目的 掌握南昌市近年农村安全工程水质卫生状况及其影响因素,为卫生部门和水利部门制定相关措施提供科学依据.方法 按照分层整群随机原则,每年抽取一定数量的农村饮水安全工程水厂作为监测点,从2013-2018年,每年的枯水期(2-5月)和丰水期(6-11月)进行水样采集、检测和结果统计分析.结果 2013-2018年共检测3 760份,总合格率为53.97％,呈上升趋势(x2=61.00,P＜ 0.05).水质主要不合格指标为微生物指标(总大肠菌群、耐热大肠菌群、菌落总数),部分水样pH偏酸性;不同水源水质合格率差异有统计学意义(x2=593.75,P＜0.01)且以地表水为水源的水质合格率高于以地下水为水源的水质合格率(x2=555.25,P＜0.01);不同水处理方式常规处理、仅沉淀过滤或仅消毒处理的水质合格率分别为82.21％、30.30％和53.33％,差异有统计学意义(x2=725.98,P＜0.01).结论 近年南昌市农村饮水安全工程水质合格率呈上升趋势,但合格率仍较低;完善水处理方式、强化消毒设备管理、提高水质的消毒率是提升水质合格率的有效手段.

目的 了解南昌市主城区饮用水中消毒副产物种类、分布,并评价其潜在健康风险.方法 于2015年枯水期(11月)、2016年丰水期(6月)采集南昌市主城区8家市政出厂水水样16份,依据《生活饮用水标准检验方法》(GB/T5750-2006)检测水样中13种消毒副产物含量;运用美国环保局健康风险评价模型评价消毒副产物通过饮水途径引起的健康风险.结果 出厂水中消毒副产物浓度均符合《生活饮用水卫生标准》(GB5749-2006),卤乙酸(二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸)和三卤甲烷(三氯甲烷、二溴一氯甲烷)是南昌市主城区饮用水中主要消毒副产物.消毒副产物在丰水期浓度是枯水期浓度的4.16倍,丰水期二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、三氯甲烷浓度高于枯水期,枯水期二溴一氯甲烷浓度高于丰水期(均P＜0.05).消毒副产物引起的致癌风险为2.83×10-5/年～7.98×10-5/年,中值5.91×10-5/年,非致癌风险为6.21×10-2/年～1.86×10-1/年,中值为1.22×10-1/年.致癌风险主要来自二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸和二氯一溴甲烷,丰水期以三氯乙酸和三氯甲烷贡献最大;枯水期以二溴一氯甲烷和二氯一溴甲烷贡献最大;而二氯乙酸对非致癌风险贡献最大.结论 卤乙酸和三卤甲烷是南昌市主城区饮用水中的主要消毒副产物,出厂水中消毒副产物引起的致癌风险在可接受的范围,但需提出风险控制措施,丰水期消毒副产物浓度应该得到控制.

目的 掌握南昌市集中空调通风系统的卫生状况,为制定相应的防制策略提供科学依据.方法 搜集南昌市140家公共场所集中空调通风系统检测资料,采用Excel进行整理,SPSS18.0进行统计学分析.结果 集中空调的总体合格率为26.67％,新风口未开启或新风口设计不符合相关标准的构成比为20.71％,商场、影剧院、地铁的新风量之间没有统计学差异(x2 =0.57,P=0.568).送风空气中细菌总数合格率为55.03％,真菌总数合格率为59.77％,PM10合格率为79.29％.风管内表面细菌总数合格率为89.35％,真菌总数合格率为89.94％,积尘量合格率为90.53％.送风空气与风管内表面细菌总数的合格率之间存在统计学差异(x2 =95.01,P＜0.001),真菌总数的合格率之间存在统计学差异(x2=73.67,P＜0.001).结论 集中空调的总体合格率偏低,风管内表面的微生物(细菌总数、真菌总数)合格率要高于送风空气,商场、酒店等公共场所应该加强集中空调的维护和保养,保证集中空调运行的各项指标符合规范.

目的 综述国内水环境中农药残留研究现状,为深入研究农药残留提供参考和借鉴.方法 基于中国知网和PubMed,检索在2008年8月1日至2018年8月1日发表的篇名含农药和水或湖、河的文献,共检索英文文献581篇,中文文献121篇,剔除国外水体、检测方法、生态风险研究、底泥中农药研究得英文文献35篇、中文文献25篇,对所选文献中农药残留污染状况、时空分布及人体健康危害风险进行归纳.结果 水环境中农药残留以有机氯类和有机磷类为主,有机氯类对人体健康危害风险最大,污染主要来自历史使用;有机磷类残留浓度最高,污染来自新近使用;农药使用种类、喷药方式、河流分布、气温、降雨、工农业情况、光照、土壤性质等是水中农药含量的主要影响因素;水中农药研究主要集中在大江、大河及大城市周边河流,对农业区饮用水研究不足.结论 应加强农村饮用水中农药残留调查及影响因素研究.

Objective To establish an indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ic-ELISA) using monoclonal antibody of bisphenol A (BPA) for the detection of serum BPA. Methods Totally 176 pupils aged 8-10 years were selected from three primary schools in suburban area of Nanchang city of Jiangxi province and serum BPA of the pupils were determined with ic-ELISA established. Results The detection limit of the established ic-ELISA method was 0.43 ng/mL. The recovery rates of BPA in serum spiked at 4 different levels were between 70.1％ and 87.8％ with the variation coefficients from 4.79％ to 9.41％. BPA was detected in 95 of the 176 serum samples and the detection rate was 54％. The serum BPA content ranged from non-detectable to 26.48 ng/mL for all the samples. The detection rate of serum BPA was higher among the boy pupils than among the girl pupils, but the detection rate was not significantly different among the pupils of various age groups (P =0.195). Conclusion The established ic-ELISA could meet the requirement of serum BPA detection among children. BPA was detectable in serum of children in Nanchang city of Jiangxi province and relatively higher serum BPA content was detected in some of the children, suggesting studies are needed to explore the contamination source of BPA.

Objective To understand the contamination status of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water in a city,so as to provide scientific basis for the development of pest control plan.Methods Samples of drinking water were collected from 10 waterworks during April-October,2015,and analyzed by an immunofluorescence antibody test according to the methods and requirements of U.S.Environmental Protection Agency (U.S.EPA).The two worms were identified by fluorescent staining.Results Giardia and Cryptosporidium were found in one sample of the tested water work,with the concentrations of 0.8 copy/10 L and 0.6 copy/10 L respectively.The water purification process in the water plant with positive results of Giardia and Cryptosporidium was further investigated,and in the process of raw water to tape water in the phase one of this water plant,Giardia and Cryptosporidium were detected respectively in 3.4 copy/10 L and 2.7 copy/10 L,diarrhea Giardia and Cryptosporidium were respectively detected in 3.9 copy/10 L and 2.4 copy/10 L in phase two.The monitoring results of the two worms in water of any process and city's water net were negative.Conclusion Drinking water in a city was contaminated by Giardia and Cryptosporidium,detection of two worms is closely related to water pollution,so long-term monitoring network of Giardia and Cryptosporidium in drinking water should be established and improved.

目的 了解南昌市地铁一号线运营前地下车站空气卫生质量状况,为地铁卫生管理和疾病预防控制工作开展提供依据和建议.方法 2015年10-12月,对南昌市地铁一号线(共24座地铁车站)随机抽样检测了12座车站的二氧化碳、一氧化碳、甲醛、可吸入颗粒物、噪声、照度、空气细菌总数指标,按照《公共交通等候室卫生标准》(GB 9672-1996)评价空气卫生质量.结果 南昌地铁一号线候车区(站台和站厅)内全部合格项目为二氧化碳和一氧化碳浓度,其余指标甲醛、可吸入颗粒物、噪声、照度、空气细菌总数合格率分别为99.07％,100％,36.57％,100％,91.39％及100％,97.69％,51.85％,99.07％,99.72％.结论 南昌市地铁一号线运营前地下车站空气卫生质量总体状况良好,但噪声是地铁站台和站厅中需要重视的卫生学问题.

Objective To investigate the prevalence and characteristics of children's behavior problems,and to study the influencing factors about children's behavior problems.Methods A total of 176 children aged from 7 to 11 were chosen from four primary schools in Nanchang,and their parents were asked to fill in the questionnaire and Conners Parent Symptom Questionnaire (PSQ).The concentrations of BPA in serum samples were measured by using ELISA,and the sex hormones levels of luteinizing hormone (LH),follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),estradiol (E2),testosterone (T) were detected by chemiluminoimmunoassay.Results The proprotion of children's behavior problems was 19.3％,among which psychosomastic disorder was the highest (6.8 ％).The prevalence of learning problem and hyperactivity impulse index in boys were higher significantly than that of girls prominently.The detection rate on behavior problems of children aged 8 years was the highest.The levels of serum BPA positively affected children's anxiety (β=0.172).After adjustment for potential confounders,potential protective factors might be high level of mother's education and E2 or T [OR mother's education=0.631;OR(E2 and T)=0.804].Conclusions The detection rate of behavior problems among children in Nanchang is high.Measures like impr6ving mother's education,reducing BPA exposure,and controlling the level of sex hormones decrease need to be taken to prevent child behavior problems.

目的 对南昌市市政出厂水和末梢水进行健康危害风险度评价.方法 于2014年丰水期(4月)和枯水期(10月)对城区8个市政水厂和20个末梢水点各采集水样1次,丰水期水样检测常规指标,枯水期8个出厂水和2个末梢水再加测非常规指标,再筛选出可检出的指标,利用美国环保局推荐的水质健康危害风险评价模型计算水质健康危害风险.结果 各类检测指标均合格,水中基因毒物质砷所致的健康风险度远大于躯体毒物质所致的风险度,占总风险度的99.9％,但均低于国际辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的有毒有害物质健康危害风险最大可接受水平.丰水期水质健康风险度要高于枯水期,出厂水和末梢水水质健康风险度接近.结论 南昌市市政出厂水和末梢水个人年健康危害风险水平在国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受风险水平范围内,砷的健康风险值要高于美国环保局建议的1.00×10-6/a风险控制水平,为优先关注和治理的污染物.

Objective To know the levels of bisphenol-A (BPA) in serum and its relationship with overweight and obesity in children from Nanchang city.Methods A total of 176 children aged 7 to 11 were chosen from three primary schools in 2014,which were located in the suburb of Nanchang,and their parents were asked to fill in the questionnaire.The prevalence rates of overweight and obesity were obtained according to the creteria of Working Group on Obesity in China (WGOC).The concentrations of BPA in serum samples were measured by using indirect competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (ic-ELISA),and the sex hormones level of luteinizing hormone (LH),follicle stimulating hormone (FSH),estradiol (E2),testosterone (T) were detected by chemiluminoimmunoassay.Evaluation and comparison BPA and sex hormones level in serum were conducted.Results The proportion of child-overweight and obesity were 13.1％ and 2.9％;BPA was detected in 68.0％ of serum samples with a median of 2.16 ng/ml.No association between serum BPA level and sex hormones level was noted in school-age children.After adjustment for potential confounders,the results of the multivariate logistic analysis revealed that potential risk factors might be BPA levels (OR =2.150,95％CI:1.215-3.804),while sex hormones level were no statistically significant.Compared with lower serum BPA levels (＜M),increased risk of overweight and obesity was observed across increasing serum BPA levels (4.727 ng/ml for M-P75,3.595 ng/ml for ＞P75).Conclusion The school-age children in Nanchang are exposed to BPA generally,and BPA exposure may be an important risk factor for overweight and obesity.

目的 了解南昌市近郊儿童全血中9种元素含量,为预防儿童重金属中毒和评估儿童营养状况提供依据.方法 采集南昌市近郊3所小学8岁～10岁共176名儿童肘静脉血,用ICP-MS和FAAS测定其全血中钙、铁、锌、锰、硒、铜、铅、砷、镉的含量.结果 分析方法的线性相关系数均在0.999以上,相对标准偏差为2.1％ ～5.6％,加标回收率为85％ ～ 112％.全血中矿物元素含量低于正常参考值范围下限的发生率分别为血钙55.7％,血铁22.7％,血锌30.1％,血铜13.6％;铅中毒率(≥100μg/L)为17.6％,男童血铅含量高于女童(P＜0.05).结论 分析结果准确可靠,全血中钙、铁、铜、锌等矿物元素在南昌市近郊儿童中有一定比例的缺乏,要注意合理膳食和饮食卫生.

目的 了解南昌市公共场所室内可吸入颗粒物污染现状,分析可吸入颗粒物的污染规律,为改善公共场所室内空气质量、降低可吸入颗粒物危害提供科学依据.方法 按照《公共场所卫生监测技术规范》(GB/T 17220-1998)的规定,对公共场所室内空气中可吸入颗粒物(PM10)、温度和相对湿度进行现场监测,结果用SPSS 20.0进行统计学分析.结果 在864个监测点结果中,质量浓度平均值存在年度差异、季度差异和行业差异,差异有统计学意义;温度与可吸入颗粒物呈显著负相关.结论 公共场所应加强通风换气和空调管理,注意过滤网及时规范清洗,同时政府部门应加强对公共场所环境空气质量的监管,更加积极地防治公共场所室内环境污染.

目的 建立免疫亲和柱净化-高效液相色谱荧光检测法(IAC-HPLC-FL)检测儿童血清中的双酚A.方法 采用乙腈沉淀血清中蛋白,IAC纯化与浓缩血清中的双酚A,C18色谱柱分离,乙腈-水(40:60,v/v)溶液为流动相,荧光检测.结果 1 ng/ml～ 50 ng/ml的浓度范围内,双酚A的浓度与峰面积成良好的线性关系(r＞0.999),检测限为0.85 ng/ml.加标回收率为77.8％ ～ 83.7％,相对标准差为1.12％ ～ 3.27％.56份儿童血清样品中均检出双酚A,双酚A含量为2.06 ng/ml～ 19.69 ng/m,均值7.39 ng/ml,标准差为4.09 ng/ml.结论 该法灵敏度高、重复性好,能够有效地分离和检测人血清中的双酚A,适用于人血清中双酚A的测定.

采用活泼酯法将双酚A的结构类似物双酚酸与载体蛋白偶联制备人工抗原,用制备的人工抗原免疫BALB/c小鼠,采用聚乙二醇法进行细胞融合制备双酚A单克隆抗体,成功获得一株分泌抗双酚A单克隆抗体的细胞株3H1,经鉴定抗体属于IgG1亚型,轻链为κ,并建立了间接竞争酶联免疫分析法.线性范围为1～50 ng/mL,最低检测限为0.43 ng/mL,半数抑制浓度为6.56 ng/mL.回收率为82.83％～101.94％,变异系数为2.94％～12.95％.该方法具有较高的灵敏度和特异性,具有良好的应用前景.

目的 对南昌市生活饮水健康风险进行评价.方法 于2011年,对全市8个市政水厂出厂水水样进行采集和分析.应用美国环保局USEPA推荐的暴露计算方法和健康风险评价模型进行评价.结果 化学致癌物所致的风险度Cr6+及综合风险度超过国际辐射防护委员会推荐的最大可接受限值5.0×10-5a-1,由大到小排列顺序为Cr6+＞As＞Cd.非致癌物经饮水途径的平均个人健康年风险度略高于瑞典环境保护署、荷兰建设和环境署推荐的最大可接受水平1.0×10-6a-1,其大小顺序为CN ＞F-＞Pb＞NO3-＞Cu ＞Mn ＞Fe＞Hg.结论相关管理部门应特别重视Cr6+的污染,并采用相应的技术手段去除出厂水中的Cr6+等污染物,以降低饮水因污染所致的风险度.

目的 了解2008-2013年南昌市农村饮水安全工程水质变化趋势及水质与肠道传染病发病率的关系.方法 于2008-2013年按照分层整群随机抽样的方法,每年选择一定数量的农村饮水安全工程点在枯水期(2-5月)和丰水期(6-11月)进行水样采集、检测和结果统计分析.结果 6年共采集水样2 224份,水样合格率分别为31.57％、36.63％、39.38％、35.55％、47.45％、47.86％,合格率呈上升趋势,差别具有统计学意义(x2 =33.86,P=0);水质处理率和消毒率逐年提高,差别具有统计学意义(x2=114.89,P=0;x2=72.64,P=0);水质处理率、消毒率和水质状况呈正相关(r=0.97,P=0;r=0.86,P=0),水质合格率与肠道传染病发病率呈负相关(r=-0.83,P=0.04).结论 南昌市农村饮水安全集中供水工程水质逐年好转,但合格率仍然不高;水质处理措施能够提高水质质量.提高水质可能是降低农村居民甲乙类肠道传染病的有效措施.

目的 研究南昌市公共场所空气中甲醛污染对从业人员的癌症风险.方法 于2011年,对全市21家美容美发场所、31家旅店、17家文化娱乐场所、20家商场空气中甲醛含量进行监测.应用健康风险评价方法对空气中甲醛污染对从业人员的癌症风险进行评价.结果 各场所的甲醛平均浓度均低于国家标准规定的限值.但不同场所不同性别的从业人员甲醛的癌症风险均超出了美国环境保护局制定的安全限值(1.00×10-6),美容美发场所的从业人员甲醛的癌症风险最高,其次为旅店业.结论 南昌市公共场所空气中甲醛浓度对从业人员存在较大的致癌风险.

目的 对江西省南昌市28家新建建设项目二次供水系统预防性卫生学评价结果进行分析,找出新建二次供水系统在设计中存在的问题,为保障二次供水安全提供技术依据.方法 依据国家二次供水系统相关卫生法规和卫生标准,通过检查表法对28家新建建设项目的设计方案、可行性研究报告和卫生专篇等设计文件进行分析评价,找出可能存在的健康危害因素.结果 全市28个新建二次供水系统中,选址、水源水质、水箱容积、水箱材质的合格率为100％;所有生活水箱均未与消防水箱共用且生活水箱内部无死水区;67.86％的设施管道未与非饮用水管道连接;53.57％的生活水箱的位置、入孔、爬梯、管道设计合理;89.29％的排气管、溢水管、排水管设有防虫网罩;64.29％的系统设置有防止水污染的设备;7.14％的系统设置有消毒器或预留安装消毒器的位置;所有输配水设备均无法提供具有省级以上卫生行政部门颁发的“产品卫生安全评价报告”.结论 目前南昌市新建建设项目的二次供水系统在设计阶段均存在一些问题,卫生行政部门应该严格把关,要求业主严格按照相关卫生规范对设计进行修改,以免对今后二次供水系统的运行管理留下安全隐患.

Objectives To find out the items that were not compliant with designs through analyzing the preventive health assessment of centralized air conditioning systems in 20 construction projects in Nanchang city.The investigation will provide scientific basis for relevant departments to formulate health management measures.Methods Collecting the feasibility reports and designs of 20 construction projects by checklists to analyze comprehensively the health hazards which may exist in the centralized air conditioning systems.Results In the centralized air conditioning systems of 20 construction projects,25% of them have rat prevention devices in the air outlets and return air inlets,15% of them set up an emergency shutdown to close the return air and fresh air,5% of them have the windows for cleaning and disinfection,40% of them set up the equipment for air filter and air purification and disinfection.Conclusions The designs of centralized air conditioning systems in construction projects in Nanchang did not strictly comply with the relevant health standards.There may have risks of spreading respiratory diseases.Health supervision and management should be strengthened by relevant departments.

Objectives To know the quality of rural drinking water in Nanchang in 2009-2011.Methods Ten points from the agricultural countryside of Nanchang were selected by the method of stratified random sampling as the monitoring sites in each county.Water samples collected in dry season(January-May) and rain season(June-October) in 2009 to 2011 were examined and the data were statistically analyzed.Results A total of 479 samples in three years were collected and 218 of them were qualified,accounting for 45.51%.The qualified rates of decentralized drinking water from 2009 to 2011 was 10.34%,38.78% and 59.80% respectively(χ2=48.96,P<0.01).The qualified rates of drinking water for centralized and decentralized water supply were 67.83% and 37.80% respectively(χ2=36.35,P<0.01);the qualified rates of drinking water in dry and wet season were 42.80% and 49.58% respectively(χ2=2.21,P=0.137).Except the qualified rates for pH value,total bacteria and total coliform were less than 90%,the others were higher than 90%.Conclusions The qualified rate of rural drinking water in Nanchang was low.The main reasons influencing the quality of drinking water in rural Nanchang were low pH value and microbial contamination.The quality of rural drinking water in Nanchang needed to be improved.