavescens.The results showed that the suitable sowing date of Sophora flavescens was from April 20 to May 20 in Jiuquan Area of Gansu Province.The winter surival rate of seedling had a significant positive correlation with sowing date.The earlier Sophora flavescens was sown the thicker and deeper its root grew,and the winter survival rate was higher,because the crowns grew well and produced more dry matter,the roots grew well and absorbed more water and nutrition.When it was sown after July,it formed thin and tender roots due to its short growth period and thus the winter survival rate was very low.

The experiment was conducted to study the effect of potassium(K) on growth,total alkaloids concentration and total alkaloids yield of Sophora flavescens.The four levels of K applied were K2O 0(Control),15,60,240 mg /kg using potassium sulfate(K2O 50%) fertilizer in pot experiment.Statistical analysis showed that stem height,root fresh weight,root dry weight,chlorophyll(Chl) concentration,total alkaloids concentration and total alkaloids yield of Sophora flavescens were increased significantly with K applied.The root fresh weight was increased by 14%with 60 mg/kg K2O applied compared with the control.The root dry weight was increased by 8.6%with 60 mg/kg K2O applied compared with the control.Chl concentration,total alkaloids concentration were increased with K applied.Chl concentration was the highest with 60 mg/kg K applied,increased by 5.6% compared with the control.Total alkaloids concentration was the highest also with 60 mg/kg K2O applied,increased by 38.7% compared with the control.The total alkaloids yield per plant was the highest with 60 mg/kg K2O applied,increased by 50.5% compared with the control.It was considered that the positive effect of potassium on root dry weight was due to the positive effect on main root dry weight,and total alkaloids concentration was increased with K applied by improving Chl concentration.